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OTHOCiiTeJIbHO aJIKOrOJTA, H 3T0 Ha3bIBaeTCA 3JIaCTIiLIHOCTbIO AOXOAa. 3naCTHLiHOCTb OTHOCHTenbH0 Apyrxx cpaKTOpOB TaK)Ke MO)KeT oljeHHBaTbCA. HanpHMep, BO MHOrHX HCCJIeAOBaHi3AX OgeHHBânaCb LIyBCTBHTeJIbHOCTb nOTpe6JIeHHSI K H3MeHeHHIO KOnHLIeCTBa Mara3HHOB n0 npOAaxce cnHpTHOro. KpoMe Toro, np0soAi3JIHCb ii3MepexH11 3JIacTIiLIHOCTH npH I-I3MexeHIiAX B peKnaMe anKOronA. IIpOAyKT Mo)KHO onHcaTb, KaK 3nacmu4xblû omxocumenbxo LJeubl, xe3nacmuuHblû omxocumenbxo tfeubl HJIH KaK O6naAaloLgHii eàuxuuHoü 3nacmuLfxocmb10 omuocumenbxo tfeubl. To, LITO npoAyKT ABJIAeTCA "3JIaCTHLIHbIM OTHOCHTeJIbHO geHbl", O3HaLIaeT, 9To npOgeHT H3MeHeHI151 KOJIHLIeCTBa cnpoca 6oJIbLIIe, LIeM OnepaTliBHblli npoL(eHT H3MeHeHHSI B geHe Ha npOAyKT. COOTBeTCTBeHHO, "npoAyKT He3JIaCTHLIHbIFI OTHOCHTeJIbHO L(eHbI" O603HaLIaeT, LITO npOgeHT I-I3MeHeHH51 B KOJIIdLIeCTBe cnpoca MeHbLlle, LIeM H3Mexexüe B geHe npOAyKTa. To, LITO npoAyKT ABJIAeTCA He3J1aCTH4HbIM OTHOCI-iTeJIbHO geHbl, He O3HaLIaeT, -rem He McHee, LITO OH COBCeM He 6yAeT pearNpOBaTb Ha Li3MeHeHI15I geHbI, a TOJIbKO, LITO H3MeHeHlie cnpoca B OTBeT Ha 1% noBbILIleHHe 6yAeT McHee OAHOro npogeHTa, H, TaKHM o6pa30M, McHbIne, LIeM y npOAyKTa, KOTOpbIII ABJIAeTCA 3JIaCTHLIHbIM OTHOCHTeJIbHO geHbI. "EAHHÜ9Ha51 3JIaCTIiLIHOCTb OTHOCHTenbHO geHbl" o6o3HaLIaeT, LITO npOgeHTHOe H3MeHeHHe B BenHLuIHe cnpoca ABJIAeTCSI TOLIHO TaKHM )Ke, KaK H npogeHTHOe H3MeHeHHe B geHe npOAyKTa. 11T06bI yLIeCTb peaKgiilo cnpoca, B HeKOTOpble HCCJIeAOBaHHA BKJIEOLIeH TepMHH OTCTaBaHHA. KpaTKOCpOLIHaA 3JIaCTiiLiHOCTb geHbl AaeT HeMeAJIeHHbIFi 3cpcpeKT, a AOJIroCpOLiHaA 3JIaCTHLIHOCTb geHbl - nOJIHbIIi 3c1)c1)eKT BJII'IAHFiA H3MeHeHIiA geHbI Ha nOTpe6JIeHIie. 5.2 IIOTPE6J1EHVIE AJ1KOf Ol1S,1 14 LAEHA: ,gAHHbIE VICCJ1E,qOBAH1414 34:43eKT H3MexexHA geHbI Ha noTpe6JIeHHe aJlKOroJIA H3yLIanCSI 6oJlbnle, LIeM JII06aA ApyraA noTexgHanbxaSl Mepa anKOronbHOii nOJIIiTHKI-i. t'aille Bcero 3TH HCCJIeAOBaHHA OCHOBbIBanHCb Ha 3KOnOMeTpHLIeCKHx McTO.ttax, HO TaK)Ke CIoAa BKnIOLIanHCb naHeJlbHble iiccneAoBaHHA, HCCneAOBaHiiA-Ha6JIiOAeHHSI H axanH3bl KpynHblX i33MeHeHHii geH Ha anKOrOnb. 3KOHOMeTpHLIecKHe HCCJIeAOBaHHA H3yLIanH KaK O6Lgee noTpe6JIeHHe, TaK H nOTpe6JIeHHe 155
C noupa3AereHHeM HanI3TKOB Ha KaTeropIiH, H TaKOro pOAa HccneuosaHHS1 npOBOAHnHCb B CneAyloluHx rocy,gapcTsax: ABCTparHSI, FenbrHx, KanaAa, gaHHSI, I'epMaHHx, cDHHnaI-IAHx, cDpaxuHS1, 14pnaHAHa, 1,1TanHS1, KeHHx, HH.rtepnaHAbI, HoBax 3enaHAHS1, HopserHx, IlopTyranHx, IICnaHHSI, LLIBeuHSI BenHKO6pHTaHH51 H COeAHHëHH6Ie LIITaTbI (BrIIIIn et al., 1975; Ornstein & Levy, 1983; Godfrey, 1986; Clements and Selvanathan 1991; Partanen, 1991). AanHble o BrHSIHHH ueH Ha anxororb, Ha ero nOTpe6neHHe B OCHOBHOM nOCTynaIOT H3 3anaAHbIX HHAyCTpHarbHbIX CTpaH. OueHKa 3naCTH4HOCTH aJIKOrO115I OTHOCHTen6HO ueHbl nOCTO5IHHO nOKa3bIBaeT, LITO KOTAa pyre (l)aKTOpbI OCTaIOTCSI HeH3MeHHbIMH, nOBbIIIIeHHe ueHbl 06bILIHO BeAëT K naAeHHIO noTpe6neHHSi. AHanOrHLIHO, nOHH)KeHHe ueHbI 066I4H0 BeAeT K nOB6IIIIeHHIO nOTpe6reHHA. TaKI,'M xce 06pa30M, pa3nHLiHble HCCneAOBaHHSI 3raCTU,'4HOCTH AOXOAa nOKa3anH, LITO KorAa ApyrHe cl)aKTOpbI OCTaIOTC5I HeH3MeHH6IMH, nOBbInleHHe CB06OAHOrO AOXOAa nOKynaTenSl 06bILIHo BeAeT K nOBbInIeHHIO nOTpe6reHH5I, B TO BpeMSI KaK rIOHH)KeHHe npHBOAHT K CHH)KeHHIO cnpoca. TaKHM o6pa3oM, OKa3bIBaeTCSi, LITO aJIKOrOnb, KaK H ApyrHe TOBapbl, 5iBn5IeTC5I 06beKTOM AeIiCTBHA 3KOHOMH4eCKHX 3aKOHOB cnpoca H npeAJlo)ICeHHx. Cnpoc Ha npOAyKT CB5I3aH C peaJIbHOIi p03HH4HOli IjeHOIi An5I nOKynaTensl. B 061ueM, ecru" npoAyKT CTaHOBHTC51 6onee AOpOrHM no CpaBHeHHIO C ApyrHMH ToBapaMH H ycnyraMH, CnpOC Ha Hero nOHH)KaeTCSI, H ecru,' npOAyKT CTaHOBHTCSI Aeluesne, cnpoc Ha Hero nosblluaeTcsl. 5.2.1 BenH411Hbl 311aCTH4HOCTH u@H B Ta6nHue 5.1 CyMMHpOBâHbI pe3ynbTaTbl HCCneAOBaHHFI B pa3HbIX CTpaHaX. TaK)Ke yKa3aH BpeMeHHOUi nepHOA. LIOLITH BCe BenH4HHbI 3raCTH4HOCTH ueHbl HMeIOT a6COn1OTHble 3HaLIeHHSI 60rbIIIe Hyn51 H 5IBnSiiOTC5I OTpHuaTenbHblMH, nOKa3bIBa5I, LITO H3MeHeHH5I ueHbl BnHSIiOT Ha nOTpe6neHHe B HanpaBneHHH, COrnaCyloIuHMCSI C 3KOHOMH4eCKOIi TeopHeli. IIpolue rosopsl, HaAe)KHO ycTaHOBneHO, LITO eCnH ueH6l paCTyT - nOTpe6neHHe naAaeT, a ecnH ueHbl CHH)KaIOTC5I - nOTpe6neHHe nOBbIIIIaeTC51. TeM He McHee, peanbHble BenHLIHHbI 311aCTH4HOCTH ueH pa3nHL1HbIX HanHTKOB B pâ3HbIX CTpaHaX H B pa3HOe BpeMx He oAHHâKOBbI. 156
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AJIKOrOJIbHasi IIOJIHTHKa H o6wecTS
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O63op NccneAoBaHNf-1 ponN anKOrOJIA
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cTpaHaMH, xax bpa.3HnHA (Brazillian
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ABnAeTCA neranbHblM HanHTKOM, KOTOp
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HCCneAOBaHHAX, HO He B BHAe LIIFipo
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Consumption of Alcohol, Tobacco and
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HELZER J.E. AND CANINO G.J. ed. (19
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NAKAMURA K., TANAKA A. AND TAKANO T
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SMART R.G. AND MANN R.E. (1992) Alc
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BHHO IIHBo 100 " 0 0 50 100 ICpeHKH
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Smart (1991) coo611jaeT, LITO MHorn
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nnaHHposaHKA BOnpOCy HeT. O6bILiHO
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SPRING J.A. AND BUSS D.H. (1977) Th
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1992). TaKHM O6pa3OM, BbIACHHJIOCb,
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CIIVICOK J1VITEPATYPbI: ANDERSON P.
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GILL J.S., ZZEZULKA A.V., SHIPLEY M
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LONGNECKER M.P., BERLIN J.A. ORZA,
Page 115 and 116: ROOM R. (1983b) Sociological aspect
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Page 157 and 158: CIlV1COK JIVITEPATYPbI: AGARWAL D.
Page 159 and 160: MAC ANDREW C. AND EDGERTON R.B. (19
Page 161 and 162: SKOG 0.-J. (1984) ökt totalforbruk
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Page 181 and 182: CIINCOK JIVITEPATYPbI: ALTMAN D.G.
Page 183 and 184: GROSSMAN M. AND COATE D. AND ARLUCK
Page 185 and 186: PREST A.R. (1949) Some experiments
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AND OSTERBERG, E. (1975) Alcohol co
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HOADLEY J.F., FUCHS, B.C. & HOLDER,
Page 221 and 222:
MAXWELL D.M. (1981) Impact Analysis
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available options and an assessment
Page 225 and 226:
SMART R. AND WHTIE W.J. (1972) Effe
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7.5 OfPAHV14EHV1A no MECTY f10TPE6J
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anKOCOnA npo6neM MoryT npxxecTH nOn
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BOVENS R. (1987) Alcohol program: A
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HOMEL R. (1988) Policing and Punish
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Effects on psychomotor performance.
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VOTEY H. AND SHAPIRO P. (1983) High
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BOTVIN G.J. (1987) Factors Inhibiti
Page 273 and 274:
GERBNER G., GROSS L. & MORGAN M. (1
Page 275 and 276:
KOHN P.M., SMART R.G. & OGBORNE A.C
Page 277 and 278:
RUBIN A. (1986) Uses, gratification
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HOHi3MaHI15I anxoronbxbIX Ilpo6neM.
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CHICK J., LLOYD G. AND CROMBIE E. (
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term study with randomized controls
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SMART R., MANN, R.E. AND ANGLIN L.
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