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IHgIIOJOHIj - World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe

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npH6nHNCeHHeM K nHKOBOMy ypOBHFO JjeBATHaJ),uaTOrO Beim (Sulkunen<br />

1976). B 6011b1LIHHCTBe CTpaH CKOpOCTb yBenH4eHHA noTpe6neHHA<br />

3TM 3aMegnHnaCb, B TO BpeMA KaK B HeKOTOpbIX CTpaHaX ypoBeHb<br />

noTpe6neHHA OCTâBanCA CTa6H11bHbIM HJ1H HeMHOrO CHH)KanCSI.<br />

TeHJjeHLiHH noTpe6neHHA Me)ICJty 1945 rOgOM H paHHHMH<br />

CeMHJÿeCATbIMH npoaHâJIH3HpoBa11 Sulkunen (1983). B Te4eHHe 3TOr0<br />

46

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