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nepBblM npcABeCTHHKOM CaMoy6Hi%ICTBa. CB513b MexcAy 3noynOTpe6neHHeM aJIKOrOJIeM H CâMOy6HIicTBaMH noATBep)iCAaeTCA 6011buIHM KOnHLICCTBOM AaHHbIX 3nHAeMHOJIOrHLieCKHX H nCHXHaTpHLieCKHX pa6oT. I'ICCneAOBaHHSI nOKOHT-IHBnIHX )10H3Hb CaMoy6HNCTBOM HHAHBHAyyMOB, HeH3MeHHO o6Hapy)KHBa1OT 6onbuloe T1HCn0 cnyTiaeB anxoronH3Ma (Beskow 1979). ITonee Toro, HeCKOnbK0 AnHTenbHbIX HCCneAOBaHHii "aJIKOronHKOB" rOBOpAT O 3HaLIHTenbHO nOBbIITIeHHOM pHCKe CaMOy6Hi4CTB (Sundby 1967; Ritson 1977). gaHHble nOA06HbIX HCCneAOBaHHi4 MoryT, TM He McHee, 6bITb He0AHO3HaT3HbIMH H3-3a 3(1(peKTa OT6opa, AeNCTBy10uter0 TaKHM 06pa30M, LITO Cy6BeKTbI, KOTOpble COBepinaioT CaMOy6HIiCTBa yxce HaXOAATCA B 30HC nOBbIIneHHOrO pHCKa AO HaLiaJIa HX nHTeIiHoiï KapbepbI. HeCKOnbKO 06061.1.1eHHbIX pe3yJlbTaTOB HCCneAOBaHHi-i, KOTOpble, CyAA no BCeMy, He HeCyT TaKOIi He0AH03HaT1HOCTH, BCe xce yKâ3bIBaIOT Ha CB513b Me>KAy anKOrOneM H CaMOy6HiicTBaMH. B AByX npOBeACHHbIX B CILIA HCCneAOBaHHSIX 6b1na o6HapyxceHa 1-103HTHBHa51 B3aHMOCB513b MexcAy COBOKyrIHbIM noTpe6neHHeM H ypOBHeM CaMoy6HNCTB KaK BO BpeMeHHOM aHâJIH3e (Wasserman 1989), TaK H B OAHOMOMeHTHOM CpaBHeHHH pa3HbIX TeppHTOpHii (Rusk, Gliksman and Brook 1986). Ha ocHOSe ARIMA-axanH3a HaJIHT-IHe no,tio6Hoii B3aHMOCB513H Tax>iCe 6bino noATBepmKAexo AnA cbpaHLiHH (Norstrom 1992), BeHrpHH (Skog and Elekes 1993), HopBerHH H I.IIBenHH (Norstrom 1988c; Rossow 1993) H gaHHH (Skog 1993). HanHLIHe CB513H Me)K,TZy anxoroneM H HaCHnxeM npeAnonaraeTCSI Ha OCHOBe 3KCnepHMeHTanbxbIx AaHHbIX (Gustafson 1986), a Tax)iCe TOrO (paKTa, LITO, no C0o61II;eHHAM, 6onbIIIaA T1aCTb HaCHnbHHKOB 6bI11H nbAHbI BO BpeMA COBeputeHHA npeCTynneHHA (Mayfield 1976, Roslund and Larson 1979). AaHHb1e noCneAHHX HCcneAOBaHHFI, TeM He McHee, He 06313aTenbH0 03HaT3aK)T npHLIHHHb1ii 3(1)(PeKT anKoronA; BO3MOnCHO, LITO YaCToe onbAHeHHe - )KH3HeHHO Ba)KHblii COCTaBHOi3 31IeMeHT CTHJIA )1CH3HH nlOAeii, CKJIOHHbIX K HaCHnHiO HaA ApyrHMH. O606LueHHaA B3aHMOCB5I3b MexcAy noTpe6neHHeM H ypOBHCM npecTynneHHN, no3TOMy HMeeT 6onbHIee OTHOIneHHe K OIjeHKe CTeneHH, B KOTOpOii aJIKOronb (l)aKTHTIeCKH OKa3an BnHSIHHe KaTâJI113aTOpa. bOnbIIIHHCTBO pe3yJlbTaTOB no 3TOMy BOnpOCy npHBeAeHO B 061IIHpHOM HCCneAOBaHHH Lenke (1990) AaHHbIX H3 CopaHLiHH H CKaHAHHaBCKHX CTpaH (j>aHHH, C1HH1151HAHH, HopaerHH H 140
LIIBegHH). Bce BbIBOJI6I 6a3HposanHCb Ha ARIMA-aHanH3e AOCTaTOLIHO JLIIHHHbIX BpeMeHHbIX CepHI3. CTaTHCTHTIeCKH 3HaTIHMOe BnHSIHHe ânKOrOnSI Ha ypOBeHb CB513aHHbIX C HaCHnHeM npeCTyrUIeHHii 6bIn0 06HapyXCeHO BO BCeX 3THX CTpaHaX, 'Tome ,ljaHHH (pe3ynbTaT no HOpBerHH nOJjTBep)ICJjaeTCA B HCCnej[OBaHHSIX Skog H Bjork (1988). B IIIBerjHH BnHAHHe anxoronA Ha yposexb y6HliCTB TaK)Ke 3HaTIHTCnbHO. CepHA npOBeJjëHHbIX B IIIBe1jHH eCTeCTBCHHbIX 3KCnepHMeHTOB npeJ[OCTaBHna nanbHel-iIIlHe JjoKa3aTenbCTBa, nom-BepNCJkaIOnjHe npeAnono)ceHHe O TOM, iITO H3MeHCHHC nOTpe6neHHSI Ha JjyLLIy HaCeneHHA BnHAeT Ha ypOBeHb KpHMHHanbHOrO HaCHnHA. YHTbIBaSI rpOMagHble KynbTypH6Ie BapHagHH B npaKTHKe noTpe6neHHSI H noBeneHHH (MacAndrew and Edgerton 1969), BHOJIHe BCpO5ITHbI HaHHOHanbHble pa3nHi-IH5I B 06O61IjëHHOii CB5I3H Me)iCJjy anKOrOneM H COnHânbH61M yutep6oM, TaKHM KaK CaMOy6HIiCTBO H HacHnHe. CC06bIN HHTepeC npenCTaBJIAeT pC3ynbTaT O TOM, TITO aJIKOrOnb 3HaLIHTenbHO CHnbHee BnHAeT Ha ypOBeHb CaM0y6H1iCTB H CB513aHHbIX C HaCHnHeM npeCTynneHHlï B IIIBeIIHH, TIeM BO OpaHIpH. 3T0 MO)KHO HHTepnpeTHpOBaTb B mime pa3nHTIH1i Me)Kny "cyXON" H "MOKpO1i" KynbTypaMH C yTIëTOM THIIOB nOTpe6neHH5I, a TaK)Ice yTIHTbIBaSI npOHCXO>kneHHe H pa3BHTHe n651HCTBa H peaKljHK) oKpy)KeHHA Ha nOno6HOe nOBe,aeHHe. 4.3.7 ,gpyrHe c3aKTopbi. BIINAFOüpNe Ha COBOKynHbIN ypoBeHb npo6nene XOTA pacCMOTpeHHble Bblüle J[OKa3aTenbCTSa HOarjep)KHBaiOT yTBep)icJjeHHe O TOM, TITO ypOBCHb nOTpe6neHHA HaCeneHHA BnHSieT Ha ypoBeHb pa3nH4HOrO poJia ânKOIOnbHbIX npo6neM, COBepuIeHHO SICHO, TITO noTpe6neHHe Ha Jryu1y HaceneHHA He SIBn5IeTC51 eJ[HHCTBeHHbIM ckaKTOpOM OnpeAenAK)IuHM COBOKynHblii ypoBeHb npo6neM. BO-nepBbIX, KaK MEA y)Ke OTMeTIanH, B3aHMOCBSI3b MexcJry nOTpe6neHHeM Ha Jryluy HaceneHHA H TIHCJIOM noJ[BepralouiHxcA pHCKy nK)ge1i, He ABJI5ICTCA MaTeMaTHTIeCKH TOTIHOii. BTopoe, rjenblli put Jipyrnx napaMeTpos, HOMHMO JtonrocpoTlHOro ypoBHA noTpe6neHHSI, HMeIOT oTHOIIIeHHe KO MHOrHM THnaM yHjep6a. BnHAHHe O6njerO ypoBHSI noTpe6neHHA B O61ueCTBe 6yneT McHSiTbCSI B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT THna npO6neMbl. B cnyvae JjOJIPOBpeMeHH6IX HenpAMbIX npo6neM (HanpHMep, COL[HânbHbIX H ncHXOnorHTlecxxx), TaK xce, KaK H B carme npAMbIX H HenpAMbIX npo6neM ocTporo O1165IHeHH51, XOpOn10 H3BeCTHO, T1TO ypoBeHb HX pacnpOCTpaHeHHOCTH 141
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ojelrg OOHHOBLSO1T1gO N WlMII1IIOU
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AJIKOrOJIbHasi IIOJIHTHKa H o6wecTS
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Anecoronbnast HonHTH{Ca H o6WecTSei
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Klaus Mäkelä, Ph. D., AmpexTOp no
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npo6neM, CB513aHHbIX C noTpe6neHHeM
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2. O6ycnoelzeuubze Ka/cum eudom nom
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'ITO TaK)Ke 6e3 COMHeHHA BepHO H TO
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HMeTb BbICOKi7rl ypOBeHb; CaMble Bb
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Ta6nHua 1.3 FInoHVIA, ABcrpanrlA vl
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Ta6nruua 1.4. PacnpocrpaHeHHocTb an
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AaHHble) 53% My>KCLINH N 13% >KeHLW
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O63op NccneAoBaHNf-1 ponN anKOrOJIA
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cTpaHaMH, xax bpa.3HnHA (Brazillian
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Ta6nNl{a 1.5. 3KOHOMN4eCKV1e 3aTpaT
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ABnAeTCA neranbHblM HanHTKOM, KOTOp
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HCCneAOBaHHAX, HO He B BHAe LIIFipo
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Consumption of Alcohol, Tobacco and
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HELZER J.E. AND CANINO G.J. ed. (19
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NAKAMURA K., TANAKA A. AND TAKANO T
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SMART R.G. AND MANN R.E. (1992) Alc
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LIACTb 1 1/1H,gv1evl,gyanbHOe norpe
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06LuHH HTOr n0 THnaM H pa3Hoo6pa3Hl
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Ta6nHua 2.1. YpoBeHb norpe6neHvlA a
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BHHO IIHBo 100 " 0 0 50 100 ICpeHKH
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Smart (1991) coo611jaeT, LITO MHorn
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nnaHHposaHKA BOnpOCy HeT. O6bILiHO
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SPRING J.A. AND BUSS D.H. (1977) Th
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Sc o.latrlolÂllalro 34Ir0141xou H
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npHLIHHHyIO CB5I3b. Fe3 COMHeHHA, 3
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cnpalIIHBaSI o noTpe6nexHH 3a npeAb
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06pa30BaHIieM )Ken4HOr0 KaMHA nOKa3
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xapaKTeplicTl3KaMl3, KoTopble, CKOp
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3.4 IIOTPE6J1EHVIE AJ1KO1-OJ1A M BE
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HCcneliOBâHHSiX npe,ijCTasneH npHB
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Monoxce 35 H ami xceHnHH npeuxnHMax
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3a nocne,gHNe HeCKOnbKO neT 6bin on
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1992). TaKHM O6pa3OM, BbIACHHJIOCb,
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3.7 f10TPE6J1EHVIE AJ1KOt-01151, HE
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no3TOMy 3TO o6cy)KaaeTCA B cneJjyro
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10Tpe6neHHe anKOrOnA H npOljeHTHaA
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CO6CTBeHHO nbAHCTBa HnH CBA3aHHOI'o
Page 101 and 102: B KaHa,IjCKOM HCCnej[OBaHHH Ha HH3K
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Page 109 and 110: CIIVICOK J1VITEPATYPbI: ANDERSON P.
Page 111 and 112: GILL J.S., ZZEZULKA A.V., SHIPLEY M
Page 113 and 114: LONGNECKER M.P., BERLIN J.A. ORZA,
Page 115 and 116: ROOM R. (1983b) Sociological aspect
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Page 131 and 132: H3BecTHylo KaK IIapeToso pacnpenene
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Page 135 and 136: HaHMexbulHe KBaupaTHble perpeccHH.
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Page 155 and 156: 4.4 COBOKYIIHOE I1OTPE6J1EHIilE, CB
Page 157 and 158: CIlV1COK JIVITEPATYPbI: AGARWAL D.
Page 159 and 160: MAC ANDREW C. AND EDGERTON R.B. (19
Page 161 and 162: SKOG 0.-J. (1984) ökt totalforbruk
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Page 181 and 182: CIINCOK JIVITEPATYPbI: ALTMAN D.G.
Page 183 and 184: GROSSMAN M. AND COATE D. AND ARLUCK
Page 185 and 186: PREST A.R. (1949) Some experiments
Page 187 and 188: BOAO,IHbIii Mara3HH, KOTOpbIIi K 3T
Page 189 and 190: 8L1 H aHHaLrgadlOU 010 EH 4IK14irao
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CBA3aHHbIX C anKOFOneM AOpO)xHbIX a
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(1987, 1989, 1993), Russ and Geller
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HccnenosaHHSI o6yliexxx nepcoHana (
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06o6LgeHHbIN xapaKTep. C ,gpyroH CT
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AND OSTERBERG, E. (1975) Alcohol co
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HOADLEY J.F., FUCHS, B.C. & HOLDER,
Page 221 and 222:
MAXWELL D.M. (1981) Impact Analysis
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available options and an assessment
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SMART R. AND WHTIE W.J. (1972) Effe
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6E3OI1ACHOCTb O61ItECTBA Vl f1OTPE6
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HaBbIKOB BoNKj[eHHM. IIpeAen MO>i(e
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HeonpeJieneHHble pe3ynbTaTbl. Nicho
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Ha yxpenneHHe noAxona "Ha3HaLtexne
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7.5 OfPAHV14EHV1A no MECTY f10TPE6J
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anKOCOnA npo6neM MoryT npxxecTH nOn
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BOVENS R. (1987) Alcohol program: A
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HOMEL R. (1988) Policing and Punish
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Effects on psychomotor performance.
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VOTEY H. AND SHAPIRO P. (1983) High
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B pa3Aene 8.1 6y1teT cAenaH 0630p Z
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HeCMOTpSr Ha ace 3TFr np06neMbl, He
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oueHKe H30nHpoBaHHbIX, HOHynApHbIX
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BOTVIN G.J. (1987) Factors Inhibiti
Page 273 and 274:
GERBNER G., GROSS L. & MORGAN M. (1
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KOHN P.M., SMART R.G. & OGBORNE A.C
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RUBIN A. (1986) Uses, gratification
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COKpaLLjeHHe nOTpe6neHHA 110314Ti3B
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natmeHTaM nevaTHblx MaTepHanoB no C
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nCCneAOBaTenbCKne napaAnrMbl, KOTOp
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110nb3y HâJIi44I451 BnHAHHA Ha o6u
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HOHi3MaHI15I anxoronbxbIX Ilpo6neM.
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CHICK J., LLOYD G. AND CROMBIE E. (
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term study with randomized controls
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SMART R., MANN, R.E. AND ANGLIN L.
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10.1 Al1KOf Ol1b, KAK IlPO6l1EMA O6
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B3aHMOCBM3aHHO C BepOSiTHOCTbIO BO3
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MHpa, BHeCyT CBOii nORe3HbIN H BpeM
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JIH,IHbIFi j[OXOJZ, ypOBeHb Cpej.me
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HanpaBneHIiSIM, TaKHM KaK, HanpNMep
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