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R EFERENCES Abercombie PD, Kom AP. Lower genital tract neoplasia in women with HIV infection. Oncology 1998; 12:1735-9. Abyad A. Cost-effectiveness of antenatal screening for syphilis. Health Care Women Int 1995; 16:323-328. IARC Scientific Publication no. 63: Africa; Lyons: IARC 1984; 451-463. Ahmed SM, Adams AM, Chowdhury M, Bhuiya A. Gender, socio-economic development and health-seeking behaviour in Bangladesh. Soc Sci Med 2000; 51:361-71. AIDS epidemic update: December 1999. Geneva: UNAIDS and WHO. Alary M, Baganizi E, Guedeme A, et al. Evaluation of clinical algorithms for the diagnosis of gonococcal and chlamydial infections among men with urethral discharge or dysuria and women with vaginal discharge in Benin. Sex Transm Inf 1998; 74(Suppl 1):S44-9. Allen S, Tice J, Van de Perre P, et al. Effect of serotesting with counseling on condom use and seroconversion among HIV discordant couples in Africa. BMJ 1992; 304:1605-9. Anderson M. Epidemiology of HIV infection: Variable incubation plus infectious periods and heterogeneity in sexual activity. J R Stat Soc 1988; 151:66-93. Anderson R, May R. Epidemiological patterns of HIV transmission. Nature 1988; 333:514-19. Anderson R, May R. Transmission dynamics of HIV infection. Nature 1987; 26:137-142. Andrus JK, Fleming DW, Harger DR et al. Partner notification: can it control epidemic syphilis? Ann Intern Med 1990; 112:539-43. Aral SO, Mosher WD, Cates W Jr. Vaginal douching among women of reproductive age in the United States: 1998. Am J Public Health 1992; 82:210-4. Asuzu MC, Rotowa NA, Ajayi IO. The use of mail reminders in STD contact tracing in Ibadan, Nigeria. East African Med J 1990; 67:75-8. Asuzu MC, Ogubanjo BO, Ajayi IO, Oyediran ABO, Osoba AO. Contact tracing in the control of STD in Ibadan, Nigeria. Br J Veneral Dis 1984; 60:114-6. Azeze B et al. Seroprevalence of syphilis amongst pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in a rural hospital in northwest Ethiopia. Genitourin Med 1995; 71:347-50. Baird DD, Weinberg CR, Voigt LF, Daling JR. Vaginal douching and reduced fertility. Am J Public Health 1996; 86:844-50. Bam RH, Cronje HS, Muir A, Gziessel DJ, Hoek BB. Syphilis in pregnant patients and their offspring. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1994; 44:113-18. Behets FM, Ward E, Fox L et al. Sexually transmitted diseases are common in women attending Jamaican family planning clinics and appropriate detection tools are lacking. Sex Transm Infect 1998; 74(suppl1):S123-7. References 111
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GHENT UNIVERSITY STI PREVENTION AND
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AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syn
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1.1. Sexually Transmitted Infection
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countries, the rate of reporting co
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district of Uganda randomized villa
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By identifying where significant
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4.5%, 3.9%, 67.7% and 30.1% while t
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female primary health care or anten
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The research data have been publish
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2.1. OBJECTIVES 2.1.1. General obje
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2.2.3. Laboratory procedures The mi
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C HAPTER 3 PREVALENCE AND RISK FACT
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After registration by the clinic cl
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The majority of the women were infe
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eing single, ever having been treat
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prevalence found in a family planni
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3.2. Declining Syphilis Prevalence
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Training Nurses at the antenatal cl
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We believe that the observed declin
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Wasserheit 1992, Laga 1993). In Nai
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Table 1: Demographic data of 471 pa
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women. Overall, significantly fewer
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Stigmatization by health staff also
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4.2. Health-Seeking Behavior and Se
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Between September and November 1998
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Table 2: Healthcare-seeking behavio
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Thirteen women had engaged in sex w
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Men reported more extramarital affa
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C HAPTER 5 DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT
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discharge and abdominal pain-two co
Page 61 and 62: Data were entered and analyzed in S
Page 63 and 64: One of the peripheral health center
Page 65 and 66: Evaluation of Algorithms The result
Page 67 and 68: In this study of symptomatic women,
Page 69 and 70: C HAPTER 6 PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY T
Page 71 and 72: Table 1: Syphilis Rapid Plasma Reag
Page 73 and 74: One should keep these problems in m
Page 75 and 76: The use of mailed reminders did not
Page 77 and 78: Table 1: Characteristics of women w
Page 79 and 80: studies, indicating that couples ar
Page 81 and 82: 6.3. A Randomized, Placebo-controll
Page 83 and 84: esistance patterns in bystander flo
Page 85 and 86: In univariate analysis, the odds ra
Page 87 and 88: Widows, divorcees and separated wom
Page 89 and 90: They did not report much condom use
Page 91 and 92: The low prevalence of the other STD
Page 93 and 94: There is some evidence that frequen
Page 95 and 96: Table 1. Characteristics of HIV- po
Page 97 and 98: A significantly higher prevalence o
Page 99 and 100: There is now considerable evidence
Page 101 and 102: patients. The analysis revealed hig
Page 103 and 104: contributory factor may be that mal
Page 105 and 106: use in Kenya. In a supplement of Se
Page 107 and 108: with intensive behavioral change in
Page 109 and 110: C HAPTER 8 FINAL REMARKS STIs illus
Page 111: to protect themselves and be empowe
Page 115 and 116: Fleming D and Wasserheit J. From ep
Page 117 and 118: Jackson DJ, Rakwar JP, Chohan B et
Page 119 and 120: Manning B, Moodley J, Ross SM. Syph
Page 121 and 122: Oberlander L, Elverdam B. Malaria i
Page 123 and 124: Serwadda D, Gray R, Wawer M et al.
Page 125 and 126: Van Dam J, Anastasi MC. Male Circum
Page 127 and 128: WHO Collaborating Center on HIV/AID
Page 129 and 130: S UMMARY Sexually transmitted infec
Page 131 and 132: notification. Innovative and locall
Page 133 and 134: connaissance des femmes sur la sant
Page 135 and 136: Nous avons démontré que le coût
Page 137 and 138: vonden we een hoge prevalentie van
Page 139 and 140: We hebben aangetoond dat de kost va
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