IHgIIOJOHIj - World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe

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pecl3epeHAyMa. IIpH4HHOiI pecl)epeHJjyma cTana nonHTHVeCKax
aKTHBHOCTb TpyKCKHX )KeHHjHH, KOTOpbIX BOJIHOBanO nbSIHCTBO H
HaCHnHe B 06n.jeCTBeHHbIX MeCTaX, oCO6eHHO CpeJjH MOJIOJjbIX
My)K4HH (Marshall and Marshall, 1990). 1lb5IHCTBO B 06HjeCTBeHHbIX
MeOTaX 6bIJIo 3aMenjeHO 11bS1HCTBOM B OTJjenbHbIX rpynnaX, KOTOpOe
npOHCx0J1I1nO B 60nee H301114pOBaHHbIX 3OHaX, B "KycTaX".
O61IjeCTBeHHaSI noagep>KKa 3anpeTa ocTasanacb CHnbHOil, H cyxoil
3aKOH pacnpocTpaHHncx Ha HeCKOnbKO Jjpyrxx OCTpOBOB. TpH
HOnbITKH OTMeHHTb 3anpeT nOTepnenH HeyJjar-Iy. McCTHblii 3anpeT,
TaKHM O6pa3OM, 51s1151eTC51 )1CH3HeCn0C06HbIM BapHaHTOM gag
He60nbnlor0 06HjecrBa (oco6eHHo JIJISI OCTpoBHOrO H H30nHpOBaHHOrO
o6njecTBa), rJje OH MO)KeT npHBeCTH K 1-1O3HTHBHbIM H nOnynSipHbIM
pe3ynbTaTaM.
B nepHOgj noJIHTHLIeCKHX BonHeHHÎ1 B r10nbII1e B Hai-lane 1980-x
BpeMeHHbllti 3anpeT 6bin BBeJjeH B 1lJ(aHbCKe B asryCTe 1980 r., B
pe3ynbTaTe KOTOpOrO Ha6nIOJjanOCb CHH)KeHHe KOnH4eCTBa
nonaJjaHHil B BbITpe3BHTenb (Bielewicz and Moskalewicz 1982).
3anpeT H0nb30BanCSI nOJIHOIi noJjgjep)KKO1i HaceneHHSI, TaK KaK 6bin
BBeJjeH BO BpeMS1 noJIHTH4eCKOii 3a6aCTOBKH 14 pacCMaTpHBanCA, KaK
peckopmaTopcxaa Mepa.
Bo MHOrHX cTpaHaX, rJje JjOMHHHpyeT HcnaM, "CyXoli 3aKOH"
coxpaxsleTC51, B TaKHX KaK CaygjoBCxasl ApasH51 H HpaH. 3a
npeJgenaMH HCnaMCKHx CTpaH, nonHTHLiecKHe nHgjepbl BpAgj nH
gjyMalOT O nOJIHOM 3anpeTe anKOronSl. 3anpeT Mo)KeT
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11pOH3BOJjCTBa H TOprOBnH anKOrOneM. TeM He McHee, C TOLIKH 3peHH51
O61.11,eCTBeHHOr0 3J1OpOBb51 H 6narOCOCTO5IHH3I, "CyXOiI 3aKOH" He
MO)KeT pacCMaTpHBaTbC51, KaK a6COnIOTHaS1 HeyJja4a. HanpHMep, BO
BpeM51 "CyXOrO 3aKOHa" B AMepHKe ypoBCHb CMepTHOCTH B
pe3ynbTaTe LjHppo3a CHH3HJICSI 1-104TH Ha 50% (C 13,4 go 7,3 Ha
100000), TO )Ke Cny4HJIOCb H C ypOBHeM anKOrOnbHbIX npo6neM
(Warburton, 1932; Clark,1976; Prendergast, 1987). Bailee Toro, He
MO)KeT 6bITb COMHeHHIi, 4TO B Te4eHHH nepBblX HeCKOnbKHX neT
"cyxoro 3aKOHa" B KaHaJje, (1)HHnSIHJjHH H CHIA Bee noKa3aTenH no
noTpe6neHHIO anKOrOnSI H aJIKOrOnbHbIM np06neMaM JjOCTHrnH
CaMOrO HH3KOrO ypOBHSI, item B KaKOr1-J11460 HHON nepHogj
BpeMeHH,nO KOTOpOMy HMeIOTCSI COOTBeTCTByIOIIjHe JjaHHble (Bruun
et al 1975).
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