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Griffith Edwards

ISBN 92 890 4335 0 

ISSN 0258 -4972 

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HAIIELIATAHO B AAHI411

Anecoronbnast HonHTH{Ca H 

o6WecTSeiiHoe 6naro 

Griffith Edwards 

Peter Anderson 

Thomas F. Babor 

Sally Casswell 

Roberta Ferrence 

Norman Giesbrecht 

Christine Godfrey 

Harold D. Holder 

Paul Lemmens 

Klaus Mäkelä 

Lorraine T. Midanik 

Thor Norström 

Esa Osterberg 

Anders Romelsjö 

Robin Room 

Jussi Simpura 

Ole- JOrgen Skog

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6pHTaHHSi), G. Gonzalez (KonyM61x), Marcus Grant (11ITa6-KBapTHpa 

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OpraHH3alnili 3JjpaBOOXpaHeHHSI. TeKCT nponlen CTagIiiO 

npeJjBapiiTeJlbHbIX Ha6pOCKOB, MHO1-O414CJIeHHble nepHOBble 

BapHaHTbI, 06cyXcneH1-iSi Bceli rpynnoA, npoMexcyTOgHOK pa6oTbl 

manor' peJ[aKTOpCKOH rpynnbl H OrpOMHOIï COBMecTHOii pa6OTbI. 

Pe3ynbTaTOM 3TOii COBMeCTHOii pa6OTbI SIBIiJICSI TeKCT, KOTOpbIN 

npeACTaBJISIeT COrJIaCOBaHHylO TOT-IKy 3peHliSl BceX aBTOpOB, KOTOpble 

CJjeJIanH CBOii BKJIaA B 3Ty pa6oTy cxopee KaK HHJ[nBliJjyâJlbHble 

yT-IeHble, t-IeM KaK npenCTaBI-iTenii KaKIiX-JIii60 OpraHH3ainHli.

ABTOpbI H HX peraJIHH 

Griffith Edwards, D.M., HccneAosaTenbcKHi3 ueHTp aAAHKuHH, 

HauHOHanbHblii ueHTp aAAI,IKuHH, 14HCTnTyT ncHxHaTpHH, 

JIOHAOHCKHIi yHHBepCHTeT, BenHKO6pHTaHHA. 

Peter Anderson, M.Sc., M.R.C.G.P., M.F.P.H.M., KoxcynbTaHT, 

EBponericKHil naafi AefIcTBHiI no 6opb6e e noTpe6neHHeM anxorOnA, 

Esponeûcxoe perHOHanbxoe 61opo B03, KoneHrareH, eLlaHHA. 

Thomas F. Babor, Ph. D., M.P.H., AHpeKTOp no Hayxe, 

1CCneAOBaTenbCKHi-i ueHTp nO ânKOrOnIO, KOHHeKTHKyTCKHrl 

yHI-iBepciiTeT, CHIA. 

Sally Casswell, Ph. D., AHpeKTOp HccneAosaTenbcxoro oTAena 

AnKOronb H o6fuecTBeHHoe 3ApasooxpaxeHHe, PyHa Hra, BaHaHra, 

Xayopa MH Te IIHKaxa (ocTpoBa HOBON 3enaHAHH, npHM. 

nepeBoAHHKa), OKneHAcKHii yxl-IBepcnTeT, HoBax 3enaHAHA. 

Roberta Ferrence, Ph. D., cTapluHH HarHblH COTpyAHHK, (DoHA 

HCCneAOBaHHii aAAHKuHK, OHTapNo, KaHaAa. 

Norman Giesbrecht, Ph. D., crapHlHH HayvHblH coTpyAHHK, (I)oHA 

HccneAoBaHHA aAAHKuHH, OHTapHo, KanaAa. 

Christine _Godfrey, cTapHi3 lu HccneAosaTenb, IeHTp 3KOHOMHKH 

3AOpOBbA , l'IOpKCKHN 

yHHBepCHTeT, BenHKO6pHTaHH51. 

Harold D. Holder, Ph. D., AHpeKTop H CTapiHHH Hay9HblÎi 

cOTpyAHHK, l'1CCneAOBaTenbCKHN Hemp HpO(iHnaKTHKH, bepKnH, 

CHIA. 

Paul H.M.M. Lemmens, Ph. D., HccneAoBaTenb, JIHM6yprcKHA 

yHHBepcHTeT, MaacTpNxT, HHAepnaHAbl (H C HeAasxero BpeMeHH - 

HCCneAOBaTenb B rpynne HCCneAOBaHHSI anKOrO1151, liepKnH, 

KanH4 lopHHA).

Klaus Mäkelä, Ph. D., AmpexTOp no HaynHblM HccneAoBaHHSIM, 

CIDHHCKHH (1)OH,EI n0 I'13yLIeHi3I0 npo6neM anKoronii3Ma, XenbCHHKH, 

CDHHnAHJZHA. 

Lorraine T. Midanik, Ph. D., acCHCTeHT npocf)eccopa, YHHBepcHTeT 

KanVICpOpHHH B bepKnH, KanH4)opH115I H cTapLUHH HaynHblii 

cOTpyJjHHK, rpynna HccneJIosaxHA anKOrOJIA, KanHIIIOpHiiNCKHN 

HHCTHTyT MeJAHL[HHCKHX HCCneJZOBaHHFi, CHIA. 

Thor Norström, Ph.D., nportieccop CouHOnorHH, CTOKronbMCKHH 

yHHBepCHTeT, CTOKrOnbM, II.IBeL[IiA. 

Esa Österberg, M. Sc., HccneJjoBaTenb, IHCTHTyT COLjHanbHbIX 

Hccne,goBaHHI3 H3yneHHsl anxoronA, XenbCHHKH, HHnAHJ>HSI. 

Anders Romelsjö, M.D., HccneuosaTenb, KaponHHcKHH HHCTHTyT, 

CaHA6H6epr, IlIseuHSi. 

Robin Room, Ph. D., BLtue-npe3HJZeHT no HCCJIeJyOBaHHAM H 

pa3sHTHIO, cDoH,a HccneJZosaHFiii aJIJ1HKLjHIi, OHTapLio, KaxaAa. 

Jussi Simpura, Ph. D., Hccne,gosaTenb, I'IHCTHTyT COUHanbHbIX 

HCCneJ[OBaHHii H3y4eHHSI anKOrOJIA, XenbCHHKH, CDHHJIAHJjHA. 

Ole-Jorgen Skog, Ph. D., J>;HpeKTOp no HayKe, HaLIHOHanbHbll-i 

HHCTHTyT no HaynHblM HCCneJZOBaHHAM B o6nacTH aJIxoronH3Ma H 

HapKOTHKOB, OCJIO, HopBerHA.

IloTpe6neHie anKoronsi H 

anKOronbHbie npo6nennbi: 

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LIpe3BbltIaNHOe pa3H006pa3He OTBeTHbIX nOJIHTH,ieCKHX Mep. CioRa 

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npoJiaxcH HnH onpeJZeneHHe gorrycTHMOro Bo3pacTa npoAaxcH 

CHHpTHbIX HanHTKOB. gpyrHe OTBeTHb1e nOnHTHLIeCKHe Mepbl 

BKJIIOLIanH B ce6A HHCpOpMauHOHHble KaMnaHHH Cpe,aCTB MaCCOBON 

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HnH nbITânHCb HCHpaBHTb Te COUHanbHble yCJ1OBH51, KOTOpble 

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paCnpOCTpaHeHNeM H citeporl AeNCTBNA anKOTOnbHbIX npo6neM; 

npeAnoJ10)KeHNe, MTO 3noynOTpe6nAIOIuHe anxoroneM maki He 

NMe1OT HN4ero 061uer0 C OCHOBHOr1 MaCCON nb10n1er0 HaCeneHNA H 

n03TOMy Ha HNX HeB03MO)KHO rIOBnHATb nyTeM npNnO)KeHNA 

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He6narOnpHATHO IIOBJKNATb TOnbKO Ha He60nbmyl0 4aCTb HâceneHNA; 

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3

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4

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npo6neM. 

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pblHKa C nOcnenyiOiueN KOMMepL(HanN3aLweN npON3BOnCTBa H 

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npo6neMbl H BO BpeMA npenbinylijHX pexcNMOB (Simpura and 

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CeBepHON AMepNKe TaKHe McXaHH3MbI pbIHO4HOTO KOHTpOnA, KaK 

MOHOHOnHN Ha anKOTOnb, 6bInN OTMeHeHbI HAM CTanH McHee 

CTpOTNMH. Pa3BHBaIOIuHFICA MNp, TeM BpeMeHeM, npOnOnxcaeT 

nOnBepraTbCA orpOMHOMy naBneHHIO CO CTOpOHbI COL(No-KynbTypHbIX 

H pbIHO4HbIX CNn, KOTOpOe, CKOpee BCero, 060CTpAT H yBenN4aT 

ypoBeHb CBA3aHHbIX C anKOrOneM npo6neM (Maula et al. 1990). 

ToprOBble COTnaLIIeHHA, npecnenyA KOMMep4eCKHe HHTepecbI, 

CnNIHKOM 4aCTO NTHOpHpyiOT MenNLIHHCKHe H COLINanbHble 

nOCnenCTBHA. 

CnenyloLuaA H BeCbMa onpenenexxaA npH4NHa nposeneHHA 

o630pa H CHHTe3a COCTOHT B TOM, 4TO Ha CerOnHALLIHHii neHb 

CylljeCTByeT 6onee LLIHpoxaA H 3aNHTepeCOBaHHaA B nony4eHHH, 

06CyxC,ineHHH H npHMCHeHHH nOCTNxceHHii HayKH nOnHTN4eCKaA 

aynNTOpNA. XOTA BO MHOrHX BenOMCTBaX HaL(HOHâJIbHbIX H McCTHbIX 

npaBHTenbCTB, a TaKxce Ha MexCnyHapOnHOM yposxe no CNX nop 

CyIueCTByeT HeKOTOpOe OTpHLjaHNe H npeHe6pexCeHHe naHHbIMH 

5

npo6neMaMH, BC2 NCe pacTeT nOHHMaHNe He06XOAHMOCTH pa3pa6OTKH 

H nepeCMOTpa anKOronbHON nOJ1HTHKH B CBeTe 06beKTHBHbIX AâHHbIX 

(Mäkelä et al. 1981; Single et al. 1981; Klingemann et al. 1992). 

Heo6xo,gHMO npH3HaTb ponb B03 He TOMbKO B TemeHHe HeaasHero 

nepHOAa ee AeATenbHOCTH, HO H B TeLieHHe 6onee ,i[nHTenbHoro 

nepHo,ga pa60Tbl no aHanH3y H OpraHH3aL(HH H3y4eHHA B3aNMOCB513H 

npHpoAbl anKOrOMbHON 3aBHCHMOCTH H anKOrOMbHbIX npo6neM 

(Edwards et al. 1977); no pa3BHTHEO H pacnpocTpaxeHHlo McTO1IHK 

ne'leHHA (Grant and Hodgson 1991), no npoBeAeHHlo 

MewayHapo,IHibIX COBMecTHbIx HCCneAOBaHHN n0 ne'leHHlo (Moser 

1980; Babor and Grant 1992); no noAAepN

1.3 KPYf" 11PO611EMHbIX BOIIPOCOB: f1PU1POAA 1,1 

PA3HOO6PA314E CBf13AHHbIX C A11KO1-011EM f1PO611EM 

1.3.1 f1pNpO,ga IlpH4HHHON CB51311 

Opa3b1 "anKOronbHble np06neMbl" HnH "CBA3aHHble C anKOrOneM 

np06neMb1" COJjep)ICaT npennOJIO)ICeHHe O npH4HHHOM C.B513H. B 3THX, 

Ha nepBbIN B3rn5J>;, npOCTbIX CJIOBOCOLIeTaHIiAX CKpbITa, TeM He 

McHee, OnpeJjeneHHaA CJIO)KHOCTb. rIpH4HHHaA CBA3b B JjaHHOiï 

06naCTH peJjKO HnH HHKOrJ_ja He HMeeT eJ1;HHCTBeHHbIX HnH npOCTbIX 

KOpHeFi, 60nee 4acT0 MbI HMeeM jjen0 C npHLIHHHOH 3aBHCHMOCT1,I0, 

KyJja 6onbLIIe BOBne4eHb1 HHZjHBHjjyanbHble pa3nei4A H COLjHanbHble 

yCnOBHA KaK OTJjaneHHble, TaK H HenOCpeJjCTBeHHble B03jZ,el%ICTBHA; a 

TaK)ICe BH,Ij, npojjOnDICHTenbHOCTb H HHTeHCHBHOCTb nOTpe6neHHA 

anKOrOJIIi, a He npOCTO (paKT ero nornonjeHHA. 

KpoMe TOrO, npH4HHHaA CBA3b B J(aHHOM cny4ae LIacTO yCJIOB- 

HaA; JjaHH6II%I ypOBCHb HnH BHJj noTpe6neHHA anKOrOJIA MO)KeT 

npHBeCTH K npO6neMe B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TOrO, KTO nbeT cnHpTHoe, 

ero paLjHOHa nHTaHHA, rJje 3T0 npOHCXOJjHT, KTO H KaKHM o6pa3oM 

pearNpyeT Ha BbInHBKH H TaK Jjanee. lipHiiHHHaA CB513b B Z(aHHOM 

cny4ae He ABJISIeTCA npeJjMeTOM HbiOTOHOBCKON (1)H3HKH, H 

HeonpeJjeneHHOCTb ABnAeTCA 4aCTb1O Kâ)KnOrO ypaBHeHHA. B IjenAX 

ACHOCTH jjaHHOrO H3n0)KeHHA, TeM He McHee, 6yJjeT 11One3H0 BKpaTL[e 

npOaHanH3HpOBaTb 3Ha4eHHe nOHATHA "CBA3aHHOCTb" BO itipa3e 

"CB513aHHble C anKOrOneM". 

1. Eblmb npuuuuoü ocmpblx unu xponutecxux nocnedcmeuü. 

OCTpbie np06neMbl Tpe6yloT nornon.jeHHA 3Ha4HTenbHOi7 AO3bI 

anKOronA H, BO3MO)KHO, B OCO6bIX yCJIOBHAX HnH O6CTOATenbCTBaX, 

HO He Tpe6ylOT nOCTOAHHOrO nOTpe6neHHA. HpHMepOM TaKOI%I OCTpOÎ-i 

npo6neMbl MO)KeT 6bITb nepenOM, Cny4HBIIIHI%ICA BO BpeMA naJ);eHHA B 

COCTOAHHH OnbAHeHHA. XpOHH4eCKHe npo6neMbl, C JjpyrOH CTOpOHbI, 

nOJjpa3yMeBaK)T nOCTOAHHbII4 ypOBeHb nOTpe6neHHA. uHppO3 ne4eHH 

ABnAeTCA TH11H4HOI%I npo6neMoH, OTHOCAIIZeNCA K nocneAHeü 

KaTerOpHH. TaK)ICe MO)KHO nOHATb, 4TO MO)KeT Hâ3bIBaTbCA "OCTpoi%I 

HnH XpOHH4eCKOi%I np06neM01%I". ,LnHTenbHOe nOTpe6neHHe anKOrOnA 

MO)KeT npHBeCTH, HanpHMep, K LjHppO3y, HO Ha OnpeJjeneHHOM 3Tane 

npOH3ONJjeT CHnbHOe KpOBOTe4eHHe H3 nHLLjeBOjja: OCTpble 

np06neMbl MOryT HMeTb XpOHH4eCKyI0 OCHOBy. 

7

2. O6ycnoelzeuubze Ka/cum eudom nompe6neuuR? B TO spew!, KaK 

nBa venoseKa MoryT noTpe6nATb OHO H TO )Ke KonNL{eCTBO aJlKOronA 

B TegeHNe HenenN, MecALia, HIM rOna, TOT N3 HNX, KTO nbeT B 

6onblLlNx go3ax, 6onee sepoATHO NcnblTaeT onpe,i),eneHHble BNAbI 

npo6neM, Hem TOT, KTO TO )Ke CaMOe KOnNLieCTBO noTpe6nAeMOro 

anKOTOnA pa3AenNT Ha McHbIDNe, HO e)KeAHesxble ,1:( 0361. 

3. %loeedetrue e cocmoRHUU onbRxexuR. To, KaKNM o6pa3oM nee 

Ce6A LienoBeK B COCTOAHHN OnbAHeHNA, BepoATHO, COCTaBNT 

cnenyloLl[NN Ba)KHbI41 CpaKTOp np06neM, 0006eHH0 B COILNanbHOÎ-I 

cckpe (MacAndrew and Edgerton 1969; Mäkelä 1978). 

4. Cmamb npuLzuuoû dnR ebznuezuezo unu aim zozo-mo àpyzozo. 

AJIKOrOnb MO)KeT, HaIIpNMep, I1HBCTM K OnbAHeHN1O BOANTenA, HO 

nbAHbIN Iiloctlep MO)KeT 3TM y6NTb neLllexona. CyucecTByeT MHOrO 

ânKOrOnbHbIX npo6neM, KOTOpble OTpa)KaiOTCA naCCNBHO: CeMbA, 

pa60TOnaTen14 NJIN 06LILeCTBO pacnnaLlNBaiOTCA 3a 3TO. 3TN 

nOCnenCTBNA LiaCTO OTHOCAT K "npO6neMaM ASIA OKpy)KaIOLIjNX". 

5. Cmamb npuL[uuou peaKtfuu o6ufecnzea. HeKOTOpble anKOrOnbHble 

npO6neMbl (HanpNMep, paK nNIL(eBOna) He Tpe6yloT peaKuNN 

O61IjeCTBa B CBA3N C NX BO3HNKHOBeHNeM. Apyrue, TaKNe KaK noTepSl 

pa60Tbl, TIOpeMHOe 3aKn10LIeHNe, 3a6oTa O neTAX HRH pa3opBaHHblri 

6paK ABnAIOTCA np06neMaMN, KOTOpble Bb13bIBaIOT NJIN BnNAIOT 

CBONM nOABneHNeM Ha HeCpOpManbHylO NSIN (l)OpMâJIbHyIO peaKL),NiO 

O6ll[eCTBa. 

6. AllKOZOnb Will uanunzoK? B 6OnbLLINHCTBe cnyvaeB BelljeCTBOM, 

KOTOpOe CLiNTaeTCA npNLINHOÎ-i anKOrOnbHbIX npo6neM, ABnAeTCA 

3TNJIOBbIN CnNpT, COAep)KNTCA nN OH B nNBe, BNHe NnN KpenKNX 

CIINpTHbIX HanNTKaX. CyILIeCTByeT, TM He McHee, pAn npNMepOB, B 

KOTOpbIX OnpeAenëHHble TNnb1 HanNTKOB CBA3bIBa1OTCA C onpeneneHHbIMN 

naTOnOrNAMN. HanpNMep, nOTpe6neHNe nNBa MO)KeT 6b1Tb 

CBA3aHO C BO3HNKHOBeHNeM paKa TOJICTON KNIIIKN. r1pNMeCN, TaKNe 

KaK McTNJIOBbIN CnNpT, MOryT B HeKOTOpbIX cnyLlaslx flPHBCTM K 

Cepbe3HbIM OCJIO)KHeHNAM HRH (iaTanbHOMy NCXOny. 

1.3.2 TNllbl CB513aHHbIX C allKOroJ1@M Ilpo6n@M 

OCO3HasaA nOCTOAHHy1O HeO6XOnNMOCTb nOMHNTb O 

CJIO)KHOCTAX, CB51 3aHHbIX C nOHATNeM "npNL(NHHaA CBA3b", B 3TOM 

pa3Aene Mbl KpaTKO OnNIneM TNnbl npo6neM, K KOTOpbIM MO)KeT 

flPHBCTM nOTpe6neHNe ânKOronA.11enblO ABSIAeTCA He npNBeAeHNe 

8

3HLtHKnOneRH4ecKOrO CnHCKa BCeX BO3MO)KHbIX KpynHo- HnH MenKO- 

Hane4aTâHHbIX CTaTeii, a OnHCâHHe Kpyra npO6neMHbIX BOnpOCOB 

KHHTH. B KâKOr%I-TO CTeneHH BO3MO)ICHO OnpeRenHTb OTHOCHTenbHy1O 

4aCTOTy BO3HHKHOBeHHSI pa3nH4HbIX THnOB npo6neM, HO 3Ta 

OTHOCHTenbHOCTb 6yReT BapbHpOBaTbCSI B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BpeMeHN, 

CTpaHbE HRH B npeReRax pa311H4H6IX CJIOeB C0o6HWeCTBa. K TOMy 

nK)6a51 nOnblTKa paCIIORO)KNrb OLIeHb pa3Hble npO6neM6I COrnacHO 

CTp0TOE4 HepapxHH OTHOCHTen6HOFi BaNKHOCTH 6bina 6m HenpoRyK- 

THBHOE3 1,13-3a 1-1pOH3BOnbHOCTH B35ITbIX KpHTepHeB H npHRâHHOI'O HM 

Beca. 3TH KpHTepHH MOFyT, HanpHMep, BKJIEOLIaTb B ce6si 60nb H 

cTpaRäHHe HRH BnHSIHHe Ha KaLIeCTBO )1CH3HH; OCTpOTy HRH 

XpoHH4HOCTb; nOTepAHHbie rORbl )1CH3HH; BpeR, npH4HH5leMblii 

,gpyrHM; 3aTpaTbl COLIHanbHbIX CnyxC6 H Cny)IC6 3,IZpaBOOXpaHeHHSI HRH 

60nee LIIHpOKHe aCneKTbl 3KOHOMH4eCKHX 3aTpaT. 

Ann npo6neM, KOTOpble HCnbITblBaeT OTj[enbHblii nblOLLjMI 

4eROBeK, yR06Ho B351Tb HeCKOR6K0 HCKyCCTBeHHyIO KnaCCHIfHKaLiHEO, 

iiTO6bI paCrIORO)iCHTb H3n0)KeHHe nOR OTRen13H6IMH 3arOROBKaMH, 

COOTBeTCTByiOIIIHMH 41113144eCKON, nCHXOROrH4eCKOFI H COL(HanbHOkE 

CCpepaM. 3Toro paCIIORO)KeHHSI Mbl 6yReM npH,C[ep)KHBaTbcSl HH)Ke, a 

3TM nOCReRyeT naparp4, rRe paccMaTpHBaloTCSI npo6neMbl, 

BO3HHKaEO111He nepeR ApyrHMH REORbMH B pe3ynbTaTe nOBeReHHSI 

nbEoll(er0 4enOBeKa. YKa3aTenAMH OTHOCHTen6HOli BenH4HHbI 

pâ3nH4HbIX npo6neM 6yRyT Cny)KHTb TORbKO TaKHe KaTerOpHH KaK 

"06bI4HO" HRH "4acT0". 

O6palua5lcb, B nepBylO o4epe,gb, K noR3aronoBKy CiH3H4ecKHx 

npo6neM, H, B Ka4eCTBe nonpaeKH K Co,gep)KaHHEO y4e6HHKOB, 

KOTOpble BbIReRSIIOT TORbKO KnaCCH4eCKHe 1l)H3H4eCKHe naTOROrHH, 

CB5I3aHH6Ie C aJiKOroneM, BaxCHO noR4epKHyTb BenH4HHy H 

pa3Hoo6pa3He OCTpbIX BpeRHbIX nocneRcTBH11 noTpe6neHH5I 

anKOrOnSI, TaKHX KaK TpaBMbl B pe3ynbTaTe ROpO)KHO-TpaHCnopTHbIX 

HRH RpyrHX npoHclneCTBHM, BO3HHKa1OI1114X no BHHe anKOrOnSl, 

TpaBMbl B RpaKâXX, OCTpble MCRHLtHHCKHe OCRO)KHeHH5I (HanpHMep, 

OCTpblli naHKpeaTHT HRH anK0r0RbH6II%I renaTHT) H TaK Ranee 

(Alcohol Health and Research World 1993; Klingemann et al. 1993). 

ARKOrOnb TaK)Ke MO)KeT npHBeCTH K CMepTH H3-3a CnHLIIKOM 

6onbLIIOE%[ RO3bI (Poikolainen 1977). OcTpble OCRO)KHeHHSt MOryT B 

HeKOTOpbIX cTpaHaX HRH perHOHaX COCTaBRSITb 60nbHlylo 4aCTb 

O6merO KOnH4eCTBa BpeRHbIX C13H3H4eCKHX nOCneRCTBHÎI 

noTpe6neHHH anxoronSE. IIoR4epKHyB 3TOT nyHKT, Hy)KHO CKa3aTb, 

9

'ITO TaK)Ke 6e3 COMHeHHA BepHO H TO, 'rTO CIIHpTHOe MO)KeT npHBeCTH 

K nOBpC)ICJJeHHtO no'ITH Ka)KJjOf3 TKaHH H CHCTeMbI opraHH3Ma C 

nocnej[yiOII(eFi JJnHTenbHOfl HeTpyJJOCII0006HOCTbrO HRH XpOHH'IecKHM 

3a60neBaHHeM, BHe3anHOfl eMepTbIO H 60nbIIIHMH 3aTpaTaMH cny)K6 

3ApaBOOXpaHeHHA (Lieber 1982). K HeraTHBHbIM BRHAHHAM TaKOrO 

THna OTHOCATCA: OCJIO)KHeHHA HâHOCAIL[He BpeJJ HepBH014 CHCTMC H 

npHBOJJALL(He K pa3nH'IHbIM THnaM HapyLLIeHHN MO3rOBOH 

AeATenbxocTH H nepwtlepHiixblM HBPHTM (Victor et al. 1989); 

BbICOKOe KpOBAHOe J1,aBneHHe, CepJJe'IHble 3a60neBaHHA H HHCynbT 

(Saunders et al. 1981; Preedy and Richardson 1994); ocno)KHeHHA B 

6pioIIlHOIi nonocTH, TaKHC KaK XpOHH4eCKHfi naxxpeaTHT (Sherman 

and Williams 1994, Benjamin et al. 1977); pax poTosofi nonocTH H 

ropTaHH, rnoTKH, nHII(esoJla, )xenyJjKa, ne'ieHH, npAMOii KHIIlKH H 

xcexcxofi rpyJ1H (International Agency for Research on Cancer 1988). 

Cei%I4ac npOHCxOJjHT MeJJneHHOe HaxonneHHe 4:laKTos, roBOpAILjHx o 

TOM, 'ITO âJIKOrOnbHble np06neMbl MOryT TaK)Ke npoABnATbCA BO 

MHOrHX JipyrHX (DOpMaX: Ko)KHble 3a60neBaHHA (Higgins et al. 1992), 

31-IJJOKpHHHble HapyuleHHA (Marks 1981; Van Thiel and Gavaler 

1990), HapyLLIeHHA KpoBH (Lieber 1982), 3a6onesaHHA MblunJ (Peters 

et al. 1985), 3a6onesaHHA KOCTH (Spencer et al. 1986), Hapyn.IeHHA 

HMMyHHO1%I CHCTeMbI (Dunne 1989) - BOT nHÜlb HeKOTOpbie gonon- 

HHTenbHble HapyIIICHHSi 143 CnHCKa, KOTOpblfr npOJjonACaeT 

yBenH'iHBaTbCA. 

LITO KaCaeTCA nCHXOnorNYecKHX nOCneJJCTBHN, anKOr'Onb pe3Ko 

HapylllaeT MHOrHe acneKTbi nCHXOMOTOpHbIX H n03HâsaTenbHblX H 

CpyHKI(Hfl. HapyuleHHe 3MOL(HOHâJIbHOTO KOHTpOJIA MO)KeT npHSeCTH 

K npOABneHHIO )KeCTOKOCTH no OTHOnIeHHK) K J(pyrHM (Martin 1992). 

AJIKOrOnb HMeeT cyLgecTSeHHOe OTHOIUeHHe K HaHeCeHHIo 

yMbllIIneHHbIX nOBpeNCJJeHHr%I ce6e H cosepuleHHio caMOy6HfrcTB 

(Murphy and Wetzel 1990; Hawton et al. 1989). HepeJJKHM 

nocneJJcTBHeM JJnHTenbHOro 3noynoTpe6neHH2 anxoroneM ABnAeTCA 

KpaTKOSpeMexHaA noTepA naMATH H, pe)Ke, 6onee onpeJjenexxaA 

KapTHHa cna6oyMHA (Lishman et al. 1987). ATIA 60nbHHl[ 3HaKOMbI, 

XOTA McHee H3BeCTHbI cpeJJH Hâ.ceneHHA, TaKHe CHHJJpOMbI, KaK 6enaA 

ropA'IKa, aJIKOTOnbHble raJInK)LJHHaLJHH, npHCTynbl a6CTHHeHL(HH 

(Isbell et al. 1955; Schuckit 1985). AnKOronbaaA 3aBHCHMOCTb 

ABRAeTCA OCHOBHbIM nCHXO6HOJIOrH'recKHM OCJIO)KHeHHeM, KOTOpOe 

MO)KeT 6bITb CneJJCTBHeM 'Ipe3MepHOro ynoTpe6ReHHA anKOrORA, 

npHBOJJALqerO 3aTCM K COXpaHeHHIO 3n0ynOTpe6neHHA anKorOneM C 

10

nOCne,ayEOLLIHM pHCKOM BO3HHKHOBeHHSI COOTBeTCTByEOLLiHX npO6neM 

(Vaillant 1983). 

COL[HanbHble npo6neMbl, S1BnSIlOLI[HeCSI pe3ynbTaTOM nOTpe6neHH2 

anKOTOnSI, BeCbMa MHOT04HCneHHbI. CIO,L1a BXO,T15IT HeyZ[a4H Ha pa6oTe, 

nporynbl, yBOnbHeHHe, 6e3pa6oTHga H HCC4aCTHble Cny4aH Ha 

pa6o4eM MecTe (Pratt and Tucker 1989; Stallones and Kraus 1993). 

BbInHBKa MonKeT npHBeCTH K JjonraM, )KHnHLLjHbIM np06neMaM, HnH, B 

KpaHHeM cny4ae, K HHLneTe (Baumhol 1987; National Institute on 

Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism 1989). B3aHMOCB5I3b Mexcay 

anxoroneM H npecTynneHHSiMH o4exb CRO)KHa, H Bonpoc 

npH4HHHOCTH J);On)KeH 3,E1eCb paCCMaTpHBaTbCSI C 00060I%I 

OCT0p0)KHOCTb10, HO anKOronb, npslMO HJIH KOCBeHHO, BOBRe4ëH B 

pâ3nH4Hble THnbI npaBOHapyLLIeHHE4, BKnEOLIaSI HaCHnbCTBeHHble 

npecTynneHHSI (Pemanen 1991) H, KOHe4H0, BoxcaeHHe aBToMo6Hnsl B 

HeTpe3BOM COCTOSIHHH (CM. rnaBy 7). 

IIp06neMbl, KOTOpble 1-1bIOLLal1i 4enOBeK CO3,4aeT Ansl ApyrHx 

nK)I(e17, 06bI4H0 BKnlOtialOT npslMOe B03AeFiCTBHe Ha Cynpyra H AeTei%I 

B nnaHe nCHXH4eCKOl%I HJIH (pH3Hi-IeCKO'n TpaBMbl (Martin 1992), a 

TaKNCe OCJIO)KHSIeT MX 06pa30BaTenbHyie, COIjHânbHyiO H CpHHaHCOByiO 

AeATenbHOCTb (Sher 1991). 3JJecb TaK)Ke 4aCTO MO)KeT npHCyTCTBOBaTb 

3neMeHT npH4HHeHHSI HeyJj06CTB, Bpega HnH 3aTpaT J>nx BCeX 4neHOB 

06LLlecTBa - HanpHMep, )KepTBbi nbSIHbIX BO,gHTeneN HRH HaCHnbCT- 

BeHHbIX npeCTynneHHN HIM TOBapHIu no pa6oTe, CTaBLLIHN 

y4aCTHHKOM npOH3BOJjCTBeHHOÎ-i asapHH, BO3HHKllIeÎI no BHHe 

anKOTOnSI. PI, B 3aKnE04eHHe, B J>,aHHOM pa3,gene "npo6neMbl Jxns[ 

OKpy)KaIO1.ImX" Hy)KHO OTMeTHTb TOT OrpOMHbIEi naCCHB wI51 

06n(eCTBa, KOTOpbIIi HaKannHBaeTCA B pe3ynbTaTe CyMMHpOBaHHSI 

BceX 3aTpaT: Ha COIjHanbHyEO 3an1HTy, Cny)K6bI 3JIpaBOOXpaHeHHSI, 

cTpaXOBaHHe, CHCTeMbI Ha6nEOJ);eHHSE 3a Co6nEOJjeHHeM 3aKOHa H 

HCHORHeHHSI HaKa3aHHN, KOTOpble CB5I3aHbI C nbSIHCTBOM, a TaK)Ke 

3aTpaTbi, KOTOpble SIBRSIEOTCSI pe3ynbTaTOM CHH)KeHH31 npOH3BOJ);H- 

TenbHOCTH TpyAa (Rice 1993). rIo3xce B 3TOï-1 rnase 3TOT Bonpoc 

nOJ);HHMaeTCSI BHOBb. 

MO)KHO 6bIR0 6b1 B nOCneJjylOHjHX naparpaltaX paccMOTpeTb 3T0 

BCë Ha 60nee aeTanbHOM ypOBHe, HO TaK)Ke HennOXO OTCTynHTb H 

B31-n5lHyTb Ha MaTepHan C 601Iee 0611161 TO4KH 3peHH51. B H3R0)KeHHH, 

KOTOpOe CTeCHeHO Hay4HbIMH ClCsOpManbHOCTSIMH, He 6yJa;eT HeBepHbIM 

HanOMHHTb ce6e, 4TO nOJj a6CTpaKTHbIM nepe4HCneHHeM CKpbITbl 

pa3nH4Hble CTeneHH H B14):1bI 60ne3HeÎ7, HeC4aCTHEi, nOTepb, 6onH, 

11

nHLUeHHt-i, caMoyHHxceHllA, pa3pyluenHA ceMbH, HaneceHHA pan 

npyrl-1M H pa3pyuleH41. MHorHe cTpanaHl-lA eutë 6e4lopMeHHb1 N 

TOn6KO O6O3HaLIH11iiCb. 

1.3.3 KoHueHrpauNA npo6neM B npe,genax 

Henocpe,gcTBeHHOro Onblra oTAenbHoN nN4HOCTN 

NMI BO BpeMeHN 

gaHHble OnpOCOB BbI51BH1114 HCKOTOpbIX n104erl, KOT0p6Ie 

yTSepxcnanH, 1ITO B TeileHNe 12 MeCALteB no HHTepBb1O OHH 

CT0J1KHynliCb TOnbKO C 04H0N, H3OJI14pOBaHHOIi npo6neMoH, 

CB513aHHOI4 C ânKOrOneM, B TO BpeMA KaK pyre COO6LLtalOT, 9TO 3a 

3T0 we BpeMA OH14 CTOJIKHyniiCb C HeCKOn6KHMi1 H11 14 MHO>KCCTBOM 

TaKI-lx npo6neM (Clark and Hilton 1991). Pe3yJIbTaTbl onpoca cpenH 

BCeX Bo3paCTOB HaCeneHHA nOKa3bIBaFoT, LITO nnA 60nbLner' iIaCTH 

n0406H6IX npo6neM TaKOIi OnbIT CKOpee OTHOCHTC5I K enHHIiIHbIM 

np06neMaM H11l1 npOABneHi-tAM, H1114, BO3M0>KHO, K 2 HIM 3 npo6neMaM, 

LIeM K COBMeCTHOMy npOABneHHiO MHOrHX npo6neM B TeLleniie 

naHHOro nepLtOna BpeMeHH. He y BCeX, KTO 1iCn6lTblBân LtenblÎ-i pAn 

npo6neM B Te4eHtie 12-MCCALlHoro nepHOna, OHH 6y4yT B03HHKaTb B 

nocneAyioLgHe 12 MecALtes (Room 1977). 

Onpochi Bce xce, OJ.IHaKO, OnpenenAtoT HexoTOpoe KOnHHecTB0 

pecnoHneHTOB, KOTOpble CTOJIKHynHCb C MHO>KeCTBOM npo6neM B 

TelleHlie OnpeneneHHOPO peTpOCneKTHBHOrO nepllona. Wyllie and 

Casswell (1993), HanpHMep, npeACTaBnAIOT naHHble npoBeneHHOrO B 

1988 r. B HoBal 3enaHAHH Ha14HOHanbn01-0 onpoca o noTpe6neHlaH 

anKOrOnA. OH11 BbIABiinH rpynny MOJ1OnbIX My>KilHH, KOTOpble MHOFO 

nblOT, CTanKliBatOTCA C MHO>KeCTBOM npo6neM Ii o6ecnOKOeHbI 3THM. 

CylitecTByeT rpynna nbloLLtYIX ntoneN, KOTOpb1e nonroe BpeMA 

nponon>KaIOT CTanKHBaTbCA CO MHO>KeCTBOM nHLIHbIX npo6neM, 

CB513aHHbIX C B6IHI3BKOFI, B TO>Ke BpeMA, BO3MO>KHO, npHHHHAA 

MnoxceCTSO npo6neM npyrHM 11 10451M (Robins and Regier 1991). 

CKopee Bcero, 6onbulaA 4acTb TaKHX nbIOLItNX ntoneti cTpanaeT 

anKOronbHON 3aBHCHMOCTb10 H, TaKHM o6pa3oM, BCe 6o11bine li 

6Onbllle nonanaeT B noByWKy TpynHOHCKOpeHHMON npHBbILIKFI 

3noynoTpe6neHNA anKOroneM, KoTOpaA H3 rona B moil nponon>KaeT 

nopo>KnaTb npo6neMy 3a npo6neMori (Edwards 1989). 

ECnH KOHLteHTpaLtHA npo6neM - 3TO ABneHHe, KOTOpOe MO>KeT 

6bITb BbIABneHO no pe3ynbTaTaM OnpocoB, OHO TaK>Ke 3HaKOMO 

pa6oTHtiKaM COLtlianbHOro 06eCneLIeHHA H KJ1HHtiK. AIN ceMbH, 

12

KOTOpaa 6opeTC5I, 1-1b1TaSICb npeOAOneTb XpOHHMeCKYIO anKOrOnbHYIO 

3aBHCiiMOCTb, (paKT, iITO np06neMbl He npHXOAAT B OAHHOMKy, 

SIBnSIeTCSI OtieBH,gHbIM. FOCyAapCTBeHHaa nOJIHTHKa JjOn)KHa, TâKHM 

o6pa3oM, 6bITb aApecosaxa ABYM peaJIbHOCTSIM: eAHHHMHOMy, 

peAKOMy B03HHKHOBeHHiO OT,genbHbIX npo6neM H (paKTy KOHI.(eH- 

Tpalji4H HRH IIOCTOSIHHOro nOSIBneHHa npo6neM. 

1.4 YCTAHOBJ1EHHbIE PE3YJ1bTATbI O PACIIPOCTPA- 

HEHHOCTN VI CTOVIMOCTVI CB5I3AHHbIX C AJ1KO1"OJ1EM 

I1PO6J1EM: HEKOTOPbIE ME)K,gYHAPO,gHbIE,gAHHbIE 

B 3TOM pa3Aene MbI nOnblTaeMCa yCTaHOBHTb KapTHHy CTOH- 

MOCTH, B IIIHpOKOM CMbICne 3TOT0 CJIOBa, aJIKOrOnbHbIX np06neM Ana 

061ueCTBa. He,LiaBHI3e o630pbi, o6pHcosblBalolgHe MexcAyxapoAHylo 

nepcneKTHBy n0 AaHHOMy BOnpOcy, MO)KHO HaFiTH B Giesbrecht et al. 

(1989) H Helzer and Canino (1992). TeM He Mexee, COOT- 

BeTCTBY1011lHe BCeCTOpOHH14e MHpOBb1e AaHHble, Ha KOTOpble MO)KHO 

6bI1I0 6b1 OnFipaTbCSI, OTCyTCTByIOT. B OCo6eHHOCTi3 Onjyn(aeTCa 

HeXBaTKa AOCTOBepHOIi IiH(tlOpMaljliH 143 pa3BNBaIOU.(lixcx cTpaH, 133 

BOCTO4HOli EBpOnbt, 143 peCny6nHK 6blBlnerO CCCP. CpaBHeHHe 

pa3n14MHbIX CTpaH 3aTpy,gHeHO 143-3a pa3HHIjb1 B OnpeAeneHHaX, 

oT6ope MaTepHanoB 14 B MeTOAi1Ke c6opa AaHHbIX. BpeMeHaMH, n0 

pâ3nHMHbIM npHMHHâM BO3HHKaeT CKJIOHHOCTb K Hej[OOneHKe. 

CyLI[eCTByeT, OZjHaKO, Taxxce OnaCHOCTb pa3AysaHHa npo6neMb1. 

IIpHMeHaeMble B onpocax OnpeAeneHl3a "anKOronH3Ma" HHOrAa BeCbMa 

HeT01-11-IbI, B pe3ynbTâTe nocne,IjyloujHe OIjeHKH pacnpOCTpaHeHHa 

BbIrnaASIT Hey6eAFiTenbH0. 3aTpaTb1 MOryT 6bITb npeyBenHMeHbI 

(Helen and Pittman 1993; US Secretary of Health and Human 

Services 1994). IIpHt114HHbIï-1 B1U1aA anKOrOna no OTHOIUeHH10 K 

n106oÎ4 AaHHOÎ3 naTOnorHH HnH CO6bIT141O LIaCTO Tpy,aHO onpe,genHTb 

TOMHO. 

B CB5I314 C 3THMH, a TaK)FCe ApYr11MH npHMHHaMH, MbI XOTHM 

npe,I(OCTepeMb npOTHB Mpe3MepHO YBepeHHbIX HHTepnpeTanHI%I 

n1060TO OTJjenbHOCO OTpbIBKa 143 TO1i KapTHHbI, KOTOpaa OHHCbIBaeTCa 

HH)Ke. ITpHBO,aHMble IjH(tipb[ MaCTO JlyMUle paCCMaTpHBaTb Kai( 

OpHeHTHpOBOMHble, MeM KaK HOJIHOCTb10 HaAe)KHble. B TO )Ke BpeMa, 

HeCMOTpa Ha ee He3aBepuIeHHOCTb, npOSlBnaeTCa KapTHHa, KOTOpaa 

nOATBep)KAaeT npeAnOJlO)KeHHe, LITO Ana MHOTHX cTpaH anKOTOnb 

CO3AaeT KpynHble H pa3HOO6pa3Hble np06neMbl, Tpe6yK)ujHe 3aTpaT. 

13

Heo6xoAHMa ropa3Ao ny'IHIaA 6a3a MexcAynapoAHblx AaxHbix, Ho 

OnHpaACb Ha yxce HMeIOIIjHeCSI (PaKTb1, 661110 6b1 TpyAHO yTBep>KAaTb, 

'ITO npo6neMHble BOnpOCbl AaHHoii KHHrH TpHBHâJI6HbI. 

1.4.1 LbNppo3: pa317N4Hb1@ ypOBHN CM@pTHOCTN B 

pa3J1N4HbIX CTpaHaX 

CMepTHOCTb B pe3ynbTaTe IjHppo3a ABnAeTCA Cne,IICTBHeM 

3noynOTpe6neHHA anKorOneM (Smart and Mann 1992), HO Hen6351 

paCCMaTpHBaTb eë C nORHOÎd yBepeHHOCTbiO KaK nOKa3aTen6 BCeX 

THHOB anKO1-0116H6IX npo6neM. bOnee TOTO, Heo6XOAHMo nOMHHTb, 

'-ITO A01151 o6HjeH ItH(i)pbI CMepTHOCTH B pe3ynbTaTe mHppo3a, rJje 

npH'IHHOÎI ero BO3HHKHOBeHHA 66111 anKOronb, H IjNpp03a, 

BO3HHKIHerO no ApyrOii npH'iHHe, MO)KeT BapbHpOBaTbCA OT CTpaH61 K 

cTpaHe. CMepTHOCTb B pe3ynbTaTe IjHppo3a, TeM He McHee, ABJIAeTCA 

InFipOKO HCnOnb3yeMbIM BHAOM CTaTHCTH'IeCKHX AaHHbIX, a 

CpaBHeHHA 11O3BOJIAIOT OnpeAenHTb CTeneHb pa3nHVHH MexcAy 

CTpaHaMH B ypOBHe npH'-IHHAeMOrO anKOroneM BpeAa. CynjeCTByeT 

MHOTO cTpaH, rAe perynApH61N c6op HaAë)KHbIX AaHHbIX 0 

CMepTHOCTH B pe3ynbTaTe gHppo3a HnH RI06bIX Apyrl,ix npH'iHH 

CMepTH He ocynjecTBRAeTCSI, 1-103TOMy MM He CMOrnH npHBeCTH 

CTaTHCTHKy no CMepTHOCTH B pe3ynbTaTe IjHppo3a AJIA pecny611HK 

6blBnlero CCCP, 6011bHIHHCTBa A3HaTCK0r0 H THXOOKeaHCKOro 

perHOHOB, A(pHKH H OTHOCHTenbHO MHOTHX CTpaH JIaTHHCKOil 

AMepHKH. I'IMe10HjHeCA AaHH6Ie npeACTaBneHbl B TpëX OTAeJI6HbIX 

Ta6RHIjaX 1.1, 1.2, 1.3. B Ka)KAOM Cny'Iae H ARA COXpaHeHHA 

BO3MO)KHOCTH CpaBHHBaTb npOH3BeAeHa cTaHAapTH3aCjHA n0 

eBponeFicKONI 6a3e HaCeneHHA. Mbl KpaTKO HpOKOMMeHTHpyeM 

Ka)iCAyIO 1-13 3T1,IX Ta6RHLj B OTAenbHOCTH. 

Ta6nnua 1.1 npeAcTaBnSIeT pacnono)KeHHbie B nopAAKe 

y6bIBaHHA AaHHb1e n0 CMepTHOCTH B pe3y116TaTe LjHpp03a H3 24 CTpaH 

EsponericKoro perHoxa B03. Heo6xoA14M0 nOMHHTb O BO3MO)KHOM 

BRHAHHH HaI1HOHanbH6IX pa3HOBHAHOCTe11 npoljeAyp61 ocBHAe- 

TCnbCTBOBaHHA CMepTH. ypOBHH o6HjeH CMepTHOCTH BapbHpyIOTCA OT 

HaHB6ICIIIerO 54.8 (BeHrpHA) AO CaMoro HH3KOT0 2.9 (I'IpnaHAHA). He 

TOnbKO 3TH ABe Kpa17HHe H03HI1HH, HO H CaMO pacnpeAeneHHe B 

IjenoM, rOBOpHT O LIpe3Bb1'IaÎdHOi1 CTeneHH pa3nHLIHN MexcAy 

CTpaHaMH. HOpSiAOK pacnonoxceHHA CTpaH OT BbICOKOTO ypOBHA AO 

HH3KOTO He MO)KeT 067551CHATbC51 B11HAHHeM TOR6KO oAHOTO 4)aKTopa: 

cTpaHbl, rAe pacnpoCTpaHeHO noTpe6neHHe ruina HnH BHHa, MoryT 

14

Ta6n4ua 1.1. Espana: Kornl4ecTBO cMepTen B pe3ynbTaTe 

uvlpp03a Ha 100 000 HaCeneHV1A, CTaH,C;apTN3al.l,V1A BO3paCTa Ha 

eBponeHCKOe HâCeneHVle, pacnon0)KeHV1e or BbICWerO noKa3a- 

TenA K HV13WeMy. CTaTNCTN4eCKV1e AaHHble npe,f>,CTaBneHbl 

B03, ?KeHeBa. 

CTpaHa rO,g O6ü{HN 

CTaH,gapTN3HpOBaHHaA CMepTHOCTb 

ypOBeHb MyNC4HHb1 N(eHülHHbl 

M/NC COOTHO- 

WeHHe 

BeHrpllsa 1991 54.8 79.7 32.6 2.4 

PyMbIH113:1 1991 38.1 47.5 28.8 1.6 

repMaHllsa (MP) 1991 33.7 49.7 19.4 2.5 

ABCrpllsa 1992 28.2 41.2 16.4 2.5 

Vlrantlsa 1990 26.8 31.7 18.0 1.8 

nopryranllsa 1993 26.9 39.3 15.1 2.5 

4exocnoeaKHSa 1991 25.1 38.1 13.4 2.8 

repMaHUSa, (cDPr) 1991 22.2 30.4 14.6 2.1 

V1cnaHllsa 1989 21.0 30.0 12.9 2.3 

J11OKceM6ypr 1991 18.7 21.9 15.4 1.4 

6bIBw. 10rocnaBllsa 1990 18.4 27.7 10.2 2.7 

OpaHullsa 1991 17.0 23.3 10.6 2.2 

6onrapllsa 1991 15.0 22.0 7.8 2.8 

flonbwa 1991 13.9 19.1 9.2 2.1 

6enbrHA 1987 11.9 14.4 9.5 1.5 

m11HnAHANA 1992 10.7 15.3 4.2 3.6 

WBeHuapllsa 1991 9.5 12.9 6.1 2.1 

ManbTa 1991 9.0 14.0 3.9 3.6 

rpeuvw 1990 8.9 12.1 5.8 2.1 

V13pallnb 1989 8.7 10.3 7.0 2.5 

WBey119 1990 6.8 8.8 4.7 1.9 

Ben11KO6pNraHlnA 1991 6.1 6.9 5.3 1.3 

H11AepnaHAb1 1991 5.1 6.3 3.9 1.6 

Hopei-on 1991 4.4 5.4 3.3 1.6 

VlpnaHAllsa 1990 2.9 3.1 2.7 1.1 

15

HMeTb BbICOKi7rl ypOBeHb; CaMble BbiCOKHe nOKa3aTenH Ha6nfO,gaK)TCA 

KaK y CTpaH 143 BOCTOLIHOii, TaK H 143 3ana,lZHOii EBpOnbl; ,qse CaMbIX 

HH3KHX uHCtipbI npHXOAATCA Ha npOTeCTaHTCxyK) (HopBerHA) 14 Ha 

KaTOnHLIeCKyiO CTpaHy (14pnaHAHA). COOTH011IeHHe My)KLIHHbI/ 

)KeHIL[HHbI KOne6nIOTCA OT 3.6 (OHHnAH,TjHA H TaK)Ke ManbTa) AO 1.1 

(HpnaHAHA). He cyulecTSyeT CHCTeMHoro, HayL1HO AOcTOBepHOro 

aHanH3a, 6e3 COMHeHHA, MHOT0HHCneHHbIX 061ACHeHH1%[ npHIiHH 

3T01'O pa36poca HauHOHanbHblX ,IZaHHbIX O CMepTHOCTH, H MbI 

npeAnaraeM ,tIaHHble TaKHMH, KaK OHH eCTb. 

CTaTHCTHHeCKHe ,gaHHble o6eHx AMepHK H CTpaH KapH6cxoro 

perHoxa (Ta6nHua 1.2) BHOBb nOKa3bIBaIOT 6onbmHe pa3nHHH51 

Me)K,gy cTpaHaMH, He XBaTaeT AaHHbIX 143 MHOrHX rocyAapcTS, H 

CTâHAapTH3auHA Ha 6a3e eBponeiiCKOrO HaCeneHHA MO)KeT 6bITb 

McHee HeM yAOBneTB0p14Ten1)H0N AnA HeKOTOpbIX npHBeAeHHbIX B 

Ta6nHue cTpaH. CTpaHbl .T1aTHHCKOI7 AMepHKH npHBOAAT 6onee 

BbICOKHe AâHHb1e o6 ypOBHe CMepTHOCTH B pe3ynbTaTe LjNppo3a, HeM 

CHIA H KaHaAa, B TO BpeMA KaK Ase CTpaHbl KapH6CKOT0 perHoHa, 

r,qe eCTb COOTBeTCTByiOLuHe AaHHble, HaXOAATCA B HH)KHeli HaCTH 

Ta6nHL1bI (TpHHHAa):1 H To6aro, Ky6a). COOTHOIIIeHHe My)10HHH6I/ 

)KeHI1IHHb1 KOne6neTCA OT 4.0 (1.1y3pT0-PHKO) Ao 1.2 (Ky6a). 

B 3aKniOHeHHe 3TOIi CepHH Ta6nHua 1.3 npeACTaBHT AaHHble o 

CMepTHOCTH B TpëX CneAyiOluHX CTpaHaX: AnOHHA, ABCTpanHA 14 

HOBaA 3enaHAHA, BHOBb C pâ36p000M uN(Dp no 06LueI%I CMepTHOCTH H 

coOTHOU1eHHI0 11OJ10B rAe-TO B npeAenax cpe,gxero ypoBHA. 

L1TO )Ke Hy)KHO CAenaTb C 3THM14 O6UIHpHbIMH, HO BCë eiuë 

HeAOCTaTOHHO nOJIHbIMH AaHHbIMH HaLjHOHânbHbIX CTaTHCTHK n0 

CMepTHOCTH B pe3ynbTaTe uHppo3a. yBepeHHoe 06Luee yTSep)FUjeHHe 

AOn)KHO COCTOATb B TOM, HTO eCnH B3ATb B KaHeCTBe noKa3aTenA 

ypOBeHb CMepTHOCTH OT uHppo3a, pâ3nHHHb1e CTpaHbl HCnbiTb1Ba1OT 

nOpa3HTenbHO pa3HbIN ypOBeHb OTpHL(aTenbHblX HOCneACTBHi3 

nOTpe6neHHA anKOronA. Pa3HHL[a MeNCAy BeHrpHeM H 1'1pnaHAHeiï 

ABJIAOTCA nOHTH 20-KpaTHON, HO MbI MO)KeM npeAnOJIo)KHTb, HTO 

CpeAHHH rpaxCAaHHH ni060Fi CTpaHbl B paBHOM CTeneHH OAHHaKOBO He 

OCO3HaeT 3THX 4ClaKTOB. 

16

Ta6nHL4a 1.2. AMepInKln In cTpaHbl Kapin6cKoro perHoHa: 

KOnN4eCTB0 CMepTeVt B pe3ynbTaTe L{lnppo3a Ha 100 000 

HaCeneHV1A, CTaHAapTN3aLlVIA B03paCTa eBpOrIeV1CKOro 

HaCeneHNA, pacflOnONCeHHe OT BbICWerO IlOKa3aTenA K 

H1n3WeMy. CTaTNCTw-IeCKlne ,gaHHble Ilpe,gCTaBneHbl B03, 

iKeHeBa. 

CTpaHa Fog O6LLptN 

ypOBeHb 

CTaH,gapTN3NpOBaHHaA 

CMepTHOCTb 

My)K4HHbI )KeHLl{NHbl 

M/H( 

COOTH. 

McKCHKa 1990 48.6 72.5 21.8 3.3 

4HnH 1989 46.2 67.5 26.5 2.5 

flyspro PHKO 1990 29.7 47.2 13.5 4.0 

3KBa,qop 1988 21.7 28.7 14.1 2.0 

Kocra PHKa 1989 20.4 26.7 13.1 2.0 

BeHecysna 1989 19.4 28.6 9.6 3.0 

ApreHrHHa 1989 13.3 20.1 6.4 3.1 

TpHHHqa,q H 1989 13.2 19.6 6.7 2.9 

To6aro 

Ky6a 1990 12.4 13.3 11.3 1.2 

flaHaMa 1987 11.6 14.2 7.7 1.8 

CWA 1990 11.6 15.2 8.0 1.9 

Ypyraal7 1990 11.5 17.5 6.8 2.6 

KaHaqa 1990 9.3 12.7 5.8 2.2 

L-ITO KaCaeTCA COOTHOWeHHA My>K4411ibli)KeHLL[HHbI, 6onbWl-le 

pa3nH4HA Me>Kgy CTpaHaMH CBHZ[eTenbCTBylOT O TOM, 4TO CTpaHbl 

pa3nH4alOTCA He TOnbKO no o6LueMy KOnH4eCTBy CBA3aHHbIX C 

noTpe6neHHeM anxoronA npO6neM, HO no LiX pacnpe,iZeneHiilo Memuty 

CnOAMH HaceneHHA. Ha6nlo,IjaeMble pall-LW-MA B nonoBblX 

COOTHOWeHHAX HaCTON414Bo nojjCKa3bIBalOT, 4TO Heo6XO,llNMO HCKaTb 

COL[HanbHble, KynbTypHble, 3KOHOM144eCKHe Id HCTOpH4eCKHe 

17

Ta6nHua 1.3 FInoHVIA, ABcrpanrlA vl HoBa9 3enaH,gHR: 

KOnV14eCTBO CMepTeVl B pe3ynbTaTe uvlppo3a Ha 100 000 

HaceneHV1A, CTaH,gapTVl3amV1A B03paCTa Ha eBponeVlCKoe 

HaceneHVle, pacnono)KeHme or BbICWVIX noKa3arene0 K 

HV13WViM. ,qaHHble npe,gOCTaBneHbl B03, WeHeBa. 

CrpaHa Fog O6WHl1 

ypoeeHb 

CTaHAapTH3HpOBâHHaA 

CMepTHOCTb 

My)K4HHbI )KeHüAHHbi 

M/)IC 

COOTH. 

SinoHt7sl 1991 13.4 17.7 9.1 1.9 

ABCTpantnA 1988 8.1 11.7 4.2 2.8 

HoBasl 1989 3.7 5.2 2.4 2.2 

3enaH,gtnsa 

06135ICHeHH51 pa3HHL(bI B ypOBHAX CMepTHOCTH MexcAy My)K4HHaMH H 

)KeHLqHHaMH, a He npOCTO 6140n0r144eCKHe np144HHb1 y513BHMOCT14. B 

06ll[eM, 3TH Ta6n1411bI CaMH HO ce6e ABHO 11oKa3blBaIOT, 4TO, BHe 

3aBHCHMOCTH OT CTpaHbl, K011H4eCTBO CB5,13aHHbIX C ânKOTOneM 

HaL[HOHanbHblx np06neM He 5IBnAeTCA sceo6U.jHM H HeH36e)KHbIM 

IbaKTOM. 3T0 He "AâHHOCTb". 

1.4.2 PacnpocrpaHeHHocTb anKOronbHblx npo6neM H 

anKOronbHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH B 06u{eN nnacce HaceneHHA 

CaMble nOnHble HCCneAOBaHHA no 3TOMy BOnpOCy npOBOAHnHCb 

B CILIA. Hej1,aBHee BcecTOpoHHee 3nmkeMHonorH4ecxoe H3y4eHHe, 

npose,IjeHHOe B 3TON cTpaHe, BKnI04aeT B Ce6A "3nHAeMHonorH4ecxoe 

N3y4eHHe HCTOKOB", KOTOpOe 6pan0 ,gaHHble B WITH Bb16paHHbIX 

reorpaciH4ecKHx 3oxax (Robins and Regier 1991). B 3TOM H3y4eHNH 

npHMeHAnHCb AHarHocTH4ecKHe KpHTepHH DSM-III (American 

Psychiatric Association 1980), H 6bIn0 BbIACHeHO, 4TO B Te4eHHe BCeH 

)KH3HH np06neMbl, CB513aHHble CO "3noynOTpe6neHHeM anKOrOneM", 

"anKOTOnbHON 3aBHCHMOCTbI0", HnH H TeM H ApyrHM, BO3HHKânH y 

23,8% Myxc4HH, 4,5% )KCHLI1HH H 13,8% B O61i(eM, B TO spew' KaK B 

Te4eHHe oAHOrO rOAa np06neMbl B03HHKanH COOTBCTCTBeHHO y 

11,9% My)K4HH, 2,2% )KeHIAHH H 6,8% B 06meM. Bo BCeMHpHOM 

MaCLHTa6e anKOTOnbHbIX npo6neM, CHIA MONCHO Hâ3BaTb CTpaHOFI 

18

cpenHero ypoBHA (cM. Ta6nH1ry 1.2). CAenaxxaA B naxxoM 

HCCnenOBâHHH OueHKa 4aCTOTbI B03HHKHOBeHHA anKOI'OnbHbIX 

npO6neM B Te4eHHe BCe1%I )KH3HH npeAcTasnSIeT OCO6bIFi HHTepeC, 

pa3pymaA npencTasneHHe, 4TO BO3HHKHOBeHHe KpynHblX nH4HbIX 

anKOrOnbHbIX np06neM - peAKHti1 cny4ali. gOnoJIHHTenbHble AaHHble 

aHanH3a HauHOHanbHOrO onpoca CHIA no 3,gpaBOOXpaHeHHK) 1988 r. 

(B.F. Grant et al. 1992), xorna 6bino onpomeHo 6onbmoe KOnH4eCTBO 

HaceneHNA no BOnpOCaM HanH4HSI y HIiX "anKOCOnbHOr%I 

3aBHCHMOCTH" H "3noyn0Tpe6neHH51 anKOroneM", HCIIOnb3yA 

KpHTepHH DSM-III-R (American Psychiatric Association 1987), 

nOKa3anH, 4To arm BO3HHKmHX B Te4eHHe OAHOro rona npo6neM 

3aBHCHMOCTH H 3noynOTpe6neHHA, B351T61X BMecTe, cOOTHOmeHHe 

My)K4HHbIbKeHII[HHbI COCTaBJIAeT 3 K 1 (13,4% K 4,4%). He Mexee 

HHTepeCHOM 6b1na BbIABneHHaA BO3paCTHâA rpanaL(HA: HanpHMep, 

pacnpOCTpaHeHHOCTb npo6neM OAHOro rOAa 6bina ,qnA My)K4HH 

Bo3pacTa 18-29 neT - 23,5%; Bo3pacTa 30-44 neT - 14,3%; Bo3pacTa 

45-64 neT - 7,2%; Bo3pacTa 65 H Bblme - 2,8%. BbIBOjj, 4TO ypOBeHb 

pacnpocTpaHexxoCTH noA06HbIX npo6neM nagaeT C Bo3paCToM, 

no,lIaep)KaH B mHpoxoFi Macce aMepHxaxcxoN nHTepaTypbl no 

onpocaM (Cahalan et al. 1969; Cahalan and Room 1974; Clark and 

Hilton 1991). 

06paLLlaACb OT aMepHKaHCKOI'O OnbITa K OnbITy pâ3BHBaIOII(HXCA 

cTpaH, MO)KHO CKa3aTb, 4TO npOBeAeHHblli B KoJlyM6HH 

HaL[HOHanbHbIN AOMamHHN onpoc, rne AnA OnpeneneHHA HanH4H2 

npo6neM HCIIOnb30BânHCb aHKeTbI CAGE, co06LIlaeT o no4TH 20% 

HanH4HH ânKOrOJIH3Ma CpeAH My)ICCKON 4aCTH peCHOHAeHTOB H O 4% 

pacnpocTpaxeHHH nono6Hblx npo6neM cpeAH xceHLgHH (Rodriguez et 

al. 1992). 

HeKoTopble ;taHHble HeaaBHero onpoca B H0BO1i 3e1IaHAHH 

npnEeAexbl B Ta6nHue 1.4, rAe BOCnpoH3BeJ'lexbl pe3ynbTaTbl H3 

,goxnaAa Wyllie and Casswell (1989). PacnpocTpaHeHHocTb 

anKOrOnbHbIX npo6neM naHa OTAenbHO AnA My)IC4HH H AJIA )KeHLI(HH. 

11TO AOnNCHO C4HTaTbC5I "Cepbë3H01%I" npo6neMOI3, 3T0, KOHe4H0, 

BonpoC Cy61,eKTHBHbIN, HO 10%-1-i ypOBeHb pacnpocTpaHeHHOCTH 

npo6neM cpeAH My)K4HH, KOTOpbIN MbI BHAHM B AOKnaAe, KOHe4HO, 

He MO)KeT 6bITb pacL(eHeH KaK He3Ha4HTenbHbli4. KOrna 9% My)K4HH 

c006II[aK)T, 4TO nbK)T C ppa, a y 5% My)K4HH TpACnHCb pyKH yTpOM 

nocné BbInHBKH, MO)KHO COCTaBHTb npencTasneHHe O BO3MO)KHOi3 

19

Ta6nruua 1.4. PacnpocrpaHeHHocTb anKOronbHbix npo6neM, 

BO3HVIKWVIX B Te4eHVle npe,qblgyL.LlVIX 12 MeCAIieB, Bo3paCT 

OnpOWBHHbIX 14-65 neT, N3y4anacb rpynna HaCeneHVIFI HOBOVI 

3enaHAVIVI. 

OulyulanH BnHAHHe BbInHTOfO HaKaHyHe anKOronA 

OutyuWanH BnHAHHe anKoronA BO BpeMA pa6orbl, 

y466bl, AoMawHel pa6orbl 

npocbinanHcb Ha cneAyloulHN AeHb H He Mornes 

BCnOMHHTb, 4T0 AenanN BO BpeMA BbInHBKH 

6bI110 CTbIAHO 3a Te nOCTynKH, KOTOpble COBepWHnH B 

nbAHOM COCTOAH1114 

561110 BOBne4eHbl B Cepb23Hble CCOpbI nOcne BbInHBKH 

VIHOrAa HanHBanHcb, KOrAa 6bInH cepbë3Hble 

npH4HHbI0CTaBaTbCA Tpe3BbIM 

Ou1Yu4anH, 4T0 A0111KHbl COKpaTHTb nOTpe6neHHe HnH 

6pOC61Tb COBCeM, HO He MOrnH 

BbInHBanH cpa3y, KaK TOnbKO npocbinanHcb yTpOM 

O6Hapy»14n14, 4T0 HyN(!(aIOTCA B 6o11bWeM KOnH4eCTBe 

anKoronA 4TO6bl AoCTH4b Toro we 3CO(iDeKTa 

OnbAHeHHA, 4TO H paHbwe 

OTCYTCTBOBanH Ha pa6Ore 143-3a BbInHBKH 

YTpOM nOCne BbInHBKH TpACnHCb pyKH 

n OnaAanH B ApaKY H3-3a BbInHBKH 

nOnaAanH B aBTOM0614nbHyK) aBapHK) H3-3a TOM, 4T0 

6bI11H B HeTpe3BOM COCTOAHHH 

OCTaBanHCb B COCTOAHHH OnbAHeHHAHeCKOnbKO AHeN 

Bpa4N roeopHnH, 4T0 BbmHBKa nnoxo BnHAeT Ha Bawe 

3AOpoBbe 

npeAnafanocb yb1TH H3-3a BbInHBOK 

n OnaAanH B Hec4aCTHble Cny4aH Ha pa60Te, y4ë6e 

HnH AoMa nocne BbInHBKH 

Hcmouxux: Wyllie and Casswell 1989. 

20 

MykMHHbI 

14-65 ner 

(K011-BO 799) 

)KeHU.IHHbI 

14-65 neT 

(K011-Bo 881) 

% 

46 29 

28 14 

22 10 

16 9 

12 8 

10 4 

9 6 

9 1 

8 2 

5 1 

5 2 

5 1 

4 1 

3 1 

3 1 

3 1 

2 1

pacnpOCTpaHeHHOCTH aJIKOrOnbHON 3aBHCHMOCTH cpeAH My)K4HH 

AaHHOro HâceneHHA: KOrAa COOTBeTCTBeHHO 1% H 2% )ICeHLuHH 

OTBe'-Ia1OT Ha 3TH we ABa BonpOCa yTBepAHTenbHO, pa3HHua cpeAH 

nOJIOB CTaHOBHTCA 04eBHAHOii. 3TOT onpoc TaK)ICe nOKa3an, 4TO 32% 

My)K4HH H 6% )iCeHII[HH (o6LuaA uHCppa 18,9%) CTanKHBâJIHCb C 

np06neMaMH 3noynoTpe6neHHA HnH 3aBHCHMOCTH B Te4eHHe )K13H14. 

gamme OnpoCOS no,qo6HOro poAa, BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH OT CTpaHbI, 

HMex)T yCT04I1INBy10 TOHAeHuHIO yKa3b1BaTb Ha CneKTp, pa3HOO6pa3He 

H pacnpoCTpaHeHHOCTb anKOrOnbHbIX np06neM cpeAH HaCeneHHA. 

1.4.3 CnnepTHOCTb B pe3ynbTaTe noTpe6neHNSi anKoronA 

KonlelecTBO cMepTeii B pe3ynbTaTe "anxoronH3Ma" HnH 

"anKoronbHOro nCHXO3a", HnH B pe3ynbTaTe TaKHX LIacTO CBA3aHHbIX 

C anKOrOneM naTOJIorNFi KaK uHppo3, B CyMMe, BepOATHO, OTpa)ICaeT 

TOnbKO tiaCTb peanbHOTO KonHLIeCTBa cny4aeB, 'coma anKOronb 

ABnAOTCA COCTâBJIAIOLueii npH4HHbI CMepTH. Bo MHOFHX Cny4aAX 

CMepTH OT eCTeCTBeHHbIX npH4HH, BKJIK)LIaA, HanpHMep, naHKpeaTHT, 

HHCynbT H pax pa3nH4HbIX opraHoB, anKOrOnb MO)KeT ABnATbCSI 

Bâ)ICHbIM LliaKTOpOM, KOTOpbIN BHëC CBOii BKnaA; 4aCTO OH TaK)ICe 

MO)KeT HMeTb OTHOLneHHe K CMepTH, HaCTynHBLQeIï B pe3ynbTaTe 

asapHH, CâMOy6HiiCTSa HnH HacHnHA. l'1nnIOCTpanHA 1.1 BOCnpOH3Be- 

Aexa H3 HeAasxeii ny6nHxaIiHH npaBHTenbCTSa (1)paHUHH (Ministère 

des Affaires Sociales et de la Solidarité 1993), ocxoBaxxoii Ha 

AaHHbIX, n0ny4eHHbIX H3 INSERM (1993), H XOTA MbI AOn)ICHbI 6bITb 

OCTOpO)KH6IMH, KaK HHKOrAa C npeAnOJ10)KCHHAMH O npHiNHHON 

CBA3H, KOTOpaA CKp6ITa nOA uHLlipaMH 3TOii OCIHuHanbHON CTaTHCTHKH, 

3Ta CXeMa nOKa3bIBaeT, KaK CrpynnHpoBâHHâA no pâ3nH4HbIM 

CBA3aHHbIM C ânKOrOneM npN4HHaM CMepTHOCTb BHOCHT CBOii BKnaA B 

o6LueHauHOHanbHble L(NCppbI cMepTHOCTH. 

1.4.4 AnKOronbHbie npo6nennbi cpe,gN nagNeHTOB 

ncNXNaTpN4ecKNX KnNHNK 

B Halipo6H, KeHHA, 21% nOBTOpHbIX nonaAaHHli B 

nCHXNaTpH4eCKyIO KnHHHKy 6bInH AHarHOCTHpoBaH6I KaK 

anKOronbHblFi nCHX03 (Badia 1985), B TO BpeMA KaK B I'epMaHHH 

npOueHTHâA AonA noA06HbIX nauHeHTOB, CTpaAalonjHX OT 

anKOrOnbHOii 3aBHCHMOCTH, 6bina onpeAeneHa B 30% (Feuerelin 

1989). B LLIBeuHH B 1983 F. (nocneAHHii roA, no KOTOpOMy eCTb 

21

AaHHble) 53% My>KCLINH N 13% >KeHLWNH, BbINNCaHHbIX N3 nCNXHaTpHiieCKHX 

KJINHNK, NMeJIH 41HaFHO3 "aJIKOrOTIN3M" (Swedish Council for 

Alcohol and Other Drugs 1991), B TO spew! KaK B 6onbHNue B 

MoAcnn, B .TIOHAOHe COOTBeTCTBy1Onjee KOJINYeCTBO CTauHOHapHbIX N 

aM6ynaTopnblx nauneHTOB COCTaBJIAeT OKOJIO 10% (Glass and 

Jackson 1988). 

VinnIOCTpauNSA 1.1 ElpOueHTHbIVI BKJ1a,0, pa3111,4yHbIX KaTerOpVIV1 

CBS13aHHOV1 C anKOfOneM CMepTHOCTVI B 70 000 e>KerO,O,HbIX 

CMepTeN TaK0M pO,ga. 

PaK 

33 

Ty6epKyne3 

cDpaHL(NA 

CaMoy6Niicrea 

8,5 

HcniouuuK: INSERM 1993 

qopoJ+cHbie aeapHN 

9 

HeonpeqeneHHbie 

8 

1.4.5 14nKOfOnbH6le np06neMbl y nagINeHTOB KIINHNK 

o6u4ero npoctHnsl 

Tenepb nepeNAëM OT gonN nOA06HbIX npo6neM B 

nCHXNaTpHt-IeCKHX KJINHNKaX K 06bIi41-1bIM KnHHNKaM. gaHHble 

cDpaHuNN no 3TOMy BOnpOCy 110Kâ3bIBalOT BO3MO]KHOCTb 

perNOHanbHblX pa3nNLIN1 B npeAenaX OAHOii cTpaxbl. B 6o11bH14ue 

O6LuerO npo4/NnA B Tyny3e 25% MpK9NH N 6% )ICeHa[NH nOnyLINJiN 

ANarHO3 "anKOron143M", B TO BpeMSi KaK B KaHHaX n0A06Hblli AHarHO3 

22

nORy4141I14 35% MyxC4HH H 9.6% xceHLgHH (Association National de 

Prevention de I'Alcoholisme 1992). Coo6uAaeTcA, 4TO B I'epMaHHH 

20% CTa1jHOHapHbIX 6OnbHbIX KnHHHK O6LuerO 11p04/14nA MBnMIOTCM 

3aBHCHMbIMH OT anKOTOnB (John et al. 1994). B CHIA o6HapyxceHO, 

tiro 25% CTaIjHOHapHbIX 60nbHbIX HMeIOT np06neMbI, CBA3aHHble C 

anxoroneM (US Secretary of Health and Human Services 1990), s 

ABCTpanHH cooTBeTCTSyIOUtaM uNctIpa nomHHMaeTCM AO 30% (Bell et 

al. 1988; Williams et al. 1978; Ryder et al. 1988). B AoxnaAe o 

cooTBeTCTByIOUiHX Hcene,t(osaHHMx B HHjÿepnaHZ[ax (Zitman 1984) 

3aKnIOtIaeT, iITO cpe,gHMM pacnpocTpanexxocTb "3noynoTpe6neHHM 

anxoroneM" cpeAH nocTynaiOLuHx B 6oJIbH14I46I o6ulero npocpHnM 

nauHCHTOS COCTaBnMeT 20% ARA MyxC4HH H 6% ARA xceHLuHH. 

O6cneAOBaHHe, npOBeAeHHoe cpeAH naltHeHTOB KJIHHHKH o6Luero 

npocpHJIM B Kyana-JlyMnyp, ManaIi3HA, nOKa3anO, LITO no KpHTepHAM 

DSM-III-R 9,7% nauHeHTOB "3noynoTpe6nAloT anxoroneM" HRH 

"3aBHCHMbI OT aJIKOrOJIA" (Saroja and Kyaw 1993). Pe3ynbTaTbl AaHHoro 

HCcneAOBaHHA 11OKa3bIBaIOT KOne6aHHA B pacnpoCTpaHeHHOCTH 

anKOI'OnbHbIX np06neM, KOTOpble MOxcHO 06HapyxCHTb B nOArpynnaX 

MHOf OHamOHâJIbHOCO o6u[ecTBa: n0 KpHTepHAM DSM-III-R 6bIn14 

npOAHarHOCTHpOBaHbI nOROxCHTenbHO 22% nauHeHTOS HHAHHueB, 

9% KHTai%u(es 14 6% ManaHL(es (MycynbMaHe). B i-IHRH, cTpaHe, rAe 

pacnpoCTpaHeHo BHHOnHTHe H BbICOK ypOBeHb uHpp03a (CM. Ta6nHuy 

1.2), y 4,5% nauHeHTOB, BbInHCaHHbIX H3 O611114X KJIHHHK, anKOTOnbHaM 

np06neMa ABRAeTCA rnaBHOÎd, B TO BpeMM KaK y 38% nauHeHToB 

AHarH03 CBA3aH C nOTpe6ReHHeM anKOrOnA (de la Jara 1991). 

1.4.6 BJ1mAHNe aJ1KOrOJlf1 Ha BO3HNKHOBeHNe 

HeC4aCTHbIX CJ1riaeB, He BKJ1104a51 ,GOpO)KHble aBapNN 

I'IMeIOLuHeCA B HanH4HH AaHHble 143 pAAa CTpaH n0Ka3bIBaIOT, 

4T0 pä3nH4HOrO pOAa HeC4aCTHble Cny4aH MOryT B CyMMe COCTaBHTb 

3Ha4HTenbHy1O A0n1O CBM3aHHOi7 C aJIKOrOneM 3a6onesaeMOCTH H 

cMepTHOCTH. HeAaBHHN KaHaACKHIi Aotu[aA (CCSA/ARF 1993) 

npeAnonaraeT, 4TO anKOrOnb, BepoMTHO, BOBne4ëH B 40% CMepTeH OT 

BHe3a11HbIX na,geHHFi, 30% cMepTeH OT noxcapoB H 30% cMepTeH 

yTOHyBLLIHX. O6uiHe CyMMapHble AaHHble aMepHKaHCKHX HCTO4HHKOB 

Amu cReAyloLuHe undopbl: 28% cMepTeH OT naAeHHH, 47% CMepTeH OT 

nox

O63op NccneAoBaHNf-1 ponN anKOrOJIA KaK OAHON 143 npNLINH 

nocelueHNA nyHKTOB cxopoH noMO1uN (Cherpitel 1993), rne cBenenbl 

AaHHble n0 ABCTpanNN, CDNHnAHANN, (DpaHIANN, MeKCHKe, ICnaHNM, 

BenNK06pNTaHMN, CHIA N BONCK CHIA B repMaHNN, nOKa3an n1NpOKyIO 

aMnJlNTyay KOne6aHNF1 Me>KAy pa3nNT-IHbIMN TeppNTOpNAMN. 11Oi1TN BO 

Bcex CnyzlaAX, KorAa eCTb nOAO6Hble AaHHble, y TpaBMMpOBaHHbIX 

naL(MeHTOB Ha6n10AaeTCA 3HaiINTenbHO 6onee BbICOKaA 

paCnpOCTpaHeHHOCTb nO3NTNBHOrO pe3ynbTaTa aHänN3a CAK 

(cOAep>ICaHMe anKOrOnA B KpOBN), T-IeM y HeTpaBMNpOBaHHbIX 

nauNeHTOB, nOCeTNBIiIMX Te >Ke 11)(HKTbI B TeMeHMe TOrO xce BpeMeHN. 

HanpMMep, Cherpitel N Rosovsky (1990) nposoANnN onpoc B 8 nyHrrrax 

CKOpOii nOMOIuN B MeXNKO N 06Hapy>KNJ1N, LITO 10% TpaBMMpOBaHHbIX 

naliNeHTOB NMenN CAK 6onee 100 Mr/%, B TO BpeMA KaK TOnbKO y 

2% HeTpaBMNpOBaHHbIX nauNeHTOB Ha6niOnancA TOT >Ke ypOBeHb 

ânKOrOnA B KpOBM. 

1.4.7 AOpONCHO-TpaHCflOpTHbI@ I1pONCW@CTBNSi 

BKnaA BOANTene17, HaX0A5Inj11XC51 B HeTpe3BOM COCTOAHi-i11 3a 

pyneM, B BO3H14KHOBeHNe AOpo>KHbIX aBapNH - Bonpoc, KOTOpbIN 

nOCTOAHHO npNBneKaeT npNCTanbHOe BHNMaHNe BO BCeM wipe, N BO 

MHOrNX cTpaHaX cyli[eCTByIOT AaHHble no COAep>KaHN10 anKOrOnA B 

KI>OBN BOANTeneN, BOBne4eHHbIX B aBapNN CO CMepTenbHblM N 

HeCMepTenbHbIM MCXOAOM. B KaHaAe B 1990 roAy cpeAN CMepTenbHO 

TpaBMNpOBaHHbIX BOnNTeneN 9,8% NMenN 1103NTNBHbIN CAK HN>Ke 

80 Mr/%, 9,1%-CAK 81-150 Mr/% N 27,3% CAK 6onee 150 Mr/% 

(CCSA/ARF 1993). B CILIA nonaraloT, 1-ITO B 1990 rony 

npN6n113NTenbHO B 50% TaKNx asapNN BOBne4ëH aJIKOrOnb (National 

Highway Traffic Safety Administration 1992). IlpoBeneHHoe Bo 

cDpaHuNN B 1984 Tony HauNOxanbHOe NCCne,goBaHNe noxa3an0, LITO 

npM6nM3NTenbHO B 40% aBapNH CO CMepTenbHblM NCXOAOM LIenOBeK, 

OTBeTCTBeHHbIN 3a eë BO3HMKHOBeHNe, NMen ypOBeHb anKOronA B 

KpOBN 60.116111e, 4eM 80 Mr/%, B TO BpeMA KaK B repMaHNN CjiNTaIOT, 

IrrO anKOrOnb BOBnellëH B 19% nop0>KHO-TpaHCnopTHbIX npONCN1eCTBNIi 

CO CMepTenbHblM NCXOAOM (Bühringer and Simon 1992). B 

BenNKO6p14TaHNN B 1990 rony 800 venoBex norN6no B AOpo>KHbIX 

KaTaCTpo(iaX, rne BOANTenb 6bIn B COCTOAHNN OnbAHeHNA N 20 100 

genOBeK 6bInN TpaBMNpOBaHbI B 11OAO6HbIX aBapNAx (UK 

Departament of Transport 1991). gaxxbie no LIIBeuNN 

pacCMaTpNBaIOT COOTHON1eHNe anKOrOnbHOFi OnbAHeHNA N 

Cepbë3HOCTN aBapNH: nonaralOT, 4TO B aBapNAX CO CMepTenbHblM 

24

HCXOAOM, anKOrOnb 6bIn BOBne4ëH B 7,1%-11,5% CnyLlaeB, HO TOnbKO 

B 6,2%-8,7% cnyLIaeB Cepbë3HbIX TpaBM H B 3,7%-5,6% cny4aeB 

MeHee cepbe3HblX HHAHBHAyanbHblX TpaBM (Swedish Council for 

Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs 1991). B pa3BHBaloluHxcA 

cTpaHaX HHCl)OpMaLjHH no AaHH6IM BOnpOcaM nOKa ManO. 

C0061uaeTCA, TITO B LIHn1i anKOPOnb BOBne4ëH B 50% AOpO)KHbIX 

asapHil (de la Jara 1991). B pa6oTe 113 flanya (HosaA I'BnHesl) 

o6HapyxceHo, 4To nonoBHHa o6cneAosaxxoro KOnH4ecTBa wocpepos, 

norH6LUiix B AOpO)KHbIX asapHSlx, HMena coAepxcaHHe anxoron51 B 

KpoBH (CAK) 6onee 80 Mr/% (Sinha et al. 1981). 3TH awropbl Ta10Ke 

coo6LuaioT, tao 90% norH6mHx neluexoAos HMenH CAK 6onee 80 Mr/% 

H 55% yposeHb 6onee 150 Mr/%. 

1.4.8 BnasIH17e anKoronsl Ha cosepweHHe caMoy6HNcTB 

H y641i1CTB 

Pe3y1IbTaT6I HCCneAOBâHHN no 3THM BOnpOCaM Hy)KAafOTCA 

OnATb xce B OCTOpO>KHOM HCTOJIKOBaHHH, H CJIOBO "BOBne4eHHe" 

CKpbIBaeT nOA C060i%I peanbHble TpyAHOCTH npH4HHHOFi 

HHTepnpeTauHH. HeAaBH13e HCCneAOBaHHA n0 anKoroni0 H y6H11CTBâM 

(Pernanen 1991) nOKa3anH 3Ha4HTenbHble KOne6aHFiA B 3aBHCHMOCTH 

OT Kpyra 06CneAyeMbIX, CTpaHbl H BpeMeHH. KaHaACKylO OL[eHKy 

(CCSA/ARF 1993) - 30% caMoy6nFICT6 H 60% y6Hï-ICTB cosepina- 

IOTCA nOA BnHAHHeM anKOTOJIA - cneAyeT paCueHHBaTb KaK 

npN6nH3NTenbHylO, HO AOCTaTO4HO 060CHOBaHHyIO B COOTBeTCTBHH C 

ApyrHMH pe3ynbTaTaMH HCcneAOBaHHH. gaHHble no LIHnH 

npeAnonaraiOT BO3AeÎ.1cTBHe BbInHBKH B 38,6% cnyLlae6 CaMOy6HFicTB 

H 48,6% cny4aeB y6H1iCTB (de la Jara 1991). B CCCP 6onee 60% 

y6HiiCTB HJIH pa36oNHbIX HanaAeHHI%I, 3aKOH4HBLLIHXCA TA)ICenbIMH 

TeneCHbIMH nOBpe)iCAeHHAMH, 6b1nH cOBepLIIeHb1 nIOAbMH B 

COCTOAHHH OnbAHeHHA (KOIÜKHHa H Ap. 1994). 

1.4.9 CBS13aHHble c anKoronenn coLvanbHble aaTpaTbi 

B nio6ori cTpai-ie noAc4eT Bcex o6yCJIOBJlexxblx anxoroneM 

3aTpaT, KyAa BKn1O4aIOTC51 TaKHe ceKTopa KaK 3ApaBOOxpaHeHHe, 

couHanbxoe o6ecne4eHHe, noTepH Ha npoH3BOAcTBe, 3aTpaTbl, 

CB5I3aHHble C AopO]KHo-TpaHCnOpTH6iM npOHCLneCTBHAMH, 3aTpaTbI no 

C06n10AeHHiO 3aKOHOB H HCHOJIHeHHiO HaKa3aHHii npeACTaBnAIOT 

TpyAHyio npo6neMy, H K ny6nHKyeMbiM LjH(ivaM Hy)KHO OTHOCHTbCA C 

60nb11.10N CTeneHblO OCTOpO)KHOCTH. 3aTpaTbl no 3aHATOCTH Kâ)ICyTCA 

0006eHH0 COMHHTenbHblMH. O11eHKH 6bInH npeAJIO)ICeHbI TaKHMH 

25

cTpaHaMH, xax bpa.3HnHA (Brazillian Association of Studies on 

Alcohol and Other Drugs 1990), BenHK06pHTaHHH (Maynard et al. 

1988), AscTpanHA (Collins and Lapsley 1992), Kaxa.ria (Adrian 1988) 

H SInOHHA (Nakamura et al. 1993). ,TIaxxble, npeACTaBnexHble B 3THX 

aHanH3aX, HHTepecHbl, HO npHBeAëHHble noKa3aTenH AOnDICHbI 

BKnK)*-IaTb TOnbKO OnpeAenëHHble 3neMeHTbI, KOTOpble 06bItIHO 

BXOAAT B COCTaB O6LI(HX uHCtip, n03TOMy He CTOHT npHBOAHTb 3TH 

AaHHble nOAHOCTbiO. BMeCTo 3TOrO MbI npeAnaraeM Ta6nHgy 1.5 - 

AaHHble HeAaBHeIi OueHKH e)ICeroAHbIX 3aTpaT CHIA n0 

OnpeAeneHHbIM CTaTbAM (Rice 1993): npOMbIIIIneHHble 3aTpaTbI B 

AaHHOM CnytIae 6bInH HCKnI04eHbl. O6MHe 3KOHOMHtieCKHe 3aTpaTbl 

no "3noynOTpe6neHHIO anKOrOneM" AnA CHIA 3a 1990 roA 

oueHHBaIOTCA B 6onee item 100 MnH. Aonnapos, 80% 3THX 3aTpaT 

npHXOAHTCA Ha netleHHe, 3a60neBaeMOCTb H CMepTHOCTb. K1KylO 6bI 

npH6binb HH npHHOCHnO o61geCTBy nOTpe6neHHe anK000nA, scer,ga 

CyLQeCTByIOT Ba)KHble CTaTbH, KOTOpble AOn)ICHbI 6bITb nOCTaBneHbl B 

naCCHB B 3TOM 6anaHCe. r1bITaT6C5I CTpOHTb 6anaHC Ae6eT-KpeAHT 

TOnbKO C TO9KH 3peHHA 3KOHOMH4eCKHX n0AC9eTOB He HMeeT 

HHKaKOrO CMbICna - Henb32 COOTHeCTH, cKa)KeM, tIenOBeKa, KOTopbH%I 

BbIXOAHT nbAHblfl H3 6apa H y6HBaeT npoXOoICero, H Hanor, KOTOpbIN C 

Hero B351H 3a BbInHBKy, HnH, npHBOAA Apyroil npHMep, 

n0)KH3HeHHyIO BbinnaTy n0C06HA n0 06ecneLteHHIO BCeM AeTAM, 

HCnbITaBIiIHM B 3apOAbIL1IeBOM pa3BHTHH aJIKOrOnbHbIn CHHApOM 

nnoAa, C npH6binblO Ka3HatleHcTSa OT HanOrOB, KOTOpble nnaTAT 3a 

BbInHBKy HX MaTepH. C COLIHâTIbHOIi H ttenoBetteCKOI%I TOtiKH 3peHHA 

3TH nOACYeTbI He MOI'yT 6bITb c6anaHCHpOBaHbI. gym ueneLl 

HacTOAn(er0 H3nO)KeHHA AaHHble, npeACTaBneHHble B Ta6nHue 1.5, 

npHBeAeHbl, t3TO6bI npOCTO nOAttepKHyTb, tiTO Aa)Ke He npHHHMaA BO 

BHHMaHHe BCio CyMMy CTpaAaHHN, anKOCOnbHbte npO6neMbl CTOAT 

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ne)KaT B OCHOBe MHOrHX nocneAytoluHx pa3AenoB 3TOIi KHHrH, H 

CeHttac 6yAeT nOne3HO CdoOpMynHpOBaTb HX H npHBeCTH B KpaTKOti 

CbopMe. 

26

1.5.1 ÎÎeperl4Hasl npociHnaKTHKa anKOronbHblx 

np06neM NMeeT 4pe3BbI4aNHyla BaN(HOCTb ,4171 

061.1{eCTBeHHorO 3,gpaBOOXpaHeHr1A B O61geM CrIeKTpe 

anKOTOnbHON nO11MTNKN 

3Ta uerlb 6yAeT AocTHrHyra cKopee nyTeM KoM6HHauHH 

CTpaTerHii, 4eM C HOMOHIbK) OAHOii H3 HHX. B AaHHOIi KI-IHre 6yAeT 

paCCMOTpeH OLIeHb HIHpOKHIi Kpyr HccJle,gosaHHli H OHbITa, HO B 

KOHue o61uee BHHMâHHe 6yAeT C(pOKyCHpOBaHO Ha TOM, KaK 

0611jeCTBO HaH60JIee 3C14eKTHBHO MO)KeT npeAOTBpaTHTb nOABJIeHHe 

aJIKOI'OJIbHbIX npO6JIeM. 

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NCIlOnb3yeTCA B KnNHHKaX, OpraHN3agNN "AHOHIAMHble 

anKOrO11NKN" N B O6w,eCTBe B IJ,enOM 

IIpH 3TOM OHO He HMeeT TO1-1HOrO Hay4HOr0 3Ha4eHHA. B ueJIAX 

ACHOCTH AaHHOrO H3JI0)KeHHA Mbt npeAn04HTaeM HCHOJ1b3OBaTb AByX- 

OCeByiO KoHuenuHlO "npo6JleM, CBA3aHHbIX C aJIKOrOneM" H 

"aJIKOrOJIbxal 3aBHCHMOCTH" (Edwards et al. 1977). 3TH 

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06HjecTBeHHorO 3ApaBOOXpaHeHHA H KJIHHHuHCTOB. 

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npertMyweCTBa 

3Ta KHHra pacCMaTpHBaeT o6ycnoBJleHHble anKOroneM 

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nOJIHTHKy HO ABHHbIM BOnpOCaM. To, 4TO aJIKOTOJIb ABJIAeTCA 

HCTOLIHHKOM yAOBOJIbCTBHA H pbIH04Hb1M TOBapOM, AOJDiCHO 6bITb 

npH3HaH0, a BepOATHble npeHMyHjecTBa ASIA 340pOB1351, KaCaiOii[HeCA 

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6one3HH cepAua, 6yAyT o6cyxCAaTbcA no3)Ke. 

1.5.4 cDyHKI{NN pNCKa 

CerOAHA 3T0 ABJIAeTCA Ba)KHOii KOHuenuHeii AJIA 061I.jeCTBeHHOTO 

3ApaBOOXpaHeHHA (Rose 1992). BMeCTO TOrO, 4TO6b1 3aABTb BonpoC, 

CKa)ICeM, ABSIAeTCA JIH paANauHA npH4HHOii JieiiKeMHH, npO6JleMa 

6yAeT paCCMaTpHBaTbCSI TaK: KaKaA CTeneHb pHCKa COOTBeTCTByeT 

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gOJDICHa 6bITb onpeAeSleHa KpHBâA, OnHCbIBafOHjaA COOTBeTCTByIOlId10 

27

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npo6neMaM 3a 1990 ro,q. 

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aJIKOTOnbHOii nOJIHTHKH. 

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29

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32

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46

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47

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npo,gonxcano pacTH B CeMHAeCATbIX ro,gax, HO CHHoKanOCb HRH 

OCTaBanOCb cTa6HnbHbIM B BOCbMHAeCATbIX. TORbKO BgaHHH, 

CDHHJLHHAHH, BenHK06pHTaHHH, SInOHHH H .lIIOKceM6ypre nOTpe6neHHe 

Bce ewe npoAonxcano BO3paCTaTb B BOCbMHAeCATbIX roAax. 

Pa3Hoo6pa3He TeHAeHIjHFi nOTpe6ReHHA B BOCbMHAeCATbIX rOAaX He 

HcKRi04aeT BO3MONKHOCTH, IITO B TeveHHe 6onee ARHTeJIbHON 

48

HCTOpHTieCKOii nepCneKTHBbI TeHZjeHuHSI C6nH)KeHH51 MO)KeT CTaTb 

OTIeBHJ(HON. Ha CaMOM Jjene, O,I(HO 113 BO3MO)KHbIX HCTOJIKOBaHHN 

3aKJIK)TIaeTCA B TOM, TITO nOCneBOeHHâA 3pa nOCTOAHHOrO pOCTa 

nOTpe6neHHA B HHJjyCTpHanbHOM MHpe J(OCTHrna CBOeii nOBOpOTHOI%I 

TOTIKH, HO C He60nbIIIOi3 pa3HHuei4 BO BpeMeHH ,I(JIA pa3HbIX CTpaH. 

KaK yxce ynOMHHâJIOCb, nOCneBOeHHoe nOSbIIIIeHHe ypOBHA 

noTpe6neHHA anKOTOJIA B HHJjyCTpHanbHblX CTpaHâX COnpOBO)iUjanOCb 

Me)KHauHOHanbHbIM C6nH)KeHHeM o6IIjHX ypOBHei%I nOTpe6neHHSI. 

3TOT npouecc npoJjonxcanCA B CeMHJjeCATbIX H BOCbMHJ(eCATbIX 

roJjax. CTpaHbl, nepexcHSaBIIIHe sOCTaTOTiHO 3aMeTHOe CHH)ICeHHe 

nOTpe6neHHA, HaTlanH C OTHOCHTenbHO BbICOKOTO ypOBHA 

noTpe6neHHA, B TO BpeMA KaK CTpaHbl, nOKa3blsaiOIIjHe CâMblli 

60nbnl0ii nOJjbeM, npHHaJjne)KâJIH K rpynne CTpaH C HH3KHM ypOBHeM 

nOTpe6neHHA B ceMHJjeCATbIX rOJ(aX. Me)KHauHOHanbHble pa3nHTmA, 

TaKHM 06pa30M, npOJ(On)KanH yMeHbIIIaTbCA. CaMble nOCneJ(HHe 

H3MeHeHHA B nOnynSipHOCTH HanHTKOB 11OKa3aHbI Ha HJIJIIOCTpauHH 2.1. 

Ha 3TOii J(HarpaMMe CTpaHbl, rJje sons rima COCTaBnAeT 6onee 

50%, paCIIOJIO)KeHbI B BepXHeM yrny TpeyronbHHKa. CTpaHbI, B 

KOTOpbIX npeo6naJjaloT BHHO H xpenxHe CIIHpTHble HanHTKH, 

paCI7OJIO)KeHbI COOTBeTCTBeHHO B HH)xHHX neBOM H npaBOM yrnaX. B 

cepeJjHHe HaXOJjHTCA 30Ha, rJje HH OJ(HH H3 HanHTKOB He HMeeT J(onH 

6onee 50 %. Ha TOTIKy OTCTieTa (1970) B Ka)x,qOM CnyTiae yKa3bIBâJIa 

nereHJja, onpeJjenAioluaA cTpaHy, nHHHA yxa3blsaeT HanpasneHHe B 

CeMHJjeCATble - J(eBAHOCTble rO)jbl. HJInIOCTpauHA nOKa3bIBaeT, TITO B 

TeTieHHe J(Byx nOCneJ(HHx JjeCATHneTHH npoJ(onxcanCA npouecc 

BO3paCTaHHA OJjHOpOJ(HOCTH. 3a HeCKOnbKHMH HCKJIIOTIeHHAMH, 

nHHHH, H306pa)xa101uHe 143MeHeHH51, JjBHraIOTCA OT yrnOS, rjje OJjHH 

THn HanHTKa npeo6naJjaeT HaJj JjpyrHMH. O6IIjee HanpasneHHe 

J(BH)KeHHii, TeM He McHee, HanpaBneHO He K ueHTpy JjHarpaMMbl (rJ(e 

OJIH BCex TpeX rpynn HanHTKOB 6bInH 6b1 paBHbIMH), a 

11pH6nH3HTenbH0, K TOTiKe, COOTBeTCTByiOII(ei%I TaKOMy COOTHOIIICHHiO 

HanHTKOS: 50% - nHsO, 35% - BHHO, 15% - KpenxHe CnHpTHble HaIIHTKIi. 

B TeTIeHHe HeJjaBHerO nepHOJja 6onee CTa6HJIbHOTO noTpe6neHHA 

3aMenjeHHe 6bIJI0 6onee 06bPiHbIM, TIeM JjO1I0JIHeHIie. B CTpaHax, rJje 

npeo6naJjaeT sHHOnHTHe, H3MexeHHA Mo)KHO xapaKTepH3osaTb Kax 

BbPIHTaHHe, Talc xax cHH)xeHHe n0Tpe6neHHA sxxa TOnbxo TIaCTHTIHo 

KOMneHCHpOSaTIOCb nOBbI1IIeHHeM nOTpe6neHHSI nHSa H KpenKHX 

CnHpTHbIX HanHTKOB. 

49

BHHO 

IIHBo 

100 " 0 

0 50 100 

ICpeHKHe CHHPTHble HaHHTKH 

HJIJIIOCTpaI[HH 2.1. H3MeHeHH5I B HOnyJISIpHOCTH HaHHTKOB B 

cTpaHaX DpraHH3aLAHH 3KOHOMH'3eCKOFO COTpyAHHtieCTBa H pa3BHTH5I 

B nepHo,q 1970-1990 r. 3a HOJIHbIM 06bsICHeHHeM 06paLuaHTecb K 

TeKCTy. KaxcAasl JIiiHHSI COOTBeTCTByeT BeKTOpy H3MeHeHHFi B O,LHIO4I 

cTpaue, Ha'-iaJIbHaSI TO,-IKa COOTBeTCTByeT nOJIO)iCeHHIO Ha 1970 r. 

CTpaHbI o603Ha4eHbI CneAyIOLuHMH cHMBOnaMH: ABCTpaJIHSi (AUS), 

ABCTpHSI (A), renbrHSl (B), KaHaAa (CND), ,DIaHHSI (DK), (1HHn51HAHSI 

(FIN), OpaxuHSl (F), I'epMaHHSI (D), BenHKo6pHTaHHx (GB) , 

I'IcnaHJ'

COBeTCxxX pecrry6nHKax 3aperxcrpllposaxxoe noTpe6nelHle pe3KO 

ynano BCneACTBHe aHTHanxoronbxoi%I KaMnaxHH 1985 rojja. HecMoTpSi 

Ha pacnpocTpaxeHHe He3axoxxorO npoH3BOjjcTBa aJIKOrOnSi, o6LuHI 

cnaA TOprOBnH ânKOTOnbHbIMH HanHTKâMH He 6bin KOMneHCHpOBaH 

nOBbILIIeHHeM AOMaHIHerO npOH3BO,IjcTBa. Hocne 1987 ro,tta H 

npeKpalueHHSI aHTHanKOTOnbHOïi nOnHTHKH, nOTpe6neHHe ânKOTOnSI 

Haiian0 B03paCTaTb. HeMHorO nO3xce COuHaJIbHble H 3KOHOMHLleCKHe 

H3MeHeHHSI pe3K0 nOBbICHnH JjOCTynHOCTb asticotons' B 60nbIIiHHCTBe 

6bIBU1Hx CoBeTCKHx pecny6nxK (Lehto and Moskalewicz 1994), Ho 

6naro,3apSI pocTy LiacTHoro npejjnpHHHMaTenbcTBa, AOnSi o6luero 

nOTpe6neHHSI, dHKCHpyeMâSI OcHuHânbHbIMH HCTOLIHHKâMH, MO)KeT 

6bITb Aaxce HH)iCe, LIeM B 1987 rOAy. YpOBHH pa3nHiIHbIX nOKa3aTenell 

aJIKOTOnbHbIX npo6neM, TeM He Mexee, HOBbIHIaIOTCSI B POCCHH, 

YKpaHHe H 3CTOHHH. 

C 1990 rua nOnbCKaSI anKOTOnbHaSl CTaTHCTHKa AaeT AaHHble 

TOnbKO no OTeiieCTBeHHbIM HanHTKaM, B TO BpeMSI KaK HMnOpTHbie 

HanHTKH OCTaIOTCSi HeyiiTeHHbIMH. gaHHble o63op0B no anKOTOnIO 

noKa3bIBaK7r 50% nOBbIIIIeHHe noTpe6neHHSI anKOrOJISi MexcJry 1989 H 

1992 rOAOM. 3-Ta oueHKa nOJITBepxcjiaeTCSI cooTBeTCTBy10nlHM 

noBbIIIIeHHeM KOnHileCTBa rocnHTanH3auHN C anxoronbxbIMH nCHXO- 

3aMH. B L1esICKOii pecny6nHKe, CnosaKHH H 1ionrapHH noTpe6neHHe 

aJlKoronx TaiOKe noablLUaeTCSI (Lehto and Moskalewicz 1994). 

2.2.3 Pa3BHBatou{Hecsi crpaHbi 

BOJIbIIIHHCTBO pa3BHBa10HiHxCSI cTpaH nepexcHBa10T CTOJIb 

3HaiIHTenbHble HyxcAbI, LITO c6op perynxpxoi-1 CTaTHCTHKH Ansl HHX 

TpyAeH HnH HeB03M0xceH. HaAexcHble ABHHble no nOTpe6neHHIO 

anxoron3l peuxo HMeIOTCSI B HanHiIHH. B AoxnaAe Walsh H Grant 

(1985) HeT AâHHbIX n0 HenpOMblLnneHHOMy H3rOTOBneHHIO, 

asticotons', neranbHOMy HnH HeneranbHOMy, HO aBTOpbI 3aKn10ilaiOT, 

LiTO "npOH3BOACTBO H nOTpe6neHHe nHBa, BHHa H KpenKHX CnHpTHbIX 

HanHTKOB nOBbIIIIaeTCSI cIaKTHileCKH BO BCeX perHOHaX MHpa" 3a 

HCKJIiO9eHHCM CTpaH, rue pacnpOCTpaHeHO BHHOnHTHe: 1:13paHuHH, 

1'1TanHH, IIopTyranxH H HeKOTOpbIX CeBepo-acIpHKaxeKHX 

rOCyAapCTB. CyLueCTByiOT TaKxCe Aâ.HHbie, nOKa3bIBa10HjHe, LITO 

noTpe6neHHe nHBa 3aMCTHO nOBbICHJIOCb C 1960 no 1980 roA BO 

MHOrHX CTpaHaX IleHTpanbHOli H FOxcHOrl AMepHKH, Acl)pHKH H 

A3HH. COOTBeTCTByIOIueii HHCpOpMauHH no BHHy H KpenKHM 

CnHpTHbIM HanHTKaM HeT (Kotteinen 1988; Maula et al. 1990). 

51

Smart (1991) coo611jaeT, LITO MHorne pa3BHBatoHiHecSl cTpaxbl 

noxa3anH 6onbluoe nosbHileHHe noTpe6neHHSI anxoronsl rocy,gapcT- 

BeHHOro 11p0H3BOAcTBa H peanH3aüHH c 1970 no 1980 ron. TeM He 

Mexee, nOBbI1HeHHe noTpe6neHHSi BO BCeX BMecTe B351TbIX 

ac1)13HKaHCKHX cTpaHaX 6b1J10 He3Hai-IHTenbHbIM, H TOnbKO B 1O)KHON 

A(1/pHKe Ha6111oAanOCb He6onblIIoe nOBbIHIeHHe. 1-1oBbIHleHlte 

noTpe6neHHx B A3HH, CeaepnoFl AMepHKe H EBpone 6bino 

cyllteCTBeHHbIM. OCHOBbIBâSICb Ha HMetOLgexcSI HH4tlOpMaL[tiH, Bp51n Jill 

MO)KHO CKa3aTb yBepeHHO LITO-Hu6y3b o6 anKOrOnbHbIX TeHAeH1[ti5fX 

pa3BHBatolgerocsl MHpa. 

2.3 f1P14Bb14KA K f1OTPEBJIEHVIK) AJ1KOt"OJ1A 14 

V13MEHEH14A O6LLiEfO f1OTPEBJ1EH14A 

143MexeHH5I B O61ueM noTpe6neHtut MoryT npoi7cxo3iiTb 

HeCKOnbKnMH CnOCO6aMH. HOBble moan MOryT BOBneKaTbC5I B 

noTpe6neHlle H3 rpynn Ao 3TOr0 Bo3AepxcHBaBluHxcsl OT anKOrOJISI, 

}inH we MO)KeT HMeTb McCTO 06paTHbA npouecc npexpaLLteHHs1 

noTpe6neHliSl KaK cneACTBHe HOBbIHleHH5I 3a6oTbl O 3A0p0Bbe. 

1-1aCTOTa nOTpe6neHlist H KOniti-IeCTBO BbIHHBaeMOro 3a OAHH pa3 

ânKO1-On5I MOryT Ii3MeHtiTbC51 TaK, LITO, Hanpl-1Mep, BbInHBKa CTaHeT 

e)Ke3HeBHoI7, BMeCTO TOrO, 4TO6bI npOHCXOAtiTb n0 CHeljHanbHbIM 

nOBOnaM H BbIXOAHbIM. 14 HaKOHei(, npHpona ycnOBHH BbIHHBKFt 

MO)KeT H3MeHIiTbC5I, KaK 3T0 npOIiCXOAHT B CTpaHaX, rAe 

pacnpOCTpaHeHO nOTpe6neHlie BHHa: BbIHHBKa 3a eAOii BCë 6OnbIHe 

3aMeLltaeTCSI BbIHHBKOÎ-t BO BpeMSi OTnbIXa C 3(1n1)eKTOM O11b51HeHIi5I B 

KaLIeCTBe OCHOBHOrO 3neMeHTa (Pyörälä 1990). CHCTeMaTHiIeCKHil 

aHanH3 H3MeHeHHli nptiBbI4eK K nOTpe6neHIiIO anKOrOnSI B CB5I3H C 

H3MeHeHH51MH 06Hjer0 noTpe6neHHx Tpe6yeT CepHH CpaBHliTenbHbIX 

IiCCneAOBaHHi-t B TeT-IeHHe 60nee nnHTenbHbIX nepHOAOB BpeMeHFi. 

110A06Hble HCCneAOBaHHSt HanHHatOT npOBOAHTbCSi. KaK npHMep, 

MO)KHO npHBeCTH npOBeAeHHblli B CDHHnSIHAHH aHanH3 (Simpura 

1987), n0Ka3aBLIIIiN, iITO B nepHOA 11OBbI1HeHH5I nOTpe6neHHSI C 1968 

HO 1976 ron, CHa4ana HMeno McCTO nOBbI1HeHHe "taCTOTbI BbInHBOK, a 

nO3)Ke nOHH)KeHHe B ypOBHe Tpe3BOCTH, LITO CKâ3anOCb Ha pOCTe 

nOTpe6neHliSl. B 60nee n03n1-1HIi nepHOA CTa6HnbH0r0 nOTpe6neHH5I 

(C 1976 no 1984 ronbl) H3MeHeHHSt Tpe3BOCTH, iIaCTOTbI BbIHHBKH H 

nOTpe6n5IeMOrO 3a on1iH pa3 KOnHLIeCTBa OCTaBanHCb He6011b1HHMH. 

52

2.4 POT. b BKJ1A,gA PA3J1144HbIX CJIOEB HACEJIEHVISI B 

V13MEHEHVIE OSLuEfO IIOTPE5J1EHVIA 

14MeeTC5I nHIIIb He6onblIIoe KOnIiLIeCTBO RaxxbIx, n03BOnASOLLjHX 

CpaBHHTb H3MeHCHHA noTpe6neHHA pa3nH11HbIX nOArpynn HaCeneHHSI. 

gaHHble 110 TeHAeHLjHAM, B OCHOBHOM, HMeK)TCSI TOnbKO no 

noTpe6neHHIO anKOronH pa3nHLIHbIMH nonaMH. B 1980-x ronax 

)KeHCKBA AOnA B 06IIjeM noTpe6neHHH anKOronSl B HHAyCTpHanbHblX 

CTpaHaX 6bina CTa6HnbH0171, npH6nH3HTenbH0 25-30%. Pa,i[HKanbHble 

H3MeHeHH31 jjOnH nOTpe6neHHA My)ICLIHH H)KeHII[HH 6bInH OTMeLIeHbI 

TOnbKO B CBSI3H C 6011bIIIHMH pe(tiOpMaMH B nOnHTHKe KOHTpOnA H 

npOAaxCH anKOTOnM, KOTOpble npOH30LnnH BOHHnMHnHH B 1968 roily 

(Simpura 1987). Tax KaK HaLIHHaIOT nOSIBnSITbCSI CpaBHHTenbHble 

j[aHHble 3a AJIHTenbHblli nepHOA no THnaM noTpe6neHHA anKoronSl 

(Fillmore et al. 1991), 60nee AeTanbHbll%I aHanH3 BKna,zia pa3nwIHbIx 

noArpynn HacenexHA B H3MexeHH51 o6ü.tero nOTpe6neHHA anKOronSi, 

AOn)ICHO 6bITb, 6yAeT Bo3M0MCeH B 6n14)Kai%IIIIeM 6ynyLueM. B 06LueM, 

CerOnHALLIHHii OnbIT nOKa3bIBaeT, tITO OTHOCHTenbHOe nOTpe6neHHe 

pâ3nHLIHbIX CJIOeB, BepOATHO, AOCTaTOLIH0 CTa614JIbH0 Ha npOTA)ICeHHH 

OTHOCHTenbH0 KOpOTKOrO nepHOna BpeMeHH, XOTA B TeLIeHHe 60nee 

AnHTenbHOrO nepHona MO)KeT npOH30IiTH 6onee paAHKanbHOe H 

pa3H006pa3HOe nBH)ICeHHe. 

2.5 MHO)KECTBO TEH,gEHL.1140 

MexcnyxaponHaA KapTHHa TeH,IZneHLjHI%I COBOKynxorO 

noTpe6nexHA anxoronA yxa3blBaeT Ha pa3HOO6pa3He Bcex THnoB 

H3MeHeHHii. Ha naHHbIFi MOMeHT MHp He nBHraeTCA TOnbKO B KaKOMnH60 

OAHOM HanpaBneHHH B nnaHe noTpe6neHHA anKOrOnA. B 

CTpaHaX, Tne TpanHLtHOHHO nbiOT BHHO, nOTpe6neHHe yMeHbLIIaeTCA, 

H 3Ta TeHneHLjHM CHH)KeHHM Ha6nK)naeTCA B HeKOTOpbIX ApyrHx 

HH,IjyCTpHânbHblx CTpaHaX 3ananHOFi EBponbl. B TO )Ke spew' B HHbIX 

HHAyCTpNanbHblX cTpaHaX nOTpe6neHHe anKOronA npOAOn)ICaeT 

yBenHLIHBaTbCA. B iiaCTHOCTH, MHOrHe CTpaHbI ueHTpanbHOI%I H 

BOCTOLIHON EBpOnbI CTanKHBaIOTCA cel3mac C TpeBO)KHbIM pOCTOM 

noTpe6neHHM anKOronM H anKOTOnbHbIX npo6neM. B HCKOTOpbIX 

perHOHaX pa3BHBalOIgHXCSI cTpaH noTpe6neHHe HanHTKOB 

KOMMep9eCKOTO npOH3BOACTBa 3Ha'-IHTenbHO pacTeT, HO, XOTA 

KOHTp0Jlb nOTpe6neHHA 6bin 6bI OtIeHb none3eH AnB HaLLHOHanbHOTO 

53

nnaHHposaHKA 

BOnpOCy HeT. 

O6bILiHO H,gyT 

nOTpe6neHHIO 

3ApaBOOXpaHeHHA, HaJje)KHbIX ,iI,aHHbIX no 3TOMy 

BMeCTe C H3MeHeHHAMH B o6njeM noTpe6neHHH 

H3MeHeHH51 B Bb16ope HanHTKOB, B npHBblLiKaX K 

ânKOPORA, H HHOP,Ija TaK)Ke nOABRAeTCA HOBOe 

pa3Z(eneHHe nOTpe6neHHA Meway nOjjPpynnaMH HaCeneHHA. Bo BCëM 

wipe H no OTHOIIIeHHIO KO BCeM 3THM H3MepeHHAM CyIIZeCTByIOT 

npFiMepbl pe3KHX nepenaAoB, MeJjneHHbIX H3MeHeHHii HRH 

CTa6HnbHOPO COCTOAHHA. Mono CJjenaTb TORbKO OJjIiH yBepeHHbni 

06ujHii BbIBOjj TWA niO60Ii CTpaHbI: KaK MbI rice POBOpHRH paHblIIe, 

ypOBHH H THnbI nOTpe6neHHA He yCTaHaBnHBaIOTCA pa3 H HaBCePJja. 

J1oT (paKT HMeeT 60nbHI0e npHKnaAHOe 3HaLIeHHe ;ATM COL[HanbHOH 

nOnHTHKH H nOnHTHKH 3JjpaBOOXpaHeHHSi. 

54

CIlV1COK J1IiITEPATYPbI 

FILLMORE K., HARTKA E., JOHNSTONE B.M., LEINO E.V., 

MOTOYOSHI M. AND TEMPLE M.T. (1991) The collaborative 

alcohol -related longitudinal project: preliminary results from a meta - 

analysis of drinking behavior in multiple longitudinal studies. British 

Journal of Addiction 86, 1203 -1210. 

KORTTEINEN T. (1988) Agricultural Alcohol and Social Changes in 

the Third World. Helsinki: Finnish Foundation for Alcohol Studies, 

Publications No.38. 

LEHTO J. AND MOSKALEWICZ J. (1994) Alcohol policy during 

extensive socio- economic change. Copenhagen: WHO Regional 

Office for Europe. 

MÄKELÄ K., ROOM R., SINGLE E., SULKUNEN P., WALSH B., 

BUNCE R. et aI. 1981. Alcohol, Society and the State, Vol 1, Toronto: 

Addiction Research Foundation. 

MAULA J., LINDBLAD M. AND TIGERSTEDT C. (eds.) (1990) Alcohol 

in Developing Countries. NAD Report 18. Helsinki: Nordic Council 

for Alcohol and Drug Research. 

NEGRETE J.C. (1980) Sociocultural and economic change in relation 

to alcohol problems. In: Moser J. (ed.) Prevention of Alcohol -Related 

Problems, pp.159 -170. Toronto: Addiction Research Foundation. 

PYÖRÄLÄ E. (1990) Trends in alcohol consumption in Spain, 

Portugal, France and Italy from the 1950s until the 1980s. British 


ROOM R. (1991) Cultural changes in drinking and trends in alcohol 

problems indicators: recent US experience. In: Clark W.G. and Hilton 

M.E. (eds.) Alcohol in America, pp.149 -162. Albany N.Y.: SUNY 

Press. 

SIMPURA J. (ed.) (1987) Finnish Drinking Habits. Results from 

Surveys Held in 1968, 1976 and 1984. Helsinki: Finnish Foundation 

for Alcohol Studies. 

SMART R.G. (1991) World trends in alcohol consumption. World 

Health Forum 12, 99 -103. 

55

SPRING J.A. AND BUSS D.H. (1977) Three centuries of alcohol in 

Britain. Nature 270, 567 -572. 

SULKUNEN P. (1976) Drinking patterns and the level of alcohol 

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Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems. New York, pp.223 -281: 

John Wiley. 

SULKUNEN P. (1983) Alcohol consumption and the transformation of 

living conditions. A comparative study, pp.247 -297 In: R.G. Smart, 

F.B. Glaser, Y.Israel, H. Kalant, R.E. Popham and W. Schmidt (eds.) 

Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems, Vol. 7, New 

York: Plenum. 

WALSH, B. AND GRANT, M.: Public health implications of alcohol 

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Dranken, and NTC Publications, Henley -on- Thames. 

56

3 

`/i HriN B VIgyâJl b H Oe 

IIOTpe6JleHV1e âJIKOI"OJ1fI It 

CTelleHb pIiCKâ 

B 3TOFi rnase 6y,geT paccMaTpxsaTbCSI Kpyr BonpocoB, 

KaCalOnjxXCSI xHJ114B14J1yanbHOTO nOTpe6neHxSi anKOTOnSi H CTeneHx 

pxCKa. B HaLIâne TaKOii J[xCKyCCxx He06XO,axMO 11p143HaTb x 

COLiyBCTBeHHO OTHCCTIiCb K JAxneMMe peanbHOii )Kx3H14, KOTOpaSI 

CTOHT nepe,a KaXCJjbIM nbioxixM LMenOBeKOM: anKOTOnb MO)KeT npxHeCTx 

KaK yAOBOnbCTBxe, TaK H HeCaCTbe. Ho KaKOBa BepOSITHOCTb, HenOCpe,a- 

CTBeHHâSI HnH OTaanëHHasl, TOrO, LITO, OnpeJjeneHHOe KOnHLIeCTBO xnH 

cnoco6 noTpe6nexxsi npxBeJryT K 11O314THBHbIM xnx HeraTHBHbIM 

nOCne,I(CTBIüiM? ECnx 3T0 nxLiHbIii BOnpOC aJia OT,aenbHOrO LIenoBeKa, 

TO COOTBeTCTByIOLL(xe OTBeTbI JjOnXCHbI 6bITb npx onpeAeneHHH 

rOCyJjapCTBeHHOii nOnxTxKx. HayLIHOe nOHHMaHxe xH,4HB14J(yanb- 

HOrO pxCKa, LLTO SIBnSIeTCSi OCHOBHOÎI TeMOiI 3TOIi TnaBbl, SIBnSIeTCSI 

OLIeHb Ba)KHbIM AnSI nOHHMaHxSI npO6neMbl ypOBHSI pxCKa HâCeneHxSl 

B genOM (Tema rnaBbI 4). 

I'nasa HaLIHHaeTCSi c 06Cy)ICaeHH2 JjxneMMbi nbIOLL;eTO LIenOBeKa 

- HCnpOCTOii OL1eHKH xHaxBxJ(yanbHOrO peLneHxSi. B pa3J[enaX 3.2. H 

3.3. J(CTanbHO paCCMaTpxBaeTCSi KOHLjenLjHSi KpxBOIi pxCKa KaK 

Bbipa)ICeHHSI B3axMOCB5I314 ypoBHeH noTpe6neHHx H nocneJjylOLLmX 

npo6neM. ryJryT KpxTxLieKx OCBCLLjeHbl BOnpOCbI O pa3nHiiHbIX 

TOnxOBaxxslX coOTBeTCTByIOLuxX xccneJZosaHxii. H TOnbxO nocne 

TLI1aTenbHOTO x3yLIeHxSI 3TxX OCHOBHbIX BOnpOCOS Mbl nepeidJjeM B 

3TOIi rnaBe K pe3ynbTaTaM xCCne,aoBaHHSI B3a11MOCB5I3H MexcJjy 

nOTpe6neHxeM ânKOTOnSI H KpyrOM 11O3HTLiBHbIX H HeraTxBHbIX 

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61

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MHOrHX HHJ(yCTpHanbHblX CTpaHaX CnOpa,aH4ecKHe iipe3MepHbm 

BbInHBKH B MOJIOJ(OM BO3paCTe HMeIOT TeHJ(eHL(HiO 3aMeLL(aTbCA 6onee 

pelynApHbIM nOTpe6neHHeM B CpeJ(HeM B03paCTe, C MCHbIIIHM 

KOJIH4eCTBOM "nHKOB" noTpe6neHHA, H 3T0, B CBOIO Oiiepejÿb, HMeeT 

TeHJ(eHL(HiO 3aMeLLjaTbCA ropa3,zxo 6onee HH3KHM noTpe6nexxeM B 

nO)KHnbie rOJ(bI. YpOBeHb noTpe6neHHA B J(aHHOe BpeMA He ABnAeTCA 

XOpOIIIHM MeTOJ(OM OL(eHKH COBOKynHOrO nOTpe6neHHA B TeLieHHe 

J(eCATHneTHI%I, KOTOpOe Mo)KeT ABnATbCA CaMbIM Bâ)ICHbIM aCneKTOM 

nOTpe6neHHA J.tJIA 41H3H4eCKOrO 3J(0p0BbA. YIiHTbIBaA, *-ITO nO)KHnbic 

peCnOHJ>;eHTbI COKpaIIZaioT CBOe nOTpe6neHHe, J[JIHTenbHble 

HCCneJZOBaHHA, 14CIIOnb3y5I J(aHHble nOTpe6neHHA MOnOJ(e)KH, 6yJ(yT 

CKJIOHATbCA K nepeOI(eHKe COBOKynHOrO KOnHLICCTBa noTpe6neHHA, H 

TaKHM O6pâ3OM, MOryT HeJ(oOL(eHHSaTb 34)(1)eKTbI, npOH3BOJ(HMble 

anKoroneM. 

06bILIHO B HCCneJjOBaHHAX B3aHMOCB513H nOTpe6neHHA anKOrOnA 

H 3a6OneBaeMOCTH HnH CMepTHOCTH H3MepAeTCA He COBOKynHOe 

noTpe6neHHe 3a JjJIHTenbHbiii nepHoJ(, a noTpe6neHHe 3a 

OTHOCHTenbHO OrpaHHLIeHHbni nepHoJ( BpeMeHH. KaK MbI yxce 

OTMeLIanH, 3T0 He JIy'iLllHii MeTOJ( oI(eHKH nOTpe6neHHA anKOrOnA 3a 

J(nHTenbHblFi npOMe)KyTOK BpeMeHH. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT 

HCIIOnb3OBaHHbIX MeTOJ(OB, OH TaK)Ke MO)KeT He nOJ(XOJ(HTb J(nA 

OL(eHKH 06beMa nOTpe6neHHA H Jja.)Ke J(nA 6onee KOpOTKOrO nepHOJja. 

BOnpOCbI, KOTOpble (pOKyCHpyIOTCA Ha KOpOTKOM npOMe)ICyTKe 

BpeMCHH - LiaCTO HaCTOnbKO KOpOTKOM, KaK J(eHb HnH J(Ba B 3anHC5IX 0 

paL(HOHe nHTaHHA - npHBeJ(yT K HeBepHOIi KnaCCH4314KaL(HH, H J(a)ICe 

63

cnpalIIHBaSI o noTpe6nexHH 3a npeAblJZyyIuylO HeAenlo, MO)ICHO 

npOnyCTHTb 4IaKTM noTpe6neHHSI anKorOnB peCnOHJleHTaMH, B LIbHX 

KynbTypaX CnOpa,i[HLiecKOe nOTpe6neHHe SIBnSIeTCSI 06bILIHbIM 

(Simpura, 1988; Room 1990; Duffy and Alanko 1992). 

Tpa.i[HirHOHHbIIâ MeTOA onpoca o6 "06bITIHbIX" ypoBHHx noTpe6neHHsl 

TaIUKe B pe3ynbTaTe npHBO,gHT K ,gOBOnbHO HenpaBHnbxoli 

KnaCCH(imHKauHH, TaK KâK C nOMOIubIO JjaHHOrO MeTOJja He yjjaeTCSi 

H3MepHTb HeLIaCTble enyiiaH CHJIbHOTO OnbSIHeHHSI, KOTOpble TiacTO 

COIIyTCTByiOT perynSlpHOMy nOTpe6neHH10 anKOronSI B ManblX ,g03aX 

(Knupfer 1987). Z(axxoe HB000TBeTCTBHe B H3MepexHH cTpyKTyp 

noTpe6nexxsl H o6o61uexHH Hx npH axanH3e (Ferrence et al 1986; 

Knupfer 1987; Colsher and Wallace 1989; Midanik and Room 1992), 

LiacTO SIBnSIeTCSI OTpaxceHHeM Toro (l)aKTa, LITo anKOTOnb BBnHeTCSi 

nHnlb OJjHHM 133 nOTeHuHanbHblX claKTOpOB pHcKa, H 1103TOMy 

BOnpOcaM nOTpe6neHHSI anKOronSl mensieTCSI MaJIO BHHMaHHSI. 

06bILIHbIM CnescTBHeM H3MepeHHS1 TOnbKO 0J[HOI3 CTOpOHbI 

n0Tpe6neHHSI anKOronSI HJIH H3MepeHHe ero TOnbKO 3a orpaHHLICHHbI13 

BpeMeHHOii nepHOA SIBnHeTCSi He,t[OOueHKa peânbHOli B3aHMOCB5I3H 

Mexqry noTpe6neHHeM anKOronSl H ero nocne,IjcTBHSIMH. TeM He 

McHee, BO3MONCHO, LITO H3-3a CHCTeMaTHLIeCKH HeTOLIHOTO H3MepeHHSI 

npOH30iïAeT nepeoueHKa B3aHMOCB5I3H. Kai( npHMep, MoxcHO 

flHBCCTM HCCne,sOBaHHe noTpe6nexxx, npoae,seHHOe B ronnaH,i[HH. 

B TO BpeMSI KaK B 60nbIIIHHCTBe COBpeMeHHbIX HCCneJ10BaHH13 

jjaHHble c06HpanHCb npH 06CTOSITenbCTBaX, KOr,Tla OTBeT He BbI3b1Ban 

HHKaKHX nOCne,gCTBHii jjJISI pecrlOHseHTa, caM00TLiëTbl peCnOH.geHTOB 

JjaHHOTO HCCneAOBaHHSI 06 HX ynoTpe6neHHH âJIKOrOnSI SIBnSIIOTCSI 

6onee np06neMaTHLiHbIMH C 3TOIi TOLIKH 3peHH2, TaK KaK 

pecnOmseHTbI .i[ei3CTBHTenbH0 603InHCb nOCneuCTBHFi - HanpHMep, B 

OTHOIIIeHHH BbInJIaTbI HM CTpaXOBKH. TaKHM 06pa30M, 06HapyxCeHHOe 

yMeHbIIIeHHe TpaBMaTH3Ma npH pOCTe noTpe6neHHsl anKOrOJISI y 

KaTaIOIuHXCSI Ha rOpHbIX nbDICaX (Bouter 1988) paccMaTpHBaeTCSI 

aBTbpaMH KâK o6yCJIOBneHHOe peTpOCne1CTHBHbIM XapaKTepOM OTLIeTOB: 

nocTpaAaBU1Hx onpaulxsanH o6 FIX BbInHBKe Llepe3 cTpaxosylo 

KOMnaHHIO, KOTOpOFi OHH npe,sOCTaBnSinH 3aSiBneHHe O BbIIInaTe 

CTpaXOBKH. 

gaxce C CaMbIMH JjOCTynHbIMH BOnpOCaMH peCnOH,IjeHTbl o61uHX 

OnpOCOB HâCeneHHSi CHCTeMaTHLieCKH HeJjOOueHHBaIOT 06bëM eBoerO 

nOTpe6neHHSi Ha JtaHHb1H MOMeHT, LiaCTO B CpuHeM HanOJIOBHHy 

(Midanik 1988). 3-ro 03HaLIaeT, TITO ypOBeHb CMepTHOCTH 

64

WIH 3a60neBaeMOCT11 MO>KeT B AeNCTB11Te51bHOCT11 COOTBeTCTBOBaTb B 

ABa pa3a 6OnbHIeMy ypoBHlo noTpe6neHnA, 'lem TOT, O KOTOpOM 

coo6luaEoT onpocbl. 

3.3.2 Ilpo6neeea "3,gopoebix cy6beicToB" rt 

npe,gwecTeywu{Hx 6one3HeH 

Bo3pacT Bb16HpaeMblX peCHOHAeHTOB H MeTOA Bbl60pa MO)KeT 

npHBeCTH K OIHH6KaM B HCCne,E1OBaHHAX O B51IIAHH11 ypOBHelï 

noTpe651eHHA Ha (iH3Hi-IeCKOe 3nOpOBbe. B 60n6IDHHCTBe KOHTpOnbHbIX 

HCC51eA0BaH11Nl Bbl6npaiOTCA Cy6BeKT6I noxcHnOrO Bo3pacTa, C y)Ke 

BbIpa60TaHHbIM OTHOLIIeHHeM K aJIKOPOnIO. De Labry et al (1992), 

Hanp11Mep, HCKJHO,iHJIH cy6-BeKTOB C AHaPH030M cep5.[ei-IHbIX 

3a6051eBaHH4i, paKa, Ana6eTa H rnnepTOHHH. TaKHM 06pa30M, 

BepOATHO, '-ITO HCKn101IâJIOCb 6onb111e nlolelï, 3noynOTpe6nA101uHx 

anKOroneM, 'ieM Tpe3BeHHHKOB, TaK KaK nOTpe6neHHe aJIKOPOnA 

CB513aHO C 60nbLIIHHCTBOM 3THX 3a60neBaHHN, HO OCTâJIbHble nbi0iiwe 

51E0A11 MOryT 06naAaTb nyiiLHHM 3JjOpOBbeM H BO3MO)KHO, 60nbLHeFi 

COI1pOTHB51ACMOCTbIO K CBA3aHHbIX C aJIKOrOneM 3a6OJIeBaHHAM, 'lem 

Tpe3BeHH11K11. 

TaK KaK Cy6beKTbI 6y5(y111nx 11CCneAOBaHHii 06briH0 

Bbi6HpaIOTCA tlepe3 MeAHL[nHCKyiO 1151H CTpaXOByIO CHCTeMbI nyTeM 

nOHCKa )KenaIOLLiHX HnH 'iepe3 npO(lieCCHOHanbHble aCCOLjHai[HH, TO 

nIOAH, HaxoJ[ALImecA B 6onbH141.1e 14511z1 ApyrnX y9pe)KneHnAx, nH6o 

niOAH C nJIOXHM 3AOpOBbeM, B OCHOBHOM, 11CIUI10'IaE0TCA. B 

HCcneAOBaHnAX, rAe 11CIIOnb3y1OTC51 1151aHbl MeA11n11HCKOti CTpaXOBKH 

A51A Bbl60pa Cy6beKTOB, 6e3pa60THble 115111 He3acTpaXOBaHHble 5110A11 

nCK51EO'ialOTCA. Bce 3TH O6CTOATenbCTBa npnaOAAT K Bbl60py 

cy61>eKTOB, 3AOpOBbe KOTOpbIX He TOnbKO nrIHle B CpeAHeM, HO H 

KOTOpble, BepOATHO, OCTaBan11Cb 6b1 3AOpOBbIM11, ecnn 6m OH11 

3510ynOTpe6nAnH anKOPOneM. ga)Ke He yLInTbIBaA BO3M0)KH6IIi 34)(1)eKT 

H3MepeHHA 3T11O51OrH'ieCK0H B3aHMOCBA3H, HCIUIIO'-IeHHe He3AOpOB6IX 

Cy61>eKTOB TaK)Ke 03Ha'iaeT, LITO pe3y516TaTbl He MOIyr o606ii(aTbcA 

AnA HaceneHnA B IjenOM. 

C ApyrON CTOpOHbI, BK51104CH11e Cy6BeKTOB c npeAHIecTBylOH.jeri 

6one3Hb10 MO)KeT TaK)Ke npi4BecTH K HenpaBHnbHOIi oitenxe 

B3aHMOCBA311 nOTpe6neHHA ânKOPOnA H (1)113H11eCKOÎI 60ne3Hn, TaK 

KaK, KaK y)Ke OTMe'Ia510Cb BbIIIIe, 60nbHble peCHOHAeHTbI MOPyT 

COKpaTHTb CBOe nOTpe6neHne. MeTOA0510rHL1eCKOe cpaBHeHHe 

paC'IeTOB HCCneAOBaHHIi CBA311 noTpe6neH11A anKOPO51A C 

65

06pa30BaHIieM )Ken4HOr0 KaMHA nOKa3aJIO, 4TO Kâ)KyIljliiiCA 

3aliji3THbI4i 3C1)CkeKT MO)KHO OTHeCTH Ha C4eT IIpeABapHTenbHOrO 

COKpaIl[eHiiA nOTpe6neHHA aJIKOrOnA B CneACTBHH )Ken4eKaMeHHOIi 

AHcnencHH. (Thijs et al. 1991). 

3.3.3 TpyAHOCTN, BHOC41MbI@ K)/p@HN@M, AN@TOH, O6pa3OM 

)K13H11 N ApyrNM CpaKTOpaMIA 

B 60nb1iIHHCTBe COBpeMeHHbIX HCCne,IjOBaHHii BnHAHHA 

nOTpe6neHHA aJIKOrOnA Ha (1)H3ii4eCKOe 3AOpOBbe AenaeTCA IIOIIbITKa 

y4iiTblBaTb H 43aKTOp KypeHHA, HO CI-InbHaA B3aHMOCBA3b Me)K,gy 

ynOTpe6neHHeM aJiKOCOJIA H KypeHlieM 3aTpyAHAeT 3TO. AJIKOrOni3KIi, 

KOTOpble HNKOrAa He KypFInH, BCTpe4aIOTCA pe,IjKO, TaK )Ke KaK H 

CiinbHO KypALLliie Tpe3BeHHHKH. 

gHeTa ABJIAeTCA Ba)KHbIM CkaKTOpOM p,.flA MHOrHX 3a60neBaHHii. 

OHa MO)KeT 6bITb CBA3aHa C OAHON TpeTbiO BceX cny4aeB KOpOHapHOIi 

60ne3HH CepAL[a H paKa B CTpaHaX 3anaAa (ÜSDHHS 1988) H 6bITb 

np114aCTHOii K BO3HiiKHOBeHHIO rNnepTOHHH, HHCynbTa, .I.ZHa6era H 

O)KNpeHHA. B 601IbnIHHCTBe itccneAOBaHHIi ,IiHeTa He KOHTpOJIHpyeTCA, 

XOTA AaHHble CO6}ipaiOTCA 4acTo, 6o1iee TOFO, He3Ha4HTenbHble 

KOne6aHliA npliBbl4eK B nHTaHHti y 60nbIIiFiHCTBa Ii3y4aeMOrO 

HaceneHHA MO)KeT CAenaTb TâKOIi KOHTpOnb He344eKTI-iBHbIM. 

O6o61uaA, MO)KHO CKa3aTb, 4TO pa3nH4Hb1e THnbI noTpe6neHHA 

MOryT 6bITb CBA3aHbI C pa3H006pa3HbIMH CflaKTOpaMH o6pa3a )KH3HH H 

BHAaMH nOBeAeHHA, KOTOpb1e MOryT BnFiATb Ha B3aHMOCBA3b Me)KAy 

IIOTpe6neHi3eM aJIKOCOnA H BO3MO)KHbIMLi nOCneACTBHAMH. 

HanpHMep, 6bIJI0 BbIABneHO, 4TO Tpe3BOCTb B Te4eHi3e BCeü )KH3HH B 

CeBepxoii AMepHKe HMeeT MHO)KecTBO corlyTCTBytoLuHX noKa3aTeneli. 

OTMe4eH0, 4TO Tpe3BCHHHKIi B Te4eHHe Bceli )KiHHH - cTapwe, HIiNCe 

n0 COL[HO3KOHOMH4eCKOMy cTaTyCy, )KHByT B npOMbllnneHHbIX 30HaX, 

penHrH03HbI, HMetOT pOACTBeHHHKOB C npo6neMaMH, CBA3aHHbIMH C 

anxoroneM (Hughes et al 1985; Wannamethee and Shaper 1988), 

HMetOT nOBbILneHHbIIi ypOBeHb AenpeccHN H HCnbITbIBaIOT 60nb111e 

AenpeCCHBHbIX CHMnTOMOB nocne OnpeAeneHHbiX CO6bITHii B )KH3HI4, 

4eM HeMHOro H yMepeHHO nbtonlHe (Bell et al 1977; Neff and Husaini 

1982). Y4eT pa3H006pa3HbIX BapxauHli Tpe3BOCTH He 06313aTenbH0 

BnHAeT Ha p1iCK CMepTHOCTH (Camacho et al 1987). 

TeM He McHee, He06X0AHM0 paCCMOTpeTb BO3M0)KHOCTb TOro, 

4TO TaKOe Bâ)KHOe cKOnneHHe pa3nH4HN MO)KeT He nOJIHOCTbiO 

nOAAaBaTbCA CTaTHCTH4eCKOMy y4eTy (Kozlowski and Ferrence 

66

1990). "AMC KOHTpOnb OAHOrO IIOTCHIjNanbHO BnNAioujeTO (liaKTOpa 

MO)KCT TaHTb B ce6e CKpbITyiO OIIaCHOCTb. Tam, r,ije CyuleCTByeT 

ItlyHKIjHOHanbHâA B3aNMOCBA3b MC)KAy IIOTCHIjHanbHblMH d)aKTOpaMH 

pNCKa, CTaTNCTNLieCKNIi KOHTpOnb MO)KCT CAenaTb HeSICHbIMN 

npN4NHHb1e CB51314. HaIIpNMep, ecnH noTpe6neHNe anKOrOnA 

peryns[pxo BeAeT K KypeHNIO, TO nOTpe6neHNe anKOrOnSI 

AeiïCTBHTCnbHO nOTCHI(NanbHO O6naAaeT npNIiNHHOI%I 3aBHCHMOCTbI0 

C nK)6bIM HaHCCeHHbIM KypeHNCM TSI)ICenbIM nOcneACTBHeM, HO 3Ta 

B3aHMOCB5I3b He 6yAeT npOcne)ICNBaTbCSI, CCnN He y*-IHTbIBaTb 

KypeHHe. 

C Apyroil CTOpOHbI, npN nonbITKe y4eCTb BCC BnNSHOIi(Ne 

CpaKTOpbI 14CCneAOBaH1151, MO)ICCT NHOrAa HeAOOIjeHNBaTbCSI BnNSIHHe 

anKOrOJIA. HanpHMep, npH H3rICHNH HeCLIaCTHbIX Cny4aeB, B 

KOTOpbIX )ICCpTBaMN CTaHOBATCA BOAHTenN, OKâ3aBIIINeCA B TOM we 

MCCTe N B TO we BpeMA, LITO H BHHOBHble B npONCIIICCTBNN BOAHTenN, 

HeAOOI[CHNBaeTCA BO3ACFiCTBHe ynOTpe6neHNA anKOTOnA, HOCKOnbKy 

4aCTbK) Aei7CTB1451 ABJISITbCSI peüieHNe CXaTb B onacHOe MCCTO H B 

OnaCHOe BpeMA. 

3.3.4 OrpaHH4eHNSl npH o6o6uAeHNS1x 

Ba)ICHO BCë BpeMA nOMHNTb, 4TO nio6aA KpNBaA pHCxa 

AByXCTOpOHHeM B3aHMOCB51311 3aBNCHT OT OCO6bIX XapaKTepHCTHK 

NCCneAyeMoro HBCeneHHSI. 3T0 OCO6eHHO O4CBNAHO AnA COI.jNanbHbIX 

nOCnCACTBNId nOTpe6neHNA anKOTOJIA. KpNBble pNCKa B3aHMOCB51314 

nOTpe6neHNA anKOTOnA H npeCTynHOTO HacNJINA, O4eBHAHO 

OTpa)ICaIOT CnCI[mtH4H6IC AnA AaHHOFi KynbTypbl B3aHMOCB513N 

BbInNBOK C HaCNnNCM (Lenke 1990), a Ha KpNBble pNCKa )KanO6 My)Ka 

HJIN )KeHbI Ha BbInNBKH 6yAyT BnNATb npaBNna KynbTypbl 

B3aNMOOTHOIneHNN MexcAy nonaMN. CpaBHCHHe KpNBbIX pHCKa AnA 

OAHOTO H TOTO )KC ABneHHA B pa3n144HbIX KynbTypaX H CJIOAX 

06H[eCTBa ACIiCTBHTenbHO ABnACTCA nOTCHIiNanbHblM HHCTpyMeHTOM 

HCCnCAOBaHNSI 60nee rny6OKNX pa3nN4HH 3T14X KynbTyp. 

KpNBble pNCKa Alm ApyrNX HOCneACTBHii TaK)Ke CB513aHbI, XOTA H 

McHee O4eBHAHO, C XapaKTCpHCTNKaMH NCCneAyeMoro HBCCneHNA. B 

4aCTHOCTN, 6OnbIIINHCTBO KpHBbIX pNCKa poJIN anxoronA B 

BO3HHKHOBeHNN XpOHN4eCKNX 3a60neBaHNN 6a3NpyIOTCA Ha 

NCCneAOBaHNSIX HaCeneHHA NHAyCTpNanbHblX, aHrnorOBOpAHjHX N 

CeBepHO-eBponel%ICKHX 061I.TeCTB. no CpaBHCHNIO CO CpCAHNM 

MNpOBbIM ypOBHeM, 3TN O61I(CCTBa O6naAaiOT HCKOTOpbIMN O61IjNMN 

67

xapaKTeplicTl3KaMl3, KoTopble, CKOpee scero, BnHAIOT Ha (1)opMy 

KpHBbIX: HanpHMep, 60nbIDiiHCTBO HaceneHHA nbeT anKOrOnbHble 

HanHTKH, nHTaHHe 6oraTo x(xpaMH )KHBOTHOrO npoHcxoxcAeHHA, 

,IIOCTaTOLIHO pacnpOCTpaHeHO KypeHHe. KpHBble pliCKa anKOrOnA H 

CMepTHOCTH AnA pa3BlisalOnjHXCA CTpaH MOryT BbIrnAAeTb 

cosepHleHHO no-ApyroMy. 

3.3.5 B3a14MOCBA3b IIOTp@6J7@HNA al1KOrOIIA N 

IIOCII@ACTBNN 

KpliBble pHCKa KnaCCHileCKi3 HCHOnb30BanHCb, LITO6bI COOTHeCTH 

BPHHTM nOTpe6neHH91 ânKOrOJIA C nOCJIeACTBHAMH, AnA KOTOpbIX 

nOTpe6neHHe ânKOrOnA He ABnAeTCA HH 065I3aTenbHOH, HH 

CymeCTBeHHOFI npHLiHHON. ,LtOpO)KHaA asapHA MO)KeT CnyiIHTbCA H 6e3 

nOTpe6neHiiA anKOronA, TaK )Ke, KaK H L[Hpp03 neiieHH. KpHBble pFiCKa 

AeiiCTBHTenbHO T-IacTO HCnOJI63yK)TC51 KaK yacTb HCCneAOBaHHÎ-i ARA 

yCTaHOBneHHA HnH nposepKH npHiIHHHOIi CB5I3H Ha CpeAHeM ypOBHe 

Me)iCAy nOTpe6neHI3eM anKOronA H nOCneACTBHAMH: eCnH BCë npOiiee 

HaXOAHTCA Ha paBHOM ypOBHe, AaHHOe nOTpe6neHHe anKOrOJIA 

BnHAeT Ha pHCK BO3HHKHOBCHHA AaHHbIX nOCneACTBHN. gaxce KOrAa 

npliiIFiHHâA CB5I3b yCTaHOBneHa Ha 06O61I1ëHHOM ypOBHe, 3T0 ente He 

3Ha9HT, i-ITO anKOrOnb 065I3aTenbH0 BOBneiieH B TO, LITO npOHCXOAHT B 

AaHHOM Cnyiiae Ha HHAHBHAyanbHOM ypOBHe. 

3TOT KnaCCHileCKHN BHA aHan143a MO)KeT 6bITb BbIBeAeH 3a 

paMKH TeX nOCneACTBHii, AnA KOTOpbIX OH TpaAHL[HOHHO 

npHMeHAeTCA, HO B I-iCCneAOBaHHAX Ha HHAHBHAyânbHOM ypOBHe er0 

npHMeHeHHe AnA TaKHX nOCnCACTBHFi, KaK npecTynneHHe HnH 

pa3pyHleHHe CeMbH, CO3AaeT rpOMaAHble MeTOAOnOrHiieCKHe 

np06neMbl: nOTCHL(HanbHble B3aHMOBnHAHHA, KOTOpble OTpâ)KaIOTCA 

Ha npiiilHHHOi%I B3aHMOCBA3H, CTaHOBATCA OYeHb MHOrOiIPICneHHbIMLi. 

KaK MbI ewe 6yAeM 06cy)KAaTb, HaH6OJIee y6eAHTenbHbie 

AOKa3aTenbCTSa npHiIHHHOI-I CB5I314 B 3THX O6naCTAX npeAocTaBHnH 

HCCneAOBaHHA nOTpe6neHHA Ha o606LIjeHHOM ypOBHe. 

CylljeCTByeT ABa OCHOBHbIX cnoco6a BbICTpOHTb Ha OCHOBe 

AaHHbIX B3aHMOCBA3b Me)KAy nOTpe6neHHeM anKOrOnA H ero 

nOCneACTBHeM. OAHH - n0 BHeLHHHM npOASneHHAM. HeKOTOpble 

nOCneACTBHA ABnAIOTCA CB513aHHbIMH C anKOrOneM no OnpeAeneHHK); 

HanpHMep, apeCT 3a BO)iCAeHHe B HeTpe3BOM COCTOAHHH. 3Aecb 3aKOH 

H o(tHljep nOIIHLjHH onpeAenAeT (paKT noTpe6neHHA anKOronA, LITO 

XapaKTepH3yeT IIyTb npecTynneHHA. RpyrHe sHenIHHe npOABneHHA 

68

MoryT noCTynaTb OT nepcoxana CnyNC6 3Z[pasooxpaxeHHSi HRH 

COuHanbHOii CnyNC6bI, HanpHMep, )2(HaTHO3bI anKOrORbHOrO I.jHppo3a 

HRH aJIKOrOnbHOii 3aBHCHMOCTH, RH60 OTHeCeHHe K KaTerOpHH 

6e3,TjOMHOTO anKOronHKa. 

Apyroï-I OCHOBHOIi BHA OnpeAeneHHSI - 9T0 CAenaHHbli4 CaMHM 

HRH caMoii LIacTo B onpocax HaceneHHSi pecnOHAeHTOB 

npocSlT onHCaTb CBOii "OnbIT ynoTpe6neHHSi aRKOrOnsi", BKJIIOIiasi 

couHanbxble, nCHxonOTHLieCKHe H Me,aHuxxcKHe nocneZ[CTBHSI. A TO, 

Koma H npH KaKHX 06CTOSITenbCTBâX peCIIOHAeHTbI cnenaK)T 

nOAo6Hble npHLIHHHble onpeAeReHHSI, SIBRSIeTCSI BaNCHbIM BOnpOCOM 

HCCne,aOBaHHii. IIpH AaHHOM yposxe HRH cnoco6e noTpe6ReHHSI 

KpHBaSI pHCKa nOKa3bIBaeT, *-ITO TaKâSi-TO LiaCTb nbIOLuHX COO61uHna o 

CBOeM He6RarOnpHSITHOM HnH nORONCHTenbHOM OnblTe ynOTpe6RCHHSi 

ânKOTOnSI. 

IIpH ApyrHx 06CTOSITenbCTBaX MONCHO COBMeujaTb 3aslBneH145I 

nbioII.jerO H Cy)KAeHHe np0ltecCHOHana. O6bILIHO OTBeTOB nbioiuer0 B 

OnpOCHOM nHCTe AOCTâTOLIHO AnSI rpy6oro AHarxo3a aRKOTOnbHOii 

3aBHCHMOCTH. Ho AHarH03 aJIKOTOnbHOIi 3aBHCHMOCTH 3TM CTaBHTCSI 

Ha OCHOBe npOCpeCCHOHânbHOTO MHeHHSI, nH6o np0(DeCCHOHanOM, R460 

no COCTaBneHHOMy npo(PeCCHOHâROM anrOpHTMy B AHarHOCTHLIeCKOI%I 

aHKeTe. 

He06X0AHMO OTMeTHTb, Lnb npHIIHHHâSi CBSI3b TaKHX nOCneACTBHIi 

HRH OnbITa OTHOCHTCSI K anKOTORio B0061ue, a He K KaKOMy-nH60 

OnpeneneHHOMy cnoco6y noTpe6neHHSI anxoronsi. He cyHtecTByeT 

06313aTenbH0i4 npHLIHHHON CBSI3H MeNCny KOHKpeTHbIM CnOCO6OM 

nOTpe6neHHSI aJIKOTOnSi H CBSI3aHHbIM C aRKOroneM nOCneACTBHeM, 

KOTOpOe nOKa3aHO Ha rpa(iHKe. He Bcerna SICHO H HanpaBneHHe 

npHLIHHHOii CBS13H. B LIaCTHOCTH, OnHCbIBaeMOe noBeneHHe nbiOÜHX 

MO)KeT 6bITb KaK CneACTBHeM, TaK H npHLiHHOH aRKOTOnbHOii 

3aBHCHMOCTH. 

O6cyxcnaeMasl HaMH KpHBasi pHcxa neiiCTBHSi ânKoronSl TaKHM 

06pa30M, OTnHLIaeTCSI OT 06bILIHbIX KpHBbIX pHCKa nnSl palm Hill 

nopONCHbIX asapHii. UeHHOCTb KpHBOI4 He 065I3aTenbH0 3aKRiOLIaeTCSI 

B nposepxe npHLIHHHOH B3aHMOCBSI3H, a cxopee B BO3MONCHOCTH 

OnpeneRHTb BepOSiTHOCTb B03HHKHOBeHHSi CBSI3aHHOrO C âRKOTOneM 

nocneACTBHSI npH pa3nHIIHbIX ypoBHSix noTpe6neHHSI. 

69

3.4 IIOTPE6J1EHVIE AJ1KO1-OJ1A M BEPOATHOCTb 

f1O3VITVIBHbIX COIAVIAJ1bHbIX f1OCJ1Ej.1CTBVIVI 

B nOCnenHNe OCHOBHOe 06Cy)K,LIeHNe noTeHuNanbxO 

1103NTNBHbIX nOCnenCTBNÎ-1 nOTpe6neHNA anKOrOnA CCpOKyCNpOBaHo 

Ha BO3M0>KHOIi ponN anKOI'onA B COKpanteHNN pNCKa BO3HNKHOBeHNA 

KOpOHapHOi%I 60ne3H11 cepnita (KBC) H Mbl ente BKpaTL[e BepHeMCA K 

3TOMy Bonpocy. TeM He McHee, 60nbwNHCTBO cny4aeB nOTpe6neHNA 

anK0r0J151 113HaMânbHO He 06yCJIOBneHbI 3a6OTOFl o cepnLte. 

YnoTpe6neHNe anKoronA B 06LLtecTBe H 4yBCTBa, nOABJIAfOLi[NeCA 

nOCne 3TOro, AnA MHOrNX 51BJ15IeTC51 NCTOMHNKOM yAOBOnbCTBNA. TaK 

KaK OCHOBHON liapMaKOJ1orNLIeCKN4i 3CM:IeKT 3TaHOna nenpecCNBHblN, 

nOTpe6neHNe anKOrOJIA TaK>Ke TpanNLtNOHHO NCnOnb3yeTCA nnA 

B03ne1%lCTBN51 Ha HaCTpOeHNe NJIN KaK ycnOKaNBaion.tee CpenCTBO. 

ARA HenpNBbIKwNX K ânKOronK> nioneN nOJIOxcNTenbHble 

nOCneACTBNA nOTpe6neHNA MOryT BO3HNKaTb npN ynOTpe6neHNN 

AOBOnbHO ManOrO KOJIFIMeCTBa anKOrOJIA. Ha CaMOM Aene, OxCNnaHHSI, 

CB3I3aHHble C Bb1nNBKON, MOryT npON3BOANTb nOnO>KNTenbHblÎ-i 

34)C13eKT, naxce ecnN B HanNTKe OTCyTCTByeT anKOrOnb, nOCKOnbKy 

n03NTNBHble 4yBCTBa 4aLLte CB513aHHb1 C Co6bITNeM N KOMnaHNeN, 4eM 

c 3TaHOJ10M (Lang 1983). TeM He McHee, B 06LqNX onpocax 

HaCeneHN51 Te, KTO nbeT MHOro, nNwyT O 11O3NTNBHbIX 3li)CpeKTaX 

naine, 4eM Te, KTO nbeT manu. (Hauge and Irgens-Jensen 1990). 3TO 

He 3HaMNT, LITO MânOnblontNe 6ynyT nNCaTb O TaKOM )Ice ypOBHe 

11OJ1O>KNTenbHblX 34p(1)eKTOB, eCJ114 Ha4HyT nNTb 6onbwe; 3AeCb, 

BO3MOxCHO, Cpa6aTblBaeT Bb16Op04HbIN 344eKT, npN KOTOpOM Te, KTO 

nony4aeT 6onbwe 1103NTNBHbIX 3C14eKTOB, Mante CTaHOBATCA 

nbSIHNLtaMN. 

I10J10xCNTenbHble 11OCneACTB1451 noTpe6neHNA anKOrOJ151 AJIA 

nN4HOCTN MaCTO 06CyxCAaIOTCA C nO3NLtNN NneanN3NpOBaHHON 

KapTNHKN npy3ei1, BbInNBaIOLItNX BMeCTe 60Kan-npyroi7 BNHa 3a 

yxcNHOM. TeM He Mexee, Hauge N Irgens-Jensen (1990) o6HapyxcNnN, 

4T0 n03NTNBHble 34)CtleKTbl 6onee CBA3aHb! C 4aCTOTON OnbAHeHNA, 

4eM C 0611tNM O6beMOM noTpe6neHNA. 3T0 NCCnenOBâHNe OnNpanOCb 

Ha OT4eTb1 xCNTeneN 4eTblpeX CKaHANHaBCKNX cTpaH, rAe OnbAHeHNe 

ABJ1AeTC51 TpaANLtNOHHbIM CTHJIeM 3HaMNTenbHOrO noTpe6neHNA, H 

pe3ynbTaTbl, HanpNMep, B CpenN3eMHOMOpCKNX CTpaHaX MOryT 

3Ha4NTenbHO OTJ1NMaTbC51. I'ICNOnb3yA naHHble 3TOrO xCe 

NCCnenOBaHNA no CDNHJIAHANN, Mäkelä H Mustonen (1988) noKa3aJIN, 

4TO KOJIN4eCTBO 1103NTNBHbIX 34)ClleKTOB nOBblwaeTCA MenneHHeN npN 

70

pocTe noTpe6neHIiSI, YeM He6naronpHSlTHasl COgHanbHasi H 

OCpHL[HanbHasl peaxLjlisI Ha nbslxCTBO. )11JISI nblolijeFl nHLIHOCTH nepesec 

11O3HTHBHbIX Hajj HeraTHBHbIMH nOcneACTBHSiMH, TaKHM 06pa30M, 

yMeHbllIaeTCSI C yBenHLIeHHeM ypOBHSi nOTpe6neHHSi; CaMbIIi BbICOKHI-i 

nepeBec 1103HTHBHbIX nOCneACTBHII Hag HCraTHBHbIMH 6bin cpeAH 

pecnOHAeHTOB, nHCaBIIIHX, LITO OHH BbInHBaIOT OT OAHOII AO LIeTbIpeX 

A03 B AeHb (1 A03a - 10 r LiHCTOrO anKOrOnsi). 

PICCneAOBâHHSI, KOTOpble 3aHHMaIOTC5I KpHBbIMH BO3MOxCHOCTH 

n03HTHBHbIX nCHXOJIOrHLIeCKHX H COLjHanbHbIX 3C1)(1)eKTOB nOTpe6neHHSI 

ânKOrOnsl, no-npe)KHeMy MânOLIHCneHHbl; nOAXOAbI CpaBHeHHSI 

KpHB6IX pHCKa 11O3HTHBHbIX H HeraTHBHbIX nOCneACTBHÎi Mäke lä H 

Mustonen ,IjOn)ICHbI 6bITb HCnp06OBaHbI H Ana H3yLieHHSI HaceneHHSI 

pa3HbIX CTpaH. 

3.5 I1OTPE6J1EHVIE AJ1K0r0J151 N I1O311TNBHbIE 

0:1V13144ECKME rlOCJ1EACTBNA 

3.5.1 KopoHapHasi 6one3Hb cep,qua 

B psl,Ije HccnejjoBaHHN nOxa3aHO, LITO noTpe6neHHe OT oJjHOii AO 

,ijByX AO3 anKOrOn51 B Zjexb (npH 3IIH3OAH4ecxOM ynoTpe6neHHH Ao 

IIIeCTH )103 B AeHb), oLIeBHAHO, npeAcTasnsleT npeHMyLgeCTBO ;Trim 

3A0P0B651 no CpaBHeHHIO C Tpe3BOCTbIO B TeLIeHHe BCel1 )KH3HH. 

CpeAH n0A06H6IX OTLIeTOB H 0630pOB MoxcHO ynoMSlHyTb: Anderson 

1994; Friedman and Kimball 1986; Klatsky et al 1981; Marmot et al 

1981; Marmot 1984; Beaglehole and Jackson 1992; Kemp 1993; 

Shaper 1990, 1993; Stampfer et al. 1993. CyujecTByeT 6onbnle 

AaHHbIX O My)KLIHHaX, LIeM O xCeHLLjHHaX, HO B3aHMOCB5I3b, n0- 

BHAHMOMy, Ae11CTBHTenbHa will o6oHX nOJIOB. XOTSI 3TH TpyAbl 

MO)KHO KPHTHKOBaTb n0 MHOrHM MeTOAOJIOrHLIeCKHM nyHKTaM, 

KOTOp6Ie 06Cy)ICAanHCb BblLUe B pa3Aene 3.3, MO)KeT 6bITb cAenaHo 

npeABapHTenbHOe 3aKnIOLIeHHe, LITO nOTpe6neHHe ânKOrOnbHbIX 

HanHTKOB B He6onbIIIHX go3aX, BeposlTHO, coxpaujaeT pHCK 

BO3HHKHOBeHH5I KOpOHapHOii 60ne3H14 cepALja (KbC) Ans[ HaceneHHSI 

HeKOTOpbIX cTpaH. Ha HnnloCTpaIjHH 3.1 npeAcTasneHbl B 

rpacl)HLIecKOi1 ctlopMe pe3ynbTaTbl CeMH HCCneA0BaHH11, KOTOpble 

11OKa3bIBafOT OTpHIjaTenbHylO B3aHMOCB313b MexcAy noTpe6neHHeM 

anKOrOnsI H CMepTenbHblM HCXOAOM Anx MyxCLIHH B pe3ynbTaTe 

KOpOHapHOIi 6One3HH cepALja. Bo BCeX npOLjHTHpOBaHHbIX 

71

HCcneliOBâHHSiX npe,ijCTasneH npHBe,rieHHblii OTHOCHTenbHbll-1 pHCK. 

Pa3nHLIHble HCCne,IjoBaHHSI paccMaTpHBanH MHOr006pa3Hble 

nepeMeHHble (liaKTOpbI, HO yLIHTbIBanH, no Kpai%IHeLi Mepe, BO3paCT H 

KypeHHe. 

Be,rieTCSI aKTHBHbIH nOHCK 6HOJIOTHLIeCKHX McXaHH3MOS, 

06131CHSIIOLuHX cOKpaiueHHe pHCKa KBC H HeKOTOpbIX jjpyrHX THnOB 

cepAeLIHo-cocy,IuiCTbIX 3a6OneBaHHii (CC3), HO nOKa 6e3ycneIIIHo. 

bOnbLIIHHCTBO yCHJIHIi 6bIJI0 CKOHueHTpHpOBaHO Ha aHânH3e ypoBHeli 

nHnH,Iios H arperauxH TpoM6ouHTOB (Rankin 1994). 

11oTpe6neHHe anxoron3l noBblIIIaeT BbICOKyIO H nOHH)KaeT 

HH3Ky1O TUIOTHOCTb nHnonpoTeHHOB (Rankin 1994; Arria and Van 

Thiel 1992; Renaud et al 1993). B pa6oTax AMepxxaHcxoro ueHTpa 

no H3rIexHIO nxnH,IioB H lleHTpa HCCneJ[OSaHHFi cep,Iiva I'oHOJIyJIy 

OKOJIO nOJIOBHHbi cnriaeB cOLIeTâHHSI Tpe3BOCTH H KOpOHapHOii 

6one3HH cepziva XapaKTepH3yK)TCSI ,IiOCTOBepHbIM cO,Eiep)KaHHeM 

XonecTepona npH nOBbILIIeHHOiï rIJIOTHOCTH nHnOnpOTeHHOB. bbInO 

BbI,IiBHHyTO npe,iinOJIO)KeHHe, L1TO HeKOTOpOe KOnHLIeCTBO ZiaHHbIX 

3(ti(tieKTOB OrpaHH9eH0 reHeTHLieCKHMH OCO6eHHOCTSIMH noArpynn 

HaceneHHSI. AnKOTOnb MO)KeT TaKXCe BO3jieiiCTBOBaTb H 6onee 

HenOcpejicTBeHHO, COKpaIliaSi pHCK BO3HHKHOBeHHSI cep,rieLIHOTO 

npHcTyna IIyTeM yMeHbiueHHSI CBOpaLIHBaeMOCTH KpOBH (Rankin 

1994; Zakhari 1991). 

B cBeTe ,IiaHHbIX 3nHJieMHOJIOTHLIeCKOH nHTepaTypbl MO)KHO 

onpelienHTb HeKOTOpble napaMeTpbI nK)6oTO no,ri06HOT0 COKpaIueHHSI 

pHCKa: 

1. CaMoe 60nbinoe cOKpaiiieHHe OTHOCHTenbHOTO pHCKa no 

CpaBHeHHK) C Tpe3BOCTb10 BO3HHKaeT Ha oLieHb HH3KOM ypOBHe 

nOTpe6neHHn, TaKOM KaK OT O,IiHOii jiO3bl Liepe3 ,tieHb Ji0 jiByX ,Iî03 

B,IieHb (1 ,riO3a - 10 r LIHCTOTO anKOrOJI31). Jho 6oe jianbHeiiiIIee 

COKpaLueHHe pHCKa B03HHKHOBeHHSI KOpOHapHOii 60ne3HH 

Cepuua, KOTOpOe IiOCTHraeTCSi npH nOTpe6neHHSi anKOTOnSI statue 

npHBeliëHHOrO ypOBHSI, BepOSITHO, nOTepSIeT CMbICJI H3-3a 

nOBbILIIeHHSI pHCKa ,ripyrHX He6naronpHSITHbIX nOcnelicTBHH. 

72

1.2 

1.0 

0.2 

00 0 2G 40 60 80 

rpaMMbl âJIKOrOJISI B AeHb 

14JIJIIocTpauHA 3.1. CMepTHOCTb B pe3yJIbTaTe KOpoHapHo i 601Ie3HH 

cepwwa cpe,IZN My)KLIHH: noTpe6neHne aJIKOrOJI5I H OTHOCHTeJIbHb1H 

pHcK. Pe3yJIbTaTbl CeMH HCCJIe,IjoBaHHg. Hennekens et al (1978), ; 

Rimm et al. (1991), +; Gordon and Kannel (1983), ; Gordon and 

Doyle (1987), ; Boffeta and Garfinkel (1990), ; Scragg et al. 

(1987), 0 ; Jackson et al (1991), A . 

2. B LIaCTHOCTH, 3HaLIHTeJlbxoe ylloTpe6JIeHHe aJIKOroJISI IIO 

BbIXOAHbIM B 06beMe, KOTOpbIN Mo>KeT B CpeJmCM 

COOTBCTCTBOBaTb J(ByM HJIH TpeM Ji03aM B jjeHb, HeCeT B ce6e 

pHCK KaK ,E1JI5I II)H3H4eCK0P0 3,i1OpOBb5I, TaK H JtJ15I COLjHâJIbHbIX 

nOCJIeJ(CTBHN H TpaBMaTH3Ma, B TO BpeMSI KaK ewe He SICHO, 

COKpaTHT JIH TaKOe KOHIjeHTpHpoBaHHOe IIOTpe6JIeHHe aJIKOrOJISI 

pHCK BO3HHKHOBeHH5I KOpOHapHOI%I 60JIe3HH cepgua. 

3. Bb16op aJIKOrOJIbHbIX HatIHTKOB, OLIeBHJJ

Monoxce 35 H ami xceHnHH npeuxnHMaxTepHHecxoro Bo3pacTa, 

TaK KaK KOpOHapHaSl 60ne3Hb cepAUa He SIBnSIeTCSI Ba)KHOii 

rlpHtiHHOii CMepTHOCTH unu 3THX KaTerOpHi%[ nloteï-i, ecnH He 

yLIHTbIBaTb npetnOJIOxceHHU, LITO 3HaLIHTenbHbIIi n03uHeIiLLIHIi 

3aI11HTHbIii 30(13eKT OCHOBaH Ha paHHeM nOTpe6neHHH. 

5. LiRA TeX, *ibe nOBeDeHHe y)Ke CB5I3aHO C COxpaLLjeHHeM pHCKa 

B03HHKHOBeHHSI KOpOHapHOIi 60ne3HH CepJjIja (HeKypSILLjHe, 

3aHHMaIOLI.[HeC51 (1)H3KynbTypOi3, npH,uepxcHBaIOLI(HeCSI nHeTbl 

HH3KOi3 xCHpHOCTH), nOTpe6neHHe änKOrOnSI B MânbIX Do3aX spin 

RH npHBeneT K tOHOJIHHTenbHOMy COKpaIIjeHHio a6COnIOTHOrO 

pHCxa. FnaroAap51 CB113aHHOMy C HH3KHM pHCKOM noseneHHU, 

XapaKTepHOMy J.jnSi HeKOTOpbIX KynbTyp, OCO6eHHO B pute 

pâ3BHBaIOLLjHXCSi CTpaH, KOpoHapHaSl 60ne3Hb CeptL;a TaM nOLiTH 

HeH3BecTHa; npH naHHbIX 06CTOSITenbCTBaX nOTpe6neHHe 

anKOrOJISi B MaJIbIX to3aX He MOxCeT HpHBeCTH K COKpaLLjeHHIo 

a6conIOTHOrO pHCKa. 

6. BepouTHO, LITO coxpaLueHHe pHCxa nyTeM noTpe6neHHU anxoronu 

B ManbIX nO3aX MOxCeT 6bITb Taxxce tOCTHrHyrO npyrHMH 

CHOCO6aMH, HanpHMep: H36eraT6 BO3tCÎICTBHSI Ta6aLIHOrO tblMâ, 

ycHnHBaTb (1)H3HLieCKyiO aKTHBHOCTb, npHtepxcHBaTbcu nHeTbl C 

HH3KHM COnepxcaHHeM xCHpOB HnH npHHHMaTb no non-Ta6neTKH 

acnHpHHa Hepe3 nenb (Drugs and Therapeutics Bulletin 1994). 

ans! Tex, y KOI'O eCTb npHLIHH6I H36eraTb noTpe6neHHu 

anKOronSl, TaxHM o6pa3oM, eCTb npyrue BapHaHTbI coxpaLLteHHu 

pHCKa BO3HHKHOBeHHSI KopOHapHOH 60ne3HH Ceptna. 

3.5.2 ,gpyrHe r103HTHBHbi@ IIOCn@pCTBHA ,gJ1A 3,4OpOBbA 

KpoMe nHTepaTypbl n0 KFiC eCTb HeKOTOp6Ie pa60TbI, rue 

coo6maeTCSi o noTpe6neHHH anxoronu B He6onbLllHx to3aX, KoTOpoe 

COKpaLuaeT pHCK B03HHKHOBeHH51 upyrHx npo6neM CO 3nOpoBbeM 

(Colsher and Wallace 1989; Poikolainen 1994). RocTaTOLIHO BecKHe 

DOKa3aTenbCTBa no HLIIeMHLIeCKOMy HHCynbTy, HO He n0 KpOBOH3nHSIHHIO 

B MO3r, OTMeLieHbl HH)Ke. B OTHOLIIeHHH HeKOTOpbIX upyrl-ix 

3aLIjHTH6IX 31P(PeKTOB, KaxCyUjHeCSi nOJIOxCHTen6HbIMH pe3ynbTaTbl, 

CKOpee BCero, He COOTBeTCTByiOT teNCTBHTenbHOCTH (Thijs et al 

1991; Bouter 1988, CM. BbILLIe). 

74

3.6 IIOTPE6J1EHVIE AJIKO1-011A 14 HErATV1BHbIE 

cD13114ECKVIE I1OCf1E,gCTBN1A 

3noynoTpe6neHHe anxoroneM noBbllnaeT pHCK 3a6oneBaeMocTH 

H CMepTHOCTH, H CTeneHb pHCKa B03paCTaeT C nOBbIIIIeHHeM ypOBHSI 

noTpe6neHHx. Haine noxHMaHHe TOrO, LiTO KpOeTCSI 3a 3THM 

yTBepxcAexxeM, o6oraukeno pa6oTaMH, npose,rkexxblMH 3a nocneAHHe 

20 neT. C O,gHOii CTOpOHbI, HMeHHO B 3TOT nepxoA HaKOIIHnHCb 

MHOrHe H3 TOnbKO LITO paCCMOTpeHHbIX ,Ij0Ka3aTenbCTB, KOTOpble 

II0Ka3bIBaiOT, LITO nOTpe6neHHe B He601IbLIIHX ,Iko3aX MO)KeT CHH3HTb 

pHCK BO3HHKHOBeHH51 KbC. C jjpyrOii CTOpOHbI, 3a 3TH jjeCSlTHneTHSI 

6bin npoAneH nepeLiexb npo6neM 3.ijOpOBb5I, B BO3HHKHOBeHHH 

KOTOpbIX noTpe6neHHe anKOronSI HrpaeT OnpeAeneHHyIO ponb, a CHna 

,IftOKâ3aTeJIbCTB npHLIHHHOrO BnHSIHHSI anKOrOnSI B03pOCna. O606LuaSI 

3TH AOKa3aTenbCTBa, MbI OnHpaeMCSI 3AeCb B OCHOBHOM Ha nOCJIe,ijHHe 

o63opbl coorseTCTByiouceH nHTepaTyp6l (Anderson et al. 1993; 

Anderson 1994; Duffy 1992). 

BepxblM oCTaeTCSI TO, LITO B HaLLIeM pacnopxxceHHH 6onbLLle 

3nxAeMHOnorHLiecKHx AaHHbix o cMepTHocTH, geM o 3a6oneBaeMocTH. 

r10 3TOi-i npHIIHHe OCHOBHOe BHHMaHHe 3ACCb 6OnblIIei%[ LIaCTbIO 

CKOHLjeHTpHpoBaHO Ha CB5I3aHHOii C nOTpe6neHHeM aJIKOTOnSi 

CMepTHOCTH. TeM He McHee, Hy)KHO npH3HaTb, LiTO nOTpe6neHHe 

anKOTOnSI CB5I3aHO TaK)Ke C 6OnbIIIHM KOnHLIeCTBOM 3a60neBaHHIi, 

KOTOpble He npHBOASiT K CMepTH. 

3.6.1 3noKayecrseHHbie onyxonN 

B o63ope AanxbIx Me)KAyxapoAHoro areHTCTSa Hccne,IjosaHHi%I 

paxa (1988) cAenaxo 3aKJIIOLIeHHe, LITo anxoronb HMeeT npHLIHHHyio 

CBSI3b C BO3HHKHOBeHHeM paKa pOTOBOil nOJIOCTH, rnOTKH, ropTaHH, 

IIHII(eBOAa H neLIeHH. B 60nbiIIHHCTBe HCCneAOBaHHM rOBOpHTC51 O 

cylljeCTBOSaHHH B3aHMOCB5I3H "Ao3a - OTBeTHaS1 peaKL;HSI" nocne 

yLIeTa nOTeHuHânbHblX COCTâBnSIK)LuHX, TaKHX KaK KypeHHe; H 3Ta 

B3aHMOCB5I3b, no-BHAHMOMy, AeliCTBHTenbHa KaK AnSI My)KLiHH, TaK H 

AnSI )KeHIuHH. ,E(aHHaSI B3aHMOCB5I3b He 51BnS1eTCSI npSIMOnHHeiiHOi%I, a 

nOKâ3bIBaeT nOA-heM KpHBOH npH BbICOKHX ypOBHSIX noTpe6neHHSI 

(Duffy and Sharples 1992). no ouexxe Rothman (1980) H3-3a 

npHLIHHHOrO yLIaCTHSi B BO3HHKHOBeHHH 3THX THIIOB paKa ânKOronb 

OTBeTCTBeHeH npH6nH3HTenbH0 3a 3% BCeX CnyLlaes paKa B CHIA. B 

ApyrHx cTpaxax, C ApyrOH cXeMOii paCnpOCTpaHeHHOCTH pa3nHLIHbIX 

THnOB palm, BenHLixxa, BepoSITHO, 6y,tkeT ApyroH. 

75

3a nocne,gHNe HeCKOnbKO neT 6bin ony6nNKOBaH pAA 

NCCneJ),OBaHNii no aJIKOronlo H paxy rpyJiN y >KeHLuNH. 

HaKanJINBaIOTCA ,IZaHHble HO B3aNMOCBSI3H "JZ03a - OTBeTHâA peaKuNSI" 

(cM. nJInIoCTpauNlo 3.2.), nOKa3bIBaIOII[Ne OTHOCNTenbHO MeJZneHHOe, 

HO cTa6Nnbxoe noBbIIIIeHIie plicxa C yBenNT-IexxeM noTpe6neHNA 

aJIKOronA. CynJecTByloT HexoTOpble pa3nNLINA B pe3ynbTaTax, N 

OTHOCNTenbHblÎl PUCK HeBenNK, XOTA CXOAeH no BenNT-INHe CO 

MHOrNMN gpyrNMN yCTaHOBneHHbIMN clalcTOpaMN pNcxa paxa (Kelsey 

1993), a MHeHNA O TOM, CyII(eCTByeT nN 3,IZeCb npNT-INHHâA B3aNMOCBA3b, 

no-npexcneMy pacxoJjATcA (Hunter and Willett 1993; McPherson et al 

1993; Rosenberg et al 1993). OTHOCNTenbxblïl PUCK ananN3NpoBancA 

C yLi2TOM HeKOTOpbIX nOTeHuNâJIbHbIX COCTaBnAx)IIjNX CpaKTOPOs 

pNCKa. BCe npouNTNpOBaHHble NCCnegOBaHNA yiiNTbIBâJIN nOKâ3aTenb 

Maccbl Tena, a Schatzkin et al 1987 H Willett et al 1987 TaKxce 

yLliiTblBanN JjNeTy. 

Tal0Ke HaKaIIJINBaeTCA BCe 60nbule AaHHbIX 06 OTHOCNTenbHO 

Cna60Ii B3a1,1MOCBA3N "Jj03a - OTBeTHaA peaxuNA" Me>KJjy noTpe6neHNeM 

aJIKOPOJIA H BO3HNKHOBeHNeM paxa npAMON H TOnCTOIi KNUIKN j[JIA 

0601fX nOJIOB, C BO3MO>KHbIM CneuNCIINHHbIM 34pC1.1eKTOM npN 

noTpe6JIeHNN nNSa (Longnecker 1992; Meyer and White 1993). Flo 

ouenxe Longnecker,aJlKOronb noTeHuNanbxo HeceT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 

3a yLiaCTNe B BO3HNKHOBeHNN 3THX JjByX BNJjOB paxa H 3a 1% BCeX 

cnrlaes paxoBblx 3a6onesaHNH B CILIA. 

3.6.2 %iHCyJ1bT N nNfl@pTOHH4@CKâA 6011@3Hb 

ITOBbIuleHHOe KPOBAHOe JjaBneHNe CNJIbHO BnNAeT Ha 

BO3MO>KHOCTb BO3H14KHOBeHH51 NHCynbTa, H 3T0 o3HaTiaeT, LITO B 

,rk aHHOIi O6naCTN MbI MO>KeM OHNpaTbCA Ha NCCnegOBaHNA H n0 

3a60neBaeMOCTH, N no CMepTHOCTN. bOnbIIINHCTBO NCCneJjOBaHHIi 

My>oiNH, npoaHânN3NpOBaHHbIX B Anderson et al (1993), 

nOKa3bIBaIOT CyüjeCTBOBaHHe B3aNMOCBA314 " Jj03a - OTBeTHaA 

peaKuNA" Me>ICuy nOTpe6neHNeM ânKOrOnA H Kat( RNaCTOnNileCKNM, 

TaK H CNCTOJINLIeCKNM KpOBAHbIM AaBneHNeM, H B OKOJIO nOJIOBNHe 

NCCneJIOBaHNII TaK>xe 06Hapy>KNBaeTCSI 3Ta CBA3b. JIA 

06o14X nOJIOB (1)aKTbI, KaCaIOUjNeCA BOnpoca, CyujeCTByeT RH JjaHHâA 

B3aNMOCBA3b TOnbKO BbIUle noporosoro ypOBHA noTpe6neHNA, 

npoTNBOpeigNBbI (Beaglehole and Jackson 1992). 

76

3.5 

3.0 

2.5 

2.0 

1.5 

1.0 

0.5 

00 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 

rpaMMbI âJIKOrOJISI B eHb 

HJIJIIOCTpagHH 3.2 CMepTHOCTb B pe3ynbTaTe palm rpyAH y 

WeHI1114H: noTpe6neHlie aJIKO1-On5I H OTHOCHTenbHbIli pHCK. 1-15ITb 

AnHTenbHblX HCCneAOBaHHIi. Hiatt and Bawol (1984), ; Hiatt et al. 

(1988), +; Schatzkin et al. (1987), ; Willett et al. (1987), 1=1; 

Gatspur et al. (1992), . 

MHoro nbIOLL[He My>ICYHHbI nOABepraioTCA nOBbIHIeHHOMy pHCKy 

cMepTH OT nio6OrO BHAa HHCynbTa (HnnioCTpaLIHA 3.3). 3TOT 

pe3ynbTaT, BO3MO>KHO, npHMeHHM TaK>Ke H An5I >KeHI1jHH. 

Bo BCeX HCCneAOBaHHAX, npeACTaBneHHbIX Ha AaHHOH 

HJInK)CTpaLIHH, OTHOCHTenbHblÎ-i pHCK paCCi-IHTbIBanCA npH rte-re 

Bo3pacTa H KypeHHA, a B HceneAoBaHHAX Kono et al (1986), H 

Boffetta H Garfinkel (1990) TaK>Ke yLIHTbIBanCA nOKâ3aTenb 

KpoBAHOro AaBneHHA. r1pHAep>KHBaAcb 3TOrO O6LLIerO BbIBOAa no 

(13H3HOnorHtlecKHM H 3nHAeMHOnormecKHM npHLIHHaM, Mo>KI-Io 

npeAnOJIO>KHT6, 3Ta CB5136 C nOTpe6neHHeM anKoronA MO>KeT 

6bITb pa3nHLiHa AnA pa3nHLIHbIX BHAOB HHCynbTa (Arria and Van Thiel 

70 

77

1992). TaKHM O6pa3OM, BbIACHHJIOCb, 'ITO CyLueCTByeT 

npH6111431-1TenbH0 npAMOnHHeiiHâA B3aHMOCB513b Mexcziy KOJIH'IeCTBOM 

nOTpe6neHH51 H BO3HHKHOBeHHeM KpOBOH3nHAHHA B M031", no KpaiiHeii 

Mepe, B npeuenax OnpejjeneHHOrO CeKTOpa KpHBOÎi pucka; c Jzpyroii 

CTOpOHbl CyIIÿeCTByIOT HeKOTOpble ,ZZOKa3aTenbCTBa J-O6pa3HOti 

B3aHMOCB513H C HLIIeMHLIeCKHM HHCynbTOM, nOKa3bIBaK)LuHe, 'ITO 

no-rpe6neHue B MânblX Jÿ03aX COKpaLuaeT pHCK, a B 60nbLnHX - 

nosbiLLlaeT ero (Arria and Van Thiel 1992; Anderson et al 1993; 

Beaglehole and Jackson 1992). 

3.6.3 CeppevHble 3a6oneeaHNsi (KpoMe K5C) 

3noynoTpe6neHlie anxoroneM CB513axO c nosblllleHIieM 

BO3MO)KiIOCTH BO3HHKHOBeHI351 Cepjje'IHoti apHTMHH, KapgHOMHOnaTHH H 

BHe3anHOrl KOpOHapHOri CMepTH, }COTA CpaKTOB Jÿ0 CHX nop He 

JÿOCTaTOLIHO, 'iTO6bI OnpeJÿenHTb B3aHMOCB513b ",I[03a - OTBeTHaA 

peaKLlnA" (Anderson et al 1993). OuexKH nponopuHH cnytiaeB 

KapJÿHOMHOnaTHH, KOTOpble MO>iCHO COOTHeCTH C nOTpe6neHHeM 

anKOrOnA, BapbHpyioTCA OT 21% go 32% B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT 

XapaKTepa rpynnbl H3ytiaeMOrO HaceneHHA (Arria and Van Thiel 

1992). Nccne>zosaHHe cnymaeB clH6pI-inAuHH npeAcepJÿHA y nioJÿert B 

BO3paCTe AO 65 neT nOKa3an0, TITO noTpe6neHHe aJIKOronA 6bIJI0 

npHLiHHOri, HnH O,ijHOii H3 npHLIHH B JÿByX T1JeTbHX BCeX cnytiaeB 

(Arria and Van Thiel 1992). 

3.6.4 1..(Nppo3 neyeHN 

POnb nOTpe6neHHA aJIKOrOnA B BO3HHKHOBeHHH L(Hppo3a ne'IeHH 

TOLIHO yCTaHOBneHa (Smart and Mann 1992). B HeTponHmecKHx 

CTpaHaX CO 3Ha'IHTenbHbIM ypOBHeM n0Tpe6neHH5I aJIK0ro116, 

BepoATHO, HeCeT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a 60nee 9eM 80% Bcex cny'iaes 

CMepTH B pe3ynbTaTe uHppo3a (Schmidt 1977; Puffer and Griffith 

1967). B3aHMOCB513b "jÿo3a - OTBeTHaA peaKL[HA" JÿJIA )ICeHLuHH, KaK 

B6ISICHHJIOCb, ABJIAeTCA 60nee pe3KOIi, 'IeM JÿnA My)K'IHH (Anderson et 

al 1993). 

3.6.5 OCO6eHHOCTN (pOpMbI KpNBbIX pNCKa 

Cne,i);yeT Bo3gepmaTbcA OT n106oro O6O6LuaioLuerO yTBeNiC,IleHHA 

n0 KpHBbIM pHCKa TaKHX pa3HOO6pa3HbIX naTOJIOrHrI. AJIA uHppo3a 

ne'-ieHH COOTHOLneHHe mower npH6nH]KaTbCA K 3KCn0HeHTe, B TO 

78

3.0 

2.5 

2.0 

1.5 

1.0 

0.5 

00 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 

rpaMMbI aJIK0r0JI51 B ,itexb 

HJInIOCTpaLjHSI 3.3 CMepTHOCTb B pe3ynbTaTe HHCynbTa cpeAH 

My>KLIHH: nOTpe6neHHe anKOTOnA H OTHOCHTenbHbIli pHCK. CeMb 

HccneAosaHHFt. B AoxnaAe Kono et al (1986) rIHTbBan HapAAy co 

CMepTHOCTbIO cnyLiaH BO3HHKHOBeHHA HHCynbTa. Donahue et al 

(1986), ; Gill et al (1986), +; Kono et al (1986), ; Semenciw et al. 

(1988), ; Shaper et al (1991), A ; Ben-Shlomo et al (1992), O ; 

Boffetta and Garfinkel (1990), A . 

BpeMA KaK AnA pa3nHT-IHbIX THROB palm B3aHMOCB5I3b Bblpa>KeHa 

rpaitiHKOM 6onee nHHeIiHON ItlOpMbI, HO C pe3KHM nOAbeMOM Ha 

BbICOKHX ypOBHAX nOTpe6neHHA. ,EJIA OnpeAeneHHorO =menu 

naTOJIOrHIi MO)KHO 06OCHOBaHHO 3aKn101-IHTb, LITO KaK AMA My>KLIHH, 

TaK H AnA >KeHIIjHH pHCx yBenHLIHBaeTCA Ha 10% - 30% npH ypoBHe 

noTpe6neHHA OKOno 20 r B Aexb. 

80 

79

3.7 f10TPE6J1EHVIE AJ1KOt-01151, HEC4ACTHbIE CJIY4AV1 

N HACMJ1VIE 

Anxoronb AeJiaeT nbiouwero *Ienosexa HenosopoTnHSbLM, HapyutaeT 

CnOCO6HOCTb MbICnHTb, BOCnpHHFiMaTb H JjBHraTbCA, 60nblAee 

KOnH9eCTBO BbInIiTOrO BbI3bIBaeT 60nbnIyl0 HeyKnIO)xecTb. TaKHM 

o6pa30M, anKOrOnb HrpaeT 3HaLIHTenbHylO pall/3 B BO3HHKHOBCHHH 

Henpe,i(HaMepeHHbIX TpaBM H CMepTeI%I (Romelsjö 1994). LIacTHtIHO 

H3-3a Crl00060B nOTpe6neHHA, LlaCTHLIHO H3-3a OTCyTCTBHA OnblTa H 

BbIHOCJIHBOCTH, n0J106Hble TpaBMbl 0006eHHO 'IaCTO CnyLiaLOTCA C 

MOJIOJ1;bIMH nIOAbMH BO MHOTHX o61IJeCTBâX. CBA3aHHble C anKoroneM 

TpaBMbi BHOCAT 3HaLIHTenbHbiii BKnaJj B KOnHLIeCTBO CMepTeii, 

CBA3aHHbIX C anKOrOneM, OCo6eHH0 KOrJta 3T0 BbIpâ)KaeTCA B L[HcppaX 

nOTepAHHbIX neT )KH3HH. HanpHMep, Koma J2,aeTCA oLieHKa TOrO, LITO 

B ABCTpanHH anKOTOnb HeceT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a 26% LIHCJIO cMepTeii, 

CBA3aHHbIX C HapKOTHLIBCKHMH BemeCTBaMH (npoTHB IJHLppbl - 71% J[JIA 

Ta6aKa), TO OH OTBeLIaeT 3a 40% nOTepAHHbiX neT )KH3HH (Pols and 

Hawks 1992). 

CYLuecTBYLOT JZaBHO ycTaxosnexxbie TpaJÿHLJHH HCCneJ10BaHHid B 

OTHOLLIeHHH HapyLIIeHHA nOBeJIeHIiA nOJl BnHAHHeM anKOTOnA, 

COpHeHTHpOBaHHble, B OCHOBHOM, Ha H3yLIeHHe nOBeAeHHA npH 

BO)KJjeHHH aBTOMO6HnA, H K 3TOLi nHTepaType MbI BepHeMCA eme pa3 

B rnase 7. B OTLIeTe KoHrpeccy HaIjHOHanbHâSi aAMHHHCTpaLIHA 

6e3onacHocTH 4opoxcHOro JZBH)KeHHA CILIA (U.S National Highway 

Traffic Safety Administration 1992) nouBena HTOFH no BnHAHHIO 

noTpe6neHHA anxoronA B oTHOCHTenbxO He6onbLLlHx KOnHLIecTBax Ha 

pa3nHLlHble THnbI nOBeJ1eHHA npH BOW,LIeHHH TpaHCnOpTHbIX CpeJZCTB 

HnH CBA3aHHbIX C 3THM HâBbIKOB. HapyLLIeHHA B nOBeJZeHHH, KOTOpble 

MO)KHO H3MepHTb, nOSIBnALOTCA Jjâ)Ke Ha ypoBHe nOTpe6neHHA oJZHOii 

J103bI, XOTA CaM BbInHBIllHFi LIâcTO yBepeH, LITO ero noBeAeHHe Ha 

CaMOM Jlene ynyLLLIIHJIOCb (Morrow et al 1991). COOTBeTCTBeHHO (KâK 

nOKâ3aHO Ha I'IJInIOCTpaLjHH 3.4) He CYLLjeCTByeT LIeTKOrO noporOBorO 

yposHA JIJIA B3aHMOCB513H co,iJepACaHHA anKOronA B KpOBH H 

Jtopo)KHbix asapHii. 

To we cnpaBeaJIHBO H AAA CBA3aHHOii C 3THM cMepTHOCTH, 

npI-iLIeM oHa pe3K0 ysenHLlHBaeTCA C nOBbIIIIeHHeM co,LjepxcaHHA 

aJlxoronA B KpOBH (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 

1992). XOTA nbloujHe 6onee cTaplllero Bo3pacTa, nOTpe6nALOLIjHe 

anKOTOnb LLaLIZe, MeHee BOCnpHHMLIHBbi K ero B03JZeiiCTBHLO, 

B3aHMOCBA3b OCTaeTCA ,noCTaTOLIHo nOKa3aTenbHOii. 

80

C73 

ta. 

700 

600 

500 

400 

300 

CG1 

O 

x ? 200 

Fr 

a) 100 

0 

sa, 

0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 

YpoBeHb CAK 

i(JIJIEOCTpaI(HA 3.4 ,LlOpO>iCHO-TpaHCnOpTHble npOHCLHeCTBHM: 

ypOBeHb CAK BoAHTeJ151 H OTHOCHTeJIbHbIN PUCK B031114KHOBeHi35I 

asapHH, 0603HaileHHbIFi OTAeJIbH0 B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT LiaCTOTbI 

noTpe6neHH5I. gaxxble Grand Rapids BTOpHHHO npoaHaJiH3Hposaxbl. 

HaL[IiOHâJIbHble AaHHble no CHIA. Pa3 B rOA - R; pa3 B MeCMt[ -+; 

pa3 B HeAenio - ; Tpli pa3a B He,IZeJIo - ; e)KeAHeBHO- A . 

HCTOtIHHx: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (1992). 

AJIKOrOJIb Tax)Ke CBM3aH C npeAHaMepeHH6IM HaCHJIHeM KaK n0 

OTHOIHeHHIO K ce6e, TaK H K ApyrHM (Romelsjö 1994). 3Aecb npHpoAa 

B3aHMOCBM3H 605Iee cnOpHaM; B AonoJIHeHHe K nCHXOaKTHBHbIM 

3(lCpeKTaM, CBM3b MexcAy anxoroJIeM H HacHJliieM oTpa>KaeT 

CCpopMlipoBaxxoe KyJlbTypOH BOCnpH51THe anKOrOJIM H Aa>Ke pOJIH 

BbInHBKIi KaK CMMpIaloHjero O6cTOMTeJIbcTBa. B O61AeM, CLIHTaeTCM 

Heltenecoo6pa3HbIM cpasHHBaTb cooTBeTCTByIOIuHe xpHSble pHcxa no 

nOCTpaAaBLHHM H no oxâ3aBLLIHMCSI TM )Ke HenocTpaAaBIIIIiM JIiOAMM, 

KaK 3T0 AeJIaeTCM npH AOpO)KHO-TpaHCnopTHbIX npOHCIIIeCTBHMX. HeT 

CMbICJla, HanpHMep, CpaBHHBaTb KOHneHTpanHiO aJIKOrOJIM B KpOBH 

CaMOy6H4iL[bI, KOTOpbIFi cHpbIrHyJI C MOCTa, H 3Ty )Ke KOHLjeHTpaL[Hio 

y iieJIOBeKa, KOTOpbIl3 HAeT no TOMy )Ke MOCTy, B TO)Ke BpeMM Ha 

cJIeAyiOLLtHN AeHb. .J1yLüHHe AOKa3aTeJIbcTBa npHIiHHHOIi B3aHMOCB5I3H 

nOTpe6JIeHHM anKOrOJIM H caMOy6HiicTS, HaCHJIH5I B CCMbe H ApyrHx 

CB513aHHbIX C HaCHJIHeM npeCTynJIeHHA MO)KHO cxOpee HOJIyLIHTb Ha 

yposxe o6o6HteHHM, =IeM Ha OCHOBe HHAHBHAyaJIbHbIX AaHHbIX, H 

81

no3TOMy 3TO o6cy)KaaeTCA B cneJjyrolijei4 rnaae (cM. TaioiCe Romelsjö 

1994). 

TeM He McHee, HeT HHKaKOTO COMHeHHA, LITO ypOBeHb 

noTpe6neHHA anKOronA CBA3aH B 3HatI14TenbHO14 cTeneHIi C 

KpHM1414anbHbIM nOBeJieHHeM. TlacTi3TIHO, 3Ta B3aI3MOCBA3b npocnexcexa 

6naroJiapA Cne1iH4HTIHbIM npecTynneHHAM: BoxczteHHe B HeTpe3BOM 

BHJie H nbAHCTBO B o61IjeCTBexxbIX MecTax. I4J1n1ocTpagHA 3.5a, 

HCHOnb3y5I ,IjaHHble HCCneJ(OBaHHA 60nbulOi4 rpynnbl B3pOCnbIX 

rpaxcRaH CHIA B 1988 roJty, nOKa3blsaeT, LITO npogeHTHaA JiORA 

nroJiei4, oco3Haroujiix, i-ITO OHH BOJi14nH mammy B Te'IeHHe 

nOCne,gHero roJia "Hoene CJIHLIIKOM 6Onb4110r4 ,g03bI BbInI-ITOrO", 

HaLIHHaeT yBeJI1iLIriBaTbCA C HyneBOro yposHA noTpe6neHHA H 

JieriCTBHTenbH0 pe3K0 B03paCTaeT Ha ypOBHAX HHxCe OJjHOri JiO3bI B 

Jienb (1 Jio3a - 10 r LIHCTOro anxoronA) (Midanik et al 1994). B 3TOH 

xce rpynne JionA nloAeH, coo611ia1ouiHx, tlTO OHH "6bInH apecTOSaHbr 

HRH HMenH npo6neMbl C nORH1(Herr 143-3a csoero COCTOAHHA 

onbAHexHA" B TegeHHe npoulnoro roJia (HnnlocTpauHA 3.56) 

yBenHLIHBaeTCA B 6onee McJ(JIexxOM TeMne c nosblIIleHlieM o6veMa 

BbInHTOrO npH oTCyTCTBHH nOpOrOBOrO ypOBHA JiRA MyxCLIHH 

(Midanik 1994). 

OJiHa 143 CaMbIX T-IeTKrILX B3a14MOCB51361, KOTOpâA npoCnexCriBaeTCA B 

nHTepaType, 3T0 - MexCJly noTpe6ReHHeM anKOrOnA H HeKOTOpbIMH 

cliopMaMH B14KTHMH3a1iHH (Room 1983a). Orpa6neHHe H 

H3HaCHJI0BaHHe ABRAIOTCA npeCTynneHHAMH, ARA KOTOpbIX genOBeK B 

COCTOAHHH OnbAHeHHSI MOxCeT CTaTb RerKOÎ4 xcepTBOH. bonee 7-IaCro 

HaCHnHe npOABJISIeTCA ripa noTpe6neHHH anKOronA B hapax HRH B 

JipyrHx yCROBHAX, I'ne H HacHnbHHK H xcepTBa BMecTe BbInHBaIOT. B 

KaxaJicKOM HanHOHanbxoM onpoce (Canadian national survey, Room 

et al 1994) yKa3bIBâROCb Ha BeCbMa CTa6HnbHOe nOBbIIneHHe 

BO3MOxCHOCTH TOrO, LITO B TelIeHHH rOJia Bac "TORKHCT, yJiapHT HRH 

Ha Bac HanaJieT nbAHbIri LIenOBeK"C nOBbIUIeHHeM o6beMa BbInHTOTO 

CaMHM peCHOHJieHTOM (I4JInK)CTpanHA 3.6.). PeCnOHJieHTbl, KOTOpble 

BbInHBâJIH 5 rpaMM 3TaHORa HnH 6o11ee J1O3 3a oJiHH npneM XOTA 6b1 

pa3 B MeCAIi, 6onee BepOATHO, LIeM JipyrHe c T0M we ypOBHeM 

noTpe6neHHA, noJiBepranHCb HacHRHrO Co CTOpOHb1 Jipyrrlx 

BbInHBarOIIjHX, HO JiaxCe xis' TeX, KTO He nbeT TaK MHOFO, BO3MO)KHOCTb 

nOJjBeprHyrbCA HacHnH10 CO CTOpOHbI JipyrHx BbInHBaIOL1[HX Bo3pacTaeT 

nocTeneHHO c pocTOM ofteMa noTpe6neHHA. 

82

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

20 

(a) 

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 

KOnHLIeCTBO BbIHHBOK B AeHb 3a npeAblAyIIIHN rOA 

0.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 

KOJIHLreCTBO BbIHHBOK B AeHb B rlpoulnoM ro,gy 

HJIJIIOCTpauHH 3.5 BONCjjeHHe B HeTpe3BOM BHAe. (a) IIOTpe6JIeHHe 

aJIKOrOnSI H HpOneHT COO6MIiBIIIFiX, LITO BOAHnH MaIIIHHy "noc.ne 

CJIHÜIKOM 60nbIII0ir A03bI BbIHHTOI'O" 3a Hpe,ablAyIIjHe 12 MeCSIr[eB, 

AaHHble IIO MpKLIHHaM H xKeHII.[HHaM AaHbI OTAeJIbHO. US National 

Health Interview Survey, 1988. I4CTOLIHHK: Midanik et al. (1994). 

(6) ApeCT HJIH Hp06neMbl C rIOnHuHei%I H3-3a HeTpe3BOI'O COCTOSIHHSI. 

6 

83

10Tpe6neHHe anKOrOnA H npOljeHTHaA AOnA CTOJIKHyBIIIHXCA C 

noA06HbIMH np06neMaMH 3a npeA6IAyH(He 12 MeCALteB, AaHHble no 

MyxCLIHHâM H )ICeHH(HHâM ABHbI OTAeR6H0. 1'1CTO'-IHHK: Midanik et al 

(1994). - MyxcgHHbI, - x

50 

40 

1 -100 101 -250 251 -400 > 400 

IIOTpe6JIeHI4e âJIKOI'OJISI B HegeJIfO (r) 

HJIJIiOCTpa[(HA 3.7 CMepTHOCTb CpeAH MOJIOAbIX MymKLIi3HnpH3bIBHHKOB 

B apMHIO IIOTpe6neHHe aJIKOronSi (rpaMMbI B 

HeAeniO) H CMepTHOCTb Ha 1000 LIenOBeK 3a nOCneAyiOluHe 15 neT B 

pe3ynbTaTe HaCidnHSI ( ) H Apyrxx npHLIHH ( ). I'ICTOiiHHK : 

Andréasson et al.(1988). 

3.8 HE6J1AfOf1PVIfITHbIE COL.WIAJIbHbIE f1OCJ1E,gCTBV151 

f1OTPE611EHV1FI AJIKOrOJ1f1 

I'IccneAoBaHIiH TeHAeHul3%i B COuHanbxoii 3nH0/eMHOJI0rHH anKOronSl 

o6Hapy]KHJIH nIHpOKHI%I Kpyr COuHanbHbIX npo6neM, CBSI3aHHbIX C 

noTpe6neHHeM anxorOJlSi, ynoMHHaeMblx B 061uHX onpocax HaceneHHSI, 

BKniOLIaSI np06neMbl B CeMbe, C Apy3bSIMH H Ha pa6oTe, (iHHaHCOBble 

np06neMbl, apeCTbl H npo6neMbl c nonnuHeli. EcnH paccMaTpHBaTb 

HX C COuHOJIOrHLIeCKOIi TOLIKH 3peHHSi, 60nbIIIHHCTBO COuxaJlbHbIX 

noCneACTBHii nOTpe6neHHSI anKOrOnSI COCTOSIT H3 AByX 3neMeHTOB: 

85

CO6CTBeHHO nbAHCTBa HnH CBA3aHHOI'o C HHM nOBejteHHA H peaKuHA 

KOTO-TO eue (TLneHa CeMbH, Jtpyra, ociHuepa nonHuHH, HailanbHi3Ka 

no pa6oTe H TaK ,Ranee) Ha 3T0 nOBeJteHHe. C 3TOii TOi-IKH 3peHlüf 

KpHBble pHCKa MO)KHO paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK nOKa3aTenb BepOATHOCTH 

TorO, TITO JtaHHOe nOTpe6neHHe anKOronA BbI3OBeT onpe,ReneHHylo 

cpOpMy cOuHanbHOFi peaKuHH. 

Mkel (1978) H Midanik (1994) paccMaTpHBanH B3aHMOCB513b 

onpeJtenexxbix THnoB noTpe6neHHA H COuHanbHbIX nocnej(CTBHIi. 

OCHOBHOi-I BbIBO,R COCTOHT B TOM, TITO BepOATHOCTb COL[HânbHbIX 

nOCneJjCTBHi7 BO3paCTaeT C ypOBHeM nOTpe6neHH5I anKOrOJIA, KaK 6bI 

OH He H3MepAJICA. 1'1JUIIOCTpauHA 3.8 JteMOHeTpHpyeT 3T0 npHMepaMH 

JtaHHbIX 143 KaHa,nCKOrO HauHOHanbHOro onpoca niOJteli CTapnIe 15 neT 

(Room et al 1994), B KOTOpOM IIbIOIItHX CnpaulHBaloT: LIysCTBOBanH nH 

OHH, TITO MX BbInHBKa HMena oTpHuaTenbxoe BnHAHHe 3a npeJtblJtyLuHe 

12 McCAueB Ha Ka)knyIO H3 IIIecTH Ccpep IIX >KH3HH. 

25 

YeenHVeHHOe H3o6pa>tceHme neeoro HMKHero yrna 

0 1 

1.5 2 2.5 

KOJIHTIeCTBO BbInHBaeM6IX J103 B ,i(eHb 3a npOLLLnblii rOJi 

HJInIOCTpauHII 3.8 HeraTHBHble COUHanbHble nOCneJjCTBHA 

nOTpe6neHHA anKOrOnA. rloTpe6neHHe anKOrOnA (KOnHTieCTBO ,RO3 - 

10 r TLHCTOro ânKOTOnA - B JteHb) H HaHeCëHHblii yntep6 B 6 c(PepaX 

)KH3HH no COO6LIteHHIO peCnoH,ReHTOB. gaHHble HauHOHânbHOrO 

onpoca Kaxa,Rbi. l'1cTOTIHIiK : Room et al 1994. JE1pyx(6a - * , 

3,Roposbe - +, CTiaCTbe - , ,ROMaLIIHAA )1CH3Hb -O , pa6oTa, yTie6a, 

BO3MO)ICHOCTb yCTpOHTbCA Ha pa6oTy - , (l)HHaHCbI - . 

86

41,1I51 Kâ>iCAOIi Cctlepbl >KH3HH COOTHOIneHHe npii'-IHHeHHOrO Bpesqa 

yBenHLIHBaeTCSI AOCTâTO'-IHO nOCTeneHHO C nOSbIIIieHHeM 06beMa 

BbInHTOrO 6e3 OnpeAeneHHOI%I KpHTH'-IeCKOÎ-i AO3bI anKOrOnSI, HH>Ke 

KOTOpOi3 nbloll[He He HaHOCAT ce6e speAa. B uenOM, B H3rIaeMoii 

rpynne LIHCno niOAeii, co06ivasIIIHX, tITO noTpe6neHHe a.nKOronsl 

HaHOCHT BpeA B AByx HnH 6onee Ci-4)epaX >KH3HH, TaiUKe noCTeneHHo 

Bo3paCTaJio C nosblIIleHHeM O6beMa BbIHHTOI'O (HnniOCTpaI(HA 3.9). B 

onpoce B3pOCnbIX, npoBeAeHHOM B HoBOii 3enaHAHH, 14CHOnb30BanH 

TaKHe >ICe BOnpOCbl H o6Hapy>KHJIH n0'ITIi npslMOnHHeiiHyiO B3aHMOCB5I3b 

Me>KAy o6beMoM noTpe6neHHSi H cpeAHHM 'IHCJIOM Ccpep >KH3HH, B 

KoTopbix, Kai( coo6luanocb, noTpe6neHHe anicoronsl Haxecno y'uep6 npu 

HeKOTOpOM cHH>KCHHeM ypoBHSI HaHeCeHHA yiuep6a Ha BbIcH.Idi 

KaTeropHH noTpe6nexHA anxoronsl (Wyllie et al 1993). 

KOnH4eCTBO BbIHHBaeMbIX AO3 B AeHb 3a npOIIIJIbIIi rOA 

HJIJIIOCTpaIuHi 3.9 OnbIT AByX Hull 6onee OTpHuaTenbHbIX 

nOCneACTBHiï nOTpe6neHHA anKOronSl. rlOTpe6neHHe aJIKOronSl 

(KOJ1HPieCTBO A03 - 10 r LIHCTOro anKOronA B AeHb) H npoueHT 

pecnoHAeHTos, COO61uaiolgHX o Asyx HnH 6o5Iee nocneACTBHAx: 

My>KiiHHbI - , >KeHn.[HHbI - 11, B 061ueM - . gaHHbie 

HaI(HOHanbHOrO onpoca KaHaAbi. l'ICTO'iHHK : ROOM et al 1994. 

87

B KaHa,IjCKOM HCCnej[OBaHHH Ha HH3KHX ypOBHAX nOTpe6neHHA 

My)K9HHbI 6onee LIaCTO, item )ICeHIIjHHbI c006njaK)T O Bpe,ge B AByx 

HJIH 6onee 3aTpOHyTbIX cd-Jepax, HO BbIIIIe ypOBHA 11On-j103bl (5 r 

LIHCTOrO aJIKOronA) B JjeHb, pe3ynbTaTbl RRA My)ICLIHH H)KCHIIjHH 6b111H 

CXOjIibIMH (IIJIJIfOCTpaL[HA 3.9). Pe3ynbTaTbl jl,nA ypoBHeH noTpe6neHHA 

6onee nOn-J103b1 B JjeHb noATBepxcgaloT 06HjHN BbIBOjj, 'ITO )KeHIIjHHbI 

MeHee OXOTHO C0061IjaIOT O COIjHanbHbIX np06neMax, BO3HHKâIOII(HX Ha 

OnpegeneHHOM ypOBHe noTpe6neHHA, item My)K'IHHbI. C IjpyrOH 

CTOpOHbI, MOJIO,L[ble JHOjjH 06bIinI0 c0061I(aKYr o 60nbIIIeM KOnHLIeCTBe 

COIjHanbHbIX npO6neM, iieM peCHOH,IjeHTbI cpe,AHerO BO3paCTa npH 

paBHOM yposxe noTpe6neHHA (Midanik 1994). 

KaK H B Cnyllae C pe3ynbTaTaMH 0 BO3MO)ICHOCTH noz[seprHyTbcA 

HaCHJIHIO CO CTOpOHbI JjpyrOrO nbIOIIjerO, B KaHaj(CKOM 

HCCneJjOBaHHH Te, KTO BbInHBaeT nATb (1 p03a - 10 r'iHCTOrO 

anKOrOJIA) HnH 6onee ,gO3 3a O,IjHH npHeM XOTA 6bI pa3 B MeCAL[, 6onee 

OXOTHO, item zipyrHe, nOTpe6n5loujHe anKOPOnb B TOM xce 

KOnHi-IeCTSe, COO6HjanH O HaHeCeHHOM Bpe,Ae B JjByX HnH 6onee 

cctlepax )ICH3HH (HnnIOCTpaIjHA 3.10). TeM He Mexee, 'iaCTb 

coo6n1HBIIIHx o6 yujep6e npO,gOnxcaeT ysenHYHBaTbCA H cpe,ijH Tex, 

KTO He BbInHBaeT nATb JjO3 =taule, qeM pa3 B MeCAI[. 

TaIOKe Hy)KHO yLIHTbIBaTb BnHAHHe Ha B3aHMOCBA3b Me)ICZjy 

nOTpe6neHHeM H BO3HHKHOBeHHeM npo6neM yCJ1OBHFi H BH,IjbI 

nOTpe6neHHA anKOrOJIA. HapAAy C ApyrHMH %jOKa3aTenbCTBaMH 

Ba)KHOCTH yCJIOBHFI noTpe6neHHA, HeAaBHO npOBeJjeHHOe B HOBON 

3enaHA1114 HCCne,IjOBaHHe, nOKa3bIBaeT, '-ITO K0.111,11-IeCTBO ânKOI'OnA, 

KOTOpOe 06bI'IHO noTpe6nsxeTCA B 6apax, 6onee CHnbHO CBA3aHO C 

ânKOrOnbHbIMH npo6neMaMH,'IeM CnIipTHOe, noTpe6nAeMOe B ApyrHx 

MecTax (Casswell et al 1993). 

3.9 Al1KOrOJ1bHAA 3ABI4CNIMOCTb 

COIjHanbH0-3111,1,I1eMHOJIOrH' eCKHe HCCne,IjOBaHHA anKOrOnbHbIX 

npo6neM nOCTOAHHO BKnIO'Ia'OT B Ce651 BOnpOCbl O(1)H3HLIeCKHX 

COCTOAHHAX, COrIyTCTByiOnjHX nOTpe6neHHIO anKOrOnA, TaKHX KaK 

a6CTHHeHTHbII%I CHHjjpOM H TOnepaHTHOCTb, aCneKTOM OnbITHOrO 

xapaKTepa, TaKHX KaK coo6lgeHHA o npHCTpaCTHH H yXyJjHIeHHH 

KOHTpOnA Hag noTpe6neHHeM H O CHMI1TOMaTH'teCKOM nOBe,IjeHHH - 

88

05 15 2.5 

KOnHTIeCTBO BbIHHBaeMbIX J103 B,I(eHb 3a HpOLLInbI1i ron 

>FInnIOCTpagHA 3.10 CnyLIaH Asyx HnH 6onee OTpHgaTenbHblX 

nOCnenCTBHii nOTpe6neHHSI anKOronSI H B3aHMOCB5I3b C BHjjOM 

nOTpe6neHHni. 110Tpe6neHHe anKOrOnSi (A03b1 BneHb) H npOLjeHT 

pecnOH,qeHTOB, C006LIjaIOLqHX o ,i(ByX HnH 60Ree ,i[03 3a OnHH pa3: - 

McHee, TieM pa3 B MeCSiL[ HRH BO06LLje HeT; - no MeHbLileii Mepe pa3 

B M0CSm. gaHHble HamHOHanbHOro OnpOca KaHa,i(bI. IYICTOTiHHK : 

Room et al 1994. 

nonblTKaX COKpbITHSI (paKTa nOTpe6neHHSi anKOrOJIA H HeperynSlpHOM 

npHeMe nHutH i73-3a 3T0r0. KaK OTMeT3aeT Midanik (1994), 

60nbIHHHCTBO 3nHneMHOROrHTteCKHX AaHHbiX no B3aHMOCBSI3H Mexcny 

ypOBHeM nOTpe6neHHSi H anKOrOnbHON 3aBHCHMOCTbiO npOHCXOZ[HT 

H3 COL[HanbH0-3nH,ileMHOJI0rHtieCKHX TpaZjHLjHIi, KOTOpble He 

(POKyCHpOBanHCb Ha nCHXHaTpHLIeCKOH HO3OROrHH. l'ICHOnb3yS1 

AOnORHHTenbHblli pian CHMHTOMOB 3aBHCHMOCTH, HCCneZ[OBaTenH 

o6HapyxcHJIH, LITO 9eM BbIIIIe ypOBeHb noTpe6neHHSI anxoronx, TeM 

60nbHIe KORHTieCTBO C0061L[aeMblX CHMHTOMOB 3aBHCHMOCTH. 

l'ICHOnb3y5i AaHHble n0 l'IOBOii 3enaH,1(H14, Wyllie et al (1993) 

o6HapyxcHnH HeKOTOpble npH3HaKH nOpOTOBOrO 3(1)(1)exTa WISI 

noxa3aTeneiï xaca1011(HxcSI (1)H3HT1ecKHX act-winos 3aBHCHMOCTi3 

(sbinxBKa yTpoM cpa3y nocne nogbeMa, nocne ynoTpe6neHHSI 

ânKOrOnSI C yrpa CHnbHO TpSicyTCSI pyKH). rlpH 3TOM KOJIH*ieCTBO H 

nepHO,EMLIHOCTb BbInHBOK HaLIHHa1OT 3HaLIHTenbHO yBenHTiHBaTbCSI 

}MIMIC ypOBHSI 12 nHTpOB anKOrOnSI B r0,1;. C jjpyrOli CTOpOHbI, H0T 

89

Hi-ixaKIix j10Ka3aTenbcTB CyujeCTBOBaHHA nopora jLnA noxa3aTeneN, 

KaCaIOLLjHXCA nci-17Conori3LIecxi3x acneKTOB 3aBHCFiMOCTH, TaKHX KaK 

ynoTpe6neHÏ-ie anxoronA, Kor,ija eCTb Ba)KHaA npHLiHHa ocTasaTbCA 

Tpe3BbIM. I'IJInIOCTpaIjHA 3.11 nOKa3bIBaeT KpHBble pliCKa jjnA 

My)KLiHH H)KeHLLjHH no jjHarH03y ICD - 10 TeKyüjeii anKoronbHOFi 

3aBHCHMOCTH (noJIO)KiiTenbHbIli OTBeT Ha 3+ KpHTepliA 3a nocnejjHHe 

12 MecAweB). gaHHble B3ATbI 143 HaL(HOHanbHOro MejjHLjHHCKOrO 

onpoca CIlIA 1988 r. (Midanik et al 1994). KaK cpejjH My)K9HH, TaK 

H cpejl',i-i )KeHIItLiH cOOTHOIIIeHHe KonHiIecTSa CnyiIaeB 3asiicHMOCTH, 

nOjjnexcaujHX jjiiarxocTi-iposaHmo, j:10CTaTO'-IHO nocTOAHHO ysennHFi- 

BaeTCA C nOBbILIIeHHeM nOTpe6neHHA anxoronA. Hcnonb3yA Te )Ke 

jjaHHble, Dawson H Archer (1993) noKa3anH, LiTO COOTHOuIeHHe 

j(14arH030B no 3+ H DSM-III-R KpHTepHAM anKOrOnbHOii 3aBHCHIvIOCTH 

yBenH'-IHBaeTcA nOCTeneHHO C yBenHLIeHHeM o6luero ofteMa 

nOTpe6n5leMOrO anKOronA, HO Ha nro6oM jjaHHOM ypoBHe 

noTpe6neHFi2 BO3HHKHOBeHHe 3aBHCHMOCTH CHnbHO CBA3aHO C 

KOnHiieCTBOM CnyLIaeB noTpe6nexliA nATH (50 r LiHCTOrO anKoronA) 

1411 60nee jj03 3a OjjHH pa3. 

3T14 jjOHO1IHHTenbH6le 3CI)CtleKTbI OCTaIOTCA CHnbHbIMH H nocne 

yea jjeMorpaCpHtleCKorO CpaKTOpa, HCTOpHH anKOrOnbHbIX npo6neM 

B CeMbe H BO3paCTa nepsoro nOTpe6neHHA aJIKOronA. 

3.10 V1H,gV1BN,gYAJ1bHbIV1 YPOBEHb f1OTPE6J1EHVIA N 

O6LLIAA CMEPTHOCTb 

HeT coMHeHHA, LITO ynoTpe6neHHe anKOronA HaxoCHT 

Cepbe3HbIN Bpejj 4H3H1IeCKOMy 3jjopOBbIO. Ho cyMMa BceX 3THX 

THIIOB pHCKa He Bblpa)ICaeTCA B npAMOnHHeÎiHOÎ'i 3aBHCHMOCTH Me)iCjZy 

HHjjHBHjjyanbHblM ypOBHCM noTpe6neHHA H CMepTHOCTbIO, B BbIBOjjaX 

HcenejjoBaHHii HaLIHHaA c 1920-x rojjOB noBTOpAnacb J-o6pa3HaA 

B3aHMOCBA3b Mexcjjy noTpe6neHHeM anKOrOnA H 06LLjeFi CMepTHOCTbIO 

(X0TM OHa He yHHBepcanbHa). (Pearl 1926; Anderson 1994; 

Beaglehole and Jackson 1992). B 6o11b111 HHCTBe cny'IaeB yKa3bisaeTCA 

Ha nOBbIIHeHHyK) CMepTHOCTb Tpe3BeHHHKOB 110 CpaBHeHHIO C 

ynOTpe6nAlou.[HMH anKOrOnb B ManbIX j103aX. B HeKOTOpbIX 

HCCnejjoBaHHAx oTMeLIaeTcA, '-ITO CMepTHOCTb jjnA KaTeropHH 

nb101iji3X B OtIeHb ManblX jj03aX TaKxCe HeCKOnbKO BbIUIe no 

CpaBHeHHiO c nblou.1HMH HeMHOro 60nbule (CM. HnnloCTpaLjHIO 3.12). 

Bce HCCnejjoBaHHA, npejjCTaBneHHble Ha 3TOii HnnIOCTpaLjHH, 

90

60 

o 

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.6 6 5.5 8 

KOJINLIeCTBO A03, BbIHHBaeMbIX B AeHb 3a npOIHJIbIIi rOA 

HJIJIIOCTpaqHH 3.11 AJIKOrOJIbHaSI 3aBHCHMOCTb. rlOTpe6JIeHHe 

ânKOf OJIA (1103bI B AeHb) H IIpOLjeHT peCnOHj(eHTOS, coo6lualouil-Ix 

CHMHTOMaM, n0 KOTOpbIM HM MO>KHO BbICTaBHTb ICD-10 AHarxO3 

ânKOTOnbHOFi 3aBHCHMOCTH (nOJiO)KHTenbHbIii OTBeT Ha 3+ KpHTepHSI): 

- My>K4HHbI H - >KeHÜjHHbl. Z(aHHble HanHOHânbHOrO onpoca 

Cll1A. I4CT04HHK: Midanik et al 1994. . 

yLIHTbIBaIOT H so3pacT H (taxTop xypeHHSI, 3a HCKniO4eHHeM Kagan et 

al (1981), rAe y4HTbIBaeTC5i TOnbKO so3pacT. OcHOBHOe 06-bSICHeHHe, 

npeAJIO>KeHHOe Ans' nony4aeMbIX .I-06pa3HbIX KpHBbIX, Bblpa.>KaIOU>;HX 

CB5I3b MexcAy nOTpe6neHHeM aJIKOTOna H o6u>;erI CMepTHOCTb10, 

3aKnio4aeTC5I B nOTeHuHanbHOM CHH>KeHHH pHCKa BO3HHKHOBeHH5I 

KOpOHapHOId 60ne3HH CepAUa rlpH HH3KHX ypOBHSIX nOTpe6neHHSI, 4T0 

yxce 6bIJI0 paCCMOTpeHO BbllIIe. 

B 60nb111HHCTBe HCCneAOBaHHii nOTpe6neHHSI aJIKOronH H 

CMepTHOCTH npeo6naAaloT CJIy4aH CMepTH nO>KHnbIX My>K4HH. B 

HeCKOnbKHX nOCneAHHX HCCneAOBaHHHX H3y4anC31 pHCK B03HHKHOBeHi35I 

3a6OnesaHHli H CMepTHOCTH cpeAH nloAeri MOJIOAOro B03pacTa 

(Andréasson et al 1982; cm. HnnlocTpauHlo 3.7) H cpeAH xcexuJ;HH 

(Stampfer et al 1988). 31H Hccne,IjoBaHHSI noxa3blsalOT cna6ylo H He 

BCerAa CTaTHCTH4eCKH AoCTOBepHyIO nO3HTHBHy1O B3aHMOCB5I3b Me>KAy 

91

noTpe6neHiieM anKOronSl n o6111eFi cMepTl-IOCTbio. B 6011b1.11nHCTBe, HO He 

BO Bcex nCCneJrOSaHHSIx, rge 06LLraSl cMepTl-IOCrb noApa3AenSlercx no 

OTJJcnbHblM npl3Hi3HaM, o6Hapy)Kexo COxpaureHHe oTHOCxTenbxoro 

pnCKa CMepTn OT KopOHapHOIi 6o1Ie3HFi CepJjLja npi-I noTpe6neHiiH OT 

HeCKOnbKHX 210 40 r B AeHb. 1iOnbnIiiHCIBO ApyrHX npI-ItIHH cMepTHOCrH 

aCCOL[i3HpOBanHCb C nOBbIIIIeHHeM pnCxa CMepTH Ha BCeX ypoBHSiX 

norpe6neHnx n0 CpaBHeHHiO C Tpe3BeHI-IiiKaMH. 

HccneTroBaHHR, C(pOKyCHpOBaHHble Ha H3yLIeHnH pa3nH1-IHbIX 

rpynn, OTJIHLIaIOIi[nXCSI no nOny, 3TH44,-IeCKNM 131114 COL[iiO- 

3KOHOMnLIeCKHM npH3HaKaM LIaCTO He npHBOJjSIT K TeM xce 

pe3ynbTaTaM, LITO H HCCneJtOBaHHSI 110)KnnbIX My)iCLINH 3anagHbIX 

CTpaH (Ferrence 1994). IIpose,aëHHble SIHOHCKiiMH BpaLIaMH 

nCCneJZOBaHHSI nOKa3anI-I, IITO B3aHMOCB5I3b MexcRy anKOrOneM H 

o61.1.Jeii CMepTHOCTbIO, O KOTOpOÎI rOBOpHTCSI B HCCneJloBaxnsix 

HaceneHliSl 3anaZjxblx cTpaH, He o6Hapy)iCeHa y SinOHCKOrO HaceneHiiH, 

rJre ypOBeHb BO3HI4KHOBeHH5I KOpOHapHOrr 60ne3H14 cepJjl(a HaMHOrO 

Hn)Ke, a ypOBeHb BO3HIiKHOBeHHSI HHCynbTa, KOTOpbIii nMeeT npxMyK) 

B3aHMOCB5I3b C nOTpe6neHHeM anKOronSI, HaMHOrO BbInIe. B 

bpnTaHCKOM perHOHanbHOM HCCneJ);oBaHHH n0 BOnpOCaM cepJZeHHbIX 

3a60neBaHnii rOBOpnTCSI O 3aLLjnTHOM 3(14eKTe TOnbKO JZnSI KypSILI[HX 

H pa6oiinx pyLlHOro TpyJra (cM. Taxxce Kozlowski and Ferrence 1990). 

EAnHCTBexxoe KpynHOe HccneAosaxne, paccMarpnaaioiuee 

cMepTHOCTb cpe,ijH nio,L[ei3 MOJIOJjOro Bo3pacTa - nCCneJrOBaHHe 

npn3blBHIiKOB B 111BeLjnH, noKa3âno OTCyTCTBne npeHMyLI[eCTB 

nOTpe6neHHSI anKOronSl B MOJIOJ)',OM Bo3pacTe (CM. nnnK)CTpa1[410 3.7). 

3.11 ,f111J1EMMA f1bFOLLtErO 4EJ10BEKA 11 051.1.114131 

6AJIAHC 

MbI yxce OTMeLIanH B HaLIane 3TOIi rnaBbl, LITO nbIOIII;Hii =lei-roser( 

cTanKHBaeTCSI co BCë 6onee CJIO)ICHOii 3a,Ljaileii axan1,13Hp0saTb H 

CpaBHHBaTb nOTeHHnanbHble yJZOBOnbCTBnSI H HenpHSITHOCTn, 

KOTOpble SIBnSIIOTCSI pe3ynbTaTOM noTpe6nennsl anKOronsl npH 

Bbl60pe: nHTb nn ,aanbLUe, J_jenaTb CneJE(yK)LL[nIï rnOTOK HnH HeT. 

3nHJZeMHOJIOrHLIeCKaSI nHTepaTypa Mo)KeT npeJUloxCHTb RHUM 

HeKOTOpble yKa3aHHSI Ha TeMy OnbITa yJjOBOnbCTBHii H 

HenpHSITHOCTeFi. L1TO KaCaeTCSI 60nce BeCOMbIX nOCneJZcTBiHli, TM He 

McHee, KapTnHa AOCTaTOLIHO npOSICHHnaCb. 

92

3.0 

2.5 

2.0 

1.5 

1.0 

0.5 

0 

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 

rpaMMbl aJIKOI'OJISI B AeHb 

HAnEOcTpauxA 3.12 CMepTHOCTb cpeAH MyxcLIHH 110 pâ3nH9H6IM 

npHqI4HaM. 170Tpe6neHHe aJIKOI'OnA (rpaMMbl B AeHb) H 

OTHOCHTen6Hblli PUCK. BOCeMb ,IjnHTen6HbIX HCCne,IT,0BaHH13. 

Dyer et al. (1980), Shaper et al. (1988), +; Kagan et aI. (1981), ; 

Klatsky et al (1986), ; Kono et al (1986), O; Marmot et al. (1982), 

A ; Boffeta and Garfinkel (1990), 0 

rlOTpe6neHHe anKOrOJIS1 nOBblLnaeT PUCK BO3HHKHOBeHH51 

HeC'-IaCTHbIX cnrIaeB H COIatâJIbHbIX npo6neM, 60nbHIHI3 ypOBeHb 

nOTpe6neHHA Be,qeT H K 6OnbineMy pHCKy. DOnbLIIHHCTBO AaHHbIX n0 

HeCLIaCTHbIM CnyiiaAM H COLjHanbHblM npo6neMaM nOKa3bIBaeT, T-ITO 

,Z1,JI51 pHCKa He CyII(eCTByeT zIeTKOro HH)KHCrO npe,gena. C ToLIKH 

3peHHA 3THX pa3HOO6pa3HbIX H nOTeHL(iiaJI6H0 Cepbe3HbIX npo6neM 

OCHOBHaA peKOMeHgaLjHA ,TI;JIA 6e30naCHOrO nOTpe6neHHA aJIKOrOnA - 

3T0 "iieM MeHbLLIe, TeM nyLIIIIe". 

LITO KaCaeTCA nOCneACTBHI%I AJIA 3,40p0Bb51, HCCneAOBaHHA, 

paCCMOTpeHble B 3TOIi rnase, nojjTBepKnaloT KOnHr-IeCTBeHHyiO 

B3aHMOCB513b MeNc.ny noTpe6neHHeM anKOT0JI51 H mom pa3H0o6pa3lIbIX 

93

XpOHH4eCKHX H C034aIOIiuHX yrp03y )KH3HH 3a60neBaHHN, BKnK)'IâA 

LuHppo3 neLieHH H pa3nHLIHble (1)OpMbI paKa. B HCKOTOpbIX cnyLlaAX, 

TaKHX KaK CB513aHHOe C aJIKOI'OneM BO3HHKHOBeHHe paKa H 

KpOBOH3niiAHHe B M03r, BO3M0)KHO, He CyLueCTByeT T-IeTKOTO nopora 

nOTpe6neHHA, HH)Ke KOTOpOTO HeT IIOBbIIIIeHHOTO pHCKa. 

C06paHHble nOKa3aTenbCTBa, TeM He McHee, rOBOpAT O 

BO3M0)iCIiOCTH TOTO, 'ITO nOTpe6neHHe aJIKOTOnA B ManblX HnH 

CpenHHX 403aX MO)KeT COKpaLuaTb pHCK BO3HHKHOBeHH51 KOpOHapHON 

6011e3HH cepnua. JTio6oe nono6Hoe coxpameHHe AOn)KHO 6bITb 

COH3MepeHO C nOBbIIHeHHeM JjpyrHX THHOB pHCKa npH HOBbIHIeHHH 

ypOBHA nOTpe6neHHA. ITOXOAce, 'ITO caMoe 60nbIII0e cOKpaHueHHe 

pHCKa BO3HHKHOBeHH51 KOpOHapHOlï 60ne3HH cepnua MO)KeT 

BO3HHKaTb npH nOTpe6neHHH Ha O'IeHb HH3KOM HnH CpeAHHX 

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KaK noxa3blBaloT MaTepHanbi npeabljryHteeI rnaBbl, noTpe6neHHe 

anKOrOJIA BnHAeT Ha )ICH3Hb nloaeil pa3nHLIHbIM o6pa3OM. XIA 

HeKOTOpbIX 3a60neBaHH1i Cy1.IjeCTByIOT y6ej[HTenbHble AOKa3aTenbCTBa 

B3aHMOCB5I3Ii "j[03a-OTBeTHaA peaKItHA" Me)KRy HHj[HBHj[yanbHblM 

noTpe6neHHeM H HH,IIHBH,IZyanbHbIM pHCKOM. HeKOTOpble H3 3THX 

(1)yHKL(HH pHCKa ABJISiIOTCA He a6COnIOTHO npAMOJIHHenHbIMH, a C 

6onbHleÎ-i, LIeM nponopuHOHanbHaA, CTeneHblO pHCKa Ha BbICOKHX 

ypOBHAX nOTpe6neHHA. B apyrHX cnyLlaAX 6bInH Bb1BeaeHbl 43yHKIIHH 

pHcKa, Bblpa)KaeMble rpa(tiHKOM J-o6pa3Hoil (ttOpMbI, B LIaCTHOCTH jtmA 

KOpOHapHOFi 60ne3HH cepjUta. Ami HeCKOnbKHX THHOB nOCnej(CTBHFI 

TOLIHâA B3aHMOCBA3b Me)Kjjy CTeHeHbiO pHCKa H nOTpe6neHHeM He 

yCTaHOBneHa, XOTA OeBH.tIHO, LITO nOTpe6neHHe anKOI'OmA B 6onbIIIHX 

KOIIHLIeCTBâX HpH OIIpeAeJICHHbIX 06CTOATenbCTBâX MO)KeT yBenHLIHBaTb 

pHCK. 

TeM He McHee, C TOLIKH 3peHHA npO43H1IaKTHKH HejtOCTaTOLiHO 

3HaTb, LITO noTpe6neHHe 6onbluoro KonHLlecTSa CnHpTHOrO LIaCTo 

nOBbinlacT CTeneHb HHj(HBHjlyanbHOrO pHCKa. Ham TaKXCe HeO6XOAHMO 

31-IaTb, KaK Onpej[enAeTCA ypOBeHb npo6neM BCerO HaceneHHA. 

pOBeHb CB5I3aHHbIX C anKorOneM npo6neM HaceneHHA 3HaLIHTenbHO 

MeHAeTCA B pa3nHLIHbIX KynbTypaX H pa3nH1-IHbIX CnOAX 3THX KynbTyp, 

TaK)ICe KaK H B npej

naBbl COCTOHT B TOM, LIT06bI CBA3aTb HHjjHBH,ayanbHblM ypOBeHb 

pHCKa C nOHHMaHHeM 06o6LI[ëHHOCO ypOBHA HnH ypoBIIA npo6neM 

HaCeneHHA. 

JlorHzlecxHH nyTb noAxoAa K Bonpocy o6 yposxe npo6neM 

HaCeneHHA 3aKnIOLIaeTCA B BbIACHeHHH TOro, KaK HHjZHBHj(yanbHbIli 

pHCK MeHAeTCA B OTBeT Ha H3MeHeHHe KOnHyeCTBa nOTpe6neHHA, a 

3TM B BbIACHCHHH CTpyKTypbl HaCeneHHA, COCTOAIijerO 143 nHJgeii, 

HMeIOLLmX pa3nHYLHble npHBbILIKH noTpe6neHHA H, Cne4oBaTenbHo, 

pa3nHLiHyIO CTeneHb pNCKa. OgHa MaTpHL[a 3TM KâK 6b1 

HaxnaAblBaeTcA, yMHOxcaeTCA Ha Rpyrylo. 

3Ta rnaBa 6yjZeT nOCTpoeHa CnejrylonjHM o6pa3oM. MbI HaLIHëM 

c yTOtIHA1oLuero OCHOBbI pa3Aena, rge 6yjieT HccneAOBaH xpyr 

OCHOBHbIX aHanHTHLieCKHX BOnpOCOB, OTHOCAIijHXCA K 06o6LLjeHHHJ 

pâ3nH'-IH6IX cTeneHeii HHj(HBHjiyanbHOro pHCKa, n03BOnAIOLLjHX 

nOHATb ypOBeHb np06neM HaCeneHHA (4.1). 3jjeCb H B nOCnegyIOLIjeM 

pa3uene (4.2), B KOTOpOM HCCnejjylOTCA TeopeTHiecxLle BOnpOCbl, 

xacalowHecA pacnpejzeneHHA noTpe6neHHA anxoronA cpeAH 

HaCeneHHA, MbI XOTHM onpegenHTb npHpogy B3aHMOCBA3H 3TOH 

CpyHKLjHH (HH,IIHBHLEIyanbHblli pHCK nOTpe6neHHA anKOronA 

yMHO)xeHHblii Ha pacnpelieneHHe noTpe6neHHA anKoronA cpeliH 

HaCeneHHA, iiTO, KaK 0)KHgaeTCA, o60CHyeT, 061ACHHT H 

npejjonpe,genHT nOCnej1yfOlLjHe 3MnxpI-I=IecKHe BbIBOgbI OTHOCHTenbHo 

HaceneHHA (4.3). MbI 3aKOHLIHM rnaBy KpaTKHMH npeABapHTenbHblMH 

3aMeTKaMH O HOTeHL[HanbHbIX nonHTH9eCKidX BbIBOj(aX. KaK H B rnaBe 3, 

6yjZyT HCCnejlOBaHbI BOnpOC61, KaCafOn.jHeCA BO3M0)KHOrO 3aLLjHTHOro 

3c1)ctieKTa nOTpe6neHHA anKOronA JUTA KOpOHapHOii 60ne3H14 cepgLja, 

HO Ha 3TOT pa3 He Ha HHjjHBHgyaJIbHOM ypoBHe, a Ha ypoBHe 

HaCeneHHA. 

4.1 OT VIH,qNBeiYAJ1bHO("O PNCKA K OI.IEHKE PACKA 

HACEJ1EHVIA: AHAJ1ViTV14ECKNE BOf1POCbI 

4.1.1 O6bënn rnH,griBH,gyanbHOro noTpe6neHHSa, cpopnna 

cpyHKIAHN rIH,gNBrl,gyanbHOrO pNCKa N napa,goKC 

npocprinaKTNKN 

B 3TOM pa3,11ene MbI XOTHM BbIACHHTb HCKOTOpb[e Bâ)KHb1e 

BOnpOC6I, OTHOCAUjHeCSI K CBA3H (bOpMbI (kyHKLjHH B3aHMOCBA3H 

106

HHjjHBHjjyanbHOTO pHCKa AAA ,IjaHHOTO THna CBSI3aHHbIX C aJIKOTOneM 

np06neM C ypOBHeM npO6neM HaceneHHSi. ,EI,JISI 3TOii item! MbI Cy3HM 

06CyxCjjeHHe CHTyaIjHH, KOTjja COBOKynHbli3 06bëM nOTpe6neHHSi, 

a He tiaCTOTa nOTpe6neHHSI B 6o1IbIIIHX KOnHLIeCTBaX anKOTOnSI OT 

CnyiiaSi K CJIyLiaiO, SiBnSIeTCSi TnaBHbIM OlIpejjenRK)üjHM rtiaKTOpOM 

np06neMbl. 

IHTyHTHBHO MO)KHO npejjnoJlOxCHTb, tiro ypOBeHb npo6neM 

HaCeneHHSI 6yjjeT, B OCHOBHOM, OnpeJjeJISITbCSI KOnHLIeCTBOM iipe3MepH0 

nbK)IIiHX niojjei3. TeM He McHee, 3T0 He COBCeM TaK. BKnajj 

LIpe3MepHO nblOnjHX B O61IjyiO CyMMy npo6neM peuiaioujHM o6pa30M 

3aBHCHT OT TOTO, KaK CTeneHb pHCKa MeHSIeTCSI C KOnHIICCTBOM 

nOTpe6neHHSI. 3TOT CpaKT ne)KHT B OCHOBe TaK Ha3bIBaeMOTO 

napajtoxca npocjHnaKTHKH (Rose 1981, Kreitman 1986). 

t-1T06bI nOHSITb 3TOT apryMeHT, paCCMOTpHM cJIytraH, Tjje pHCK 

Bpejja BblpaxcaeTCSi nHHeIIHOii (kyHKgHei-i OTHOCHTenbHO KonHtieCTBa 

nOTpe6neHHSi (COOTHOCHTCSI C KOnHiieCTBOM nOTpe6neHHSI npslMo 

nponopijHOHanbHO). KaxCjjaSl jjOnOJIHHTenbHaSl jj03a aJIKOTOnSI 

npHHOCHT paw-roe npH6aBJIeHHe B COBOKynHbIii ypOBeHb npO6JIeM BHe 

3aBHCHMOCTH OT TOTO, nOTpe6nSleT JIB 3Ty jZO3y LienOBeK, KOTOpblii 

nbeT ManO HJIH MHOTO. CJIejjOBaTenbHO, npn nHHeFiHON (l)yHKIjHH 

pHCKa He HTpaeT pOnH, nbiOT JIB BCe Ha a6COnIOTHO paBHOM ypoBHe 

HRH KTO-TO nbeT yMepeHHo, B TO spew' KaK HeKOTOpble nbIOT 

LIpe3MepHO MHOTO. pOBeHb npO6JIeM HaCeneHHSI 6yjjeT OjjHHaKOBbIM 

B 060HX cnyLIaSiX H 6yjxeT 3aBHCeTb TOnbKO OT ypOBHSI nOTpe6neHHSI 

Ha jjyllry HaceneHHSI (Skog, 1985a 

Oj[HaKO, 06bIiIHO B3aHMOCB5I3b Me)Kjjy pHCKOM BO3HHKHOBeHH5I 

pa3nmHbIX THIIOB Bpejja H KOJIHzIeCTBOM noTpe6neHHSI BblpaxcaeTCSI 

CpyHKIjHeii B CpOpMe H30THyTOI%I KpHBOii. PHCK HeBenHK H MejjneHHO 

noBbllllaeTCSi npH HH3KHX ypOBHSIX nOTpe6neHHSI, 3TM OH HaLIHHaeT 

6bICTpO paCTH npH BbICOKHX ypoBHSIX nOTpe6neHHSI. 

IIpH TaKHX O6CTOSITenbCTBaX H 'rpm HenHHekiHOii CpyHKIjHH 

COOTBeTCTBeHHbni BKnaj[ pâ3HbIX Tpynn nIO,1jeÎi, OTnHLiaiOIIjHXCSI no 

ypOBHSIMH nOTpe6neHHSI, B COBOKynHblii ypOBeHb npO6neM HaCeneHHSI 

OnpejjenSleTCSi n0 TOLIHOMy H3TH6y KpHBOi%I ClryHKIjHH pHCKa. 1-1TO6bI 

npOHnnK)CTpHpOBaTb H OCMbICnHTb 3T0 noHaLiaJIy jjOBOnbHO CJIO)KIiOe 

npejjnO)ICeHHe H CjjenaTb ero nOHSITHbIM, MbI npHBOj[HM B Ta6nHIje 4.1 

Asa THIIOTeTHLIHbIX H KOHTpaCTHbIX CnyYaSl. CpejjH npej[nonaTaeMOTO 

HaCeneHHSI 60% xciireneil noTpe6nslioT anKOTOnb B ManblX j[03aX, 

107

Ta6nNl.Aa 4.1 OTHOCV1TenbHb10 pNCK M BKr1a,g B 06L14MN ypOBeHb 

npo6neM rpynn c pa3nV14HbIM ypoBHeM noTpe6neHNA Arm ,4Byx 

rNnoreTVl4ecKV1x anKOronbHblx npo6neM (npe,gn0naraeTCA, 4T0 

60, 35 M 5% HaceneHNA V1MeK)T COOTBeTCTBeHHO HM3KM0, 

CpeAHMVI M BbICOKMN ypOBHM nOTpe6neHMA). 

flpo6neMa 1 Ilpo6neMa 2 

YpoaeHb OTHOCHTenb % OTHOCHTenb- % 

noTpe6neHNA HbIl71 pNCK npo6neM HbIN pNCK npo6neM 

HN3KNN 1 20 1 9 

Cpe,qHNH 4 47 4 20 

BbICOKNN 20 33 100 71 

B CyMMe 100 100 

35% - ynoTpe6nAIOT B cpejjHNx npejJenaX, a ocTaBuINeCA 5% nbIOT 

vpe3MepHo. gnA o.tjHoro Tuna BpejJa Mb1 npeJJnonaraeM, 4To 

14HJJNB14)2JyanbHbll7 OTHOCNTenbHblN PUCK (OP) nOBbIUIaeTCA OT 1 AO 4, 

H 3aTeM jJ0 20, npu nepexojle OT HN3KOr0 ,no CpenHero, a 3aTeM jTo 

BbICOKOrO ypOBHA nOTpe6neHNA. B 3TOM CnyLiae, OjJHa TpeTb o6LLJerO 

ypOBHA np0611eM 6yjJeT NCXOjJNTb OT 4pe3MepHO nbIOLLJNX, B TO spew' 

KaK 1104TN nOJIOBNHa (47%) uCXOjJNT 143 CeKTOpa nbIOLLJNX Ha 

Cpej(HeM ypoBHe. aJ[A BTOporo Tuna pea MbI npej);nonoxcNnN, MTO 

OTHOCNTCnbHbIFi pNCK nOBblu]aeTCA ropa3jZ0 6onee pe3K0 Ha BbICOKNX 

ypOBHAX nOTpe6neHNA, B 4aCTHOCTN OT 1 AO 4, 14 3aTCM jJ0 100. B 

3TOM Cny4ae 11131011.114e MHOrO BHOCAT BKJIaJI, B 6011bUINHCTBO 

BO3HNKaEOLLJNX np06neM (71%), B TO BpeM51 KaK nbIOHJNe Ha Cpe,nHeM 

ypoBHe OTBe4alOT TOnbKO 3a OjJHy nATyiO BCeX npo6neM. B 

nOCnejJHeM cny4ae peg}, MO)KCT MATH o6 ojJHOM N3 XpOHN4CCKNX 

3a6oneBaHNN, KOTOpOe ABnAeTCA CnejJCTBNeM jJJINTenbHOTO 

3noyn0Tpe6neHNA anKOroneM, TaKNM KaK, HanpNMep, LLNppo3 neMeHN 

(Pequignot et al 1978), B TO spew' KaK B npeJJbljJyuJeM cny4ae pe4b 

cxopee Bcero Mo)KeT WITH o6 onpejJenexxoM TNne OCTpbIX 

COLJNanbHbIX npo6neM (Moore and Gerstein, 1981; Skog 1985a, 

Kreitman 1986). 

CJIeJJOBaTenbHO, Ha ypOBHC HaCeneHNA OTHOCNTenbHOe 3Ha4eHNe 

pâ3nNMHbIX rpynn nOTpe6nAiOLqNX aJIKOrOnb nlOjJel%I B OTHOLLIeHNN HX 

108

BKnaJja B O6Luyio CyMMy pea itiMeeT TeHAeHuHIO McHATbCA B 

3aBHCHMOCTH OT THna anKOrOnbHOIi np06neMbl H Ii)OpMbI (1)yHKLjHH 

pHCKa. Henb351 CiiHTaTb, gpe3MepHO nbK)IIme 1110J114 Bcer,aa 

,7=1On)KHbI 6bITb OCHOBHOIl LjenbiO np0(1)HnaKTHKH. TeM He McHee, 

TaK)ICe MbI He MO)KCM CLIHTâTb, LITO napaJ[OKC np0(l)I-iJIaKTi-IKH 

Jieï-iCTBHTeneH ,aJIA BCeX THnOB npo6neM, KaK 3T0 CAenanH MHOriie 

aBTOpbI (Kendell 1987). HanpHMep, OH He Aeï-1CTByeT npH 

ânKOrOnbHOM L[HppO3e, role 60nb1uHHCTBO carmes BO3HHKHOBeHH51 

3TO11 6011e3H14 6bIJI0 o6HapyxceHo cpeAH r-Ipe3MepHO nbIOLLjFiX 

(Pequignot et al 1978). 

go KaKOro TOLIHO npeAena H OTHOCHTenbHO KaKHX npo6neM 

JieHCTBHTeneH napaAoxc npo411,111aKTHKH, JI o CHX nop He 5ICHO. 

MnF1pHLIeCKHe aaHHble O ero COCTOATenbHOCTH, B OCHOBHOM, 

6epyrcA 1,I3 OnpOCOB HaCeneHHA. OT6op pa3nHliHbIX rpynn 

HCCneAyeMOrO HacenenxA, nocTOAHHble N3MexeHliA B )iCenaHFIIi 

BOCnpHHHMaTb HJIIi HeT 3Ty npo6neMy, HeBO3MO)KHOCTb ygeCTb 

pa3nHLlHylo CTeneHb Cepbë3HOCTFi npo6neM, J(JIHTenbHblN CKpbITbIN 

nepHoA H TaK Aanee - BCë 3T0 MO)ICeT npHBOAHTb K pâ311H1-IHbIM 

OTKJIOHeHHAM B TOM 141IH HHOM HanpaBneHHH. He06XO,aHMO 

HCIIOnb3OBaTb 601Iee COBepLIIeHHble MeTOJjbI, 9T06b1 nOnyLIHTb 60nee 

OnpeaeneHHble BbIBOJjbI. 

4.1.2 H@06XO,gNMOCT6 y411TbIBBTb CTp)/KTypy HaC@n@HHA 

no ypOBHfIM nOTpe6n@HNA al1KOrOJIA 

B npHBeAeHHOM malle npHMepe MbI npeAnonaranH, LITO 

pacnpeAeneHHe ypoBHeH noTpe6neHHA anKOrOJIA cpeAH HaceneHHA 

SIBnAeTCA nOCTO51HH6IM H 3TM HCCne,aOBanH 344eKT 1-13MeHeHIi51 

B3aHMOCBA3H MexcJjy HH,11HBH,gyanbHblM ypOBHeM noTpe6neHHA H 

pHCKOM BO3HHKHOBeHH51 npo6neMbl. EcnH HHJjHBHJlyanbHbIli pHCK 

BbIpaNCaeTCA nHHeÎiHOIi ItlyHKL[HeN, TO CTpyKTypa HaCeneHHA no 

ypoBHlo noTpe6neHHA anxoronA 6yAeT BnHATb Ha 0611HH ypOBeHb 

npo6neM, H 3T0 BOnpOC, K KOTOpOMy MbI XOTHM cerriac BepHyTbCA. 

,T(Ba HapOJja C O,1HHaKOBbIM ypOBHeM noTpe6neHHA Ha AyLLry 

HaCeneHHA, TaKHM o6pa3oM, MOryT HMeTb a6COnEOTHO pa3HbIH 

ypOBeHb npo6neM. 1V1HOro neT Ha3a,a 3TOT (baKT 6bin OTMelIeH JOIIIÎe 

H Jellinek (1941) JjJIA LlHppo3a neLIeHH B HX HCCne,t1OBaHHH 

COOTHOIHeHHA MC)iCay ypOBHeM CMepTHOCTH H ypOBHeM nOTpe6neHHA 

anKOrOnA Ha JjyLÜy HaCeneHHA no nlTaTaM CHIA. 

109

Ta6nlnua 4.2 CMepTHOCTb B pe3y1lbT8Te 3a60neBâHmA c 

3KCflOHeHTHOVI cpyHKLAV1eVl pVICKa cpe,gH Tpex rVIfIOTeT1,14HbIX 

rpynn HaCelIeHNA, pa311V14alOLl;NXCA pacflpeAeJleHV1eM IIbIOLIiVIX 

no ypOBHAM IIOTpe6lleHVIA, HO C O,gNHaKOBbIM ypOBHeM 

IIOTpe6lleHHA Ha ,gyllJy HaCeIIeHNA. 

rpynna 1 rpynna 2 rpynna 3 

nove- OP 

6neHHe Kon- YpoeeHb K011- YpoaeHb K011- YpoBeHb 

BO cMepT- BO cMepr- BO cMeprnro,qeN 

HOCTIA no,qeN HOCTI4 nro,qeN HOCTII 

(TbI C. ) (TbI C. ) (TbI C. ) 

0 1 20 0.2 20 0.2 20 0.2 

1 4 40 1.6 55 2.2 58 2.3 

2 16 40 6.4 15 2.4 11 1.8 

3 64 - 6 3.8 3 3.8 

4 256 3 7.7 2 7.7 

5 1024 1 10.2 20.5 

B cyMMe 100 8.2 100 26.5 100 36.3 

To, B KaKOFI cTeneHH pa3nHtII3A B pacnpeAeneHHli yposHeK 

noTpe6neHNA CpeAH HaceneHi-IA 6yuyT BniiATb Ha ypoBeHb npo6neM, 

3aBHpCHT OT itOpMbI (isyHKuHH pHCKa. ECM,' KpHBaA cpyHKuHH pliCKa 

CHJIbHO 3aKpyrnAeTCA, KaK B ityHKuHI-i uHppo3a netleHH, MOxcHo 

O)KidZjaTb 3HaL11,1TenbHbIX pâ3nI3LIHii B ypOBHe npo6neM npH 

pa3nFiLixoM pacnpe,ijeneHliH ypoBHeii noTpe6neHliA aJlKoronA CpeAH 

HaceneHHA. 3TOT 44)aKT npoHnnlocTpfiposaH Ha Ta6nime 4.2. Ta6nHua 

nOKa3bIBaeT, KaK ypOBeHb CMepTHOCTH OT uHppo3a 6y,L(eT MeHATbCA 

AAA Tpex npeAnonaraeMblx rpynn HaceneHHA, Ka)ICgaA H3 KOTOpbIX 

COCTOHT 1,13 100 000 LIenOBeK. BCeX rpynn HaceneHHA cpegHHA 

ypoBeHb nOTpe6neHliA O,L[HHaKOB, HO pacnpezjeneHHe ,^.O ypOBHAM 

noTpe6nexHA anKOronA pa3nHilHoe. rlpeAnonaraeTCA, LITO 

OTHOCHTenbHbIii pHCK (OP) 6yAeT Bo3paCTaTb n0 3KCHOHeHTe npH 

pocTe FIHAHSHpryanbxoro noTpe6neHIIA. BH,aHO, B rpynne 1, rRe 

i-Ipe3MepHO nbiOÜjHe OTCyTCTByIOT, 061IjH14 ypoBeHb CMepTHOCTH 

COCTaBnACT BCero 8,2% Ha 100 000 HaceneHHA. Bo BTOpON rpynne, 

rge )10n51 noTpe6nAion.[HX anKOrOnb Ha BbICOKOM yposHe BenHKa, 

110

ypOBeHb cMepTHOCTI3 B TpH pa3a BbIlue - 26,5%. B TpeTbeli rpynne, 

KOTOpaSI CXOAHa CO BTOpOii, KOnHTIeCTBO ilpe3MepHO nblOnjHX nloAeri 

enjë BbIIIIe, H ypOBeHb CMepTHOCTH TaK)Ke BbIIne - 36,3%. 

CneAOBâTenbHO, Aa>Ke He60nbmOe H3MeHeHHe B COCTaBe HaCeneHHSt 

no yposHlo noTpe6neHHSI anxoronSl OKa)ICeT 3HaTIHTenbHblli 3C1)ClIeKT 

Ha ypOBeHb CMepTHOCTH, KorAa CtiyHKIjHSI pHCKa 3KCnOHeHTHa. 

BbIBOA, KOTOpOÎi BbITeKaeT H3 3TOTO rHIIOTeTHLIHOrO, HO 

CBSI3aHHOTO C npaKTHKOIi aHanH3a, COCTOHT B TOM, TITO COCTaB 

nb1011ter0 HaCeneHHSI MO)KeT 3HaTIHTenbHO BnHSITb Ha ypOBeHb 

npO6neM HaceneHHSI. Cne,aOBaTenbxO, B HHTepecax o6nteCTBeHHoro 

3ApaBOOxpaneHHSt Heo6xoAHMo o6naAaTb HHcPopMaqHeli o pacnpeAeneHHH 

HaceneHliSi no yposHSIM noTpe6neHHSI. 3C19cteKT, KOTOpbIIi 

6yAeT OKa3bIBaTb H3MeHeHHe B ypOBHe noTpe6neHHSi Ha Aymy 

HaCeneHH51 Ha ypOBeHb npo6neM, 6yAeT 3aBHCeTb OT TOTO, KaK 

H3MeHeHHe B nOTpe6neHHH paCnpeAenAeTCSi CpeAH HaCeneHHSI, H 3TO 

OCO6eHH0 BepHO jLrIA 3a6oneBaHHN C CHnbHO 3aKpyrneHHOii KpHBOii 

Cl)yHKL(HH pHCKa. MbI 06paTHMCSI K 3TOMy BOnpOCy 60nee AeTanbHO 

HHxce, B pa3Aene 4.2. 

4.1.3 cDyHKItHH pHCKa, Bblpa)K@HHbI@ rpaCtHKOM 

J-06pa3HON CpOpMbI 

KaK yKâ3blBânOCb B rnaBe 3, B HCCKOnbKHX HCCneAOBaHHSIX 6bIJIo 

CAenaHO npeAnOnO)KeHHe, TITO Ha HHAHBHAyaJIbHOM ypOBHe aJIKOTOnb 

MO)KeT OKâ3bIBaTb nOJIO)ICHTenbHblii 3CpitleKT npH HH3KOM ypoBHe 

nOTpe6neHHSi, B TO BpeMSi KaK pHCK BpeAHbIX nOCneACTBHri 

yBenHTIHBaeTCSI npH BbICOKOM ypoBHe nOTpe6neHHSI. CneAOBaTenbHO, 

AnSI OnpeAeneHHbIX 3a60neBaHHii KpHBaH CItyHK14HH pHCKa MO)KeT 

HMeTb J-o6pa3l-Iylo CtlOpMy, HanpHMep, AnSI KOpOHapHON 60ne3HH 

CepAua. cDyHKLjHSi pHCKa J-06pa3HoFi Cl3OpMbI npeAnOnaraeT HanHTIHe 

Anti OTAenbHOii nHTIHOCTH OnpeAeneHHOTO "oIITHManbHorO" ypOBHSI 

nOTpe6neHHH, npH KOTOpOM ypOBeHb pHCKa MHHHManeH. 

CneAyiOLL[Hii BbITeKaIOIi[HIi OTCIOAa HHTepeCHblii BOnpOC: KaKOTO 

poAa B3aHMOCBSI3b MbI nOnyTIHM Ha 06o6uteHHOM ypoBHe, ecnH 

B3aHMOCBA3b Ha HHAHBHAyanbHOM ypoBHe HMeeT J-06pa3Hyio 

CitOpMy? LITO Cny'-IHTCSI C ypOBHeM CMepTHOCTH HaceneHHSI B 

pe3ynbTaTe onpeAeneHHOrO 3a60neBaHHSI, eCnH nOBbICHTCSI 

COBOKynHbliï ypOBeHb noTpe6neHHx? 3T0, KOHeTIHO, B 6onbmoli 

CTeneHH 6yAeT 3aBHCeTb OT paCnpeAeneHHSi noTpe6neHHSI anKOrOnsl 

CpeAH HaCeneHHSI. 

111

ZJJ 

wHNE.L 

`1011X9 

a.LOamÂlvHadu 

x19waEhiClrou 

9H0a0d,C 

H19HUX31020D 

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o6pa3oM, 3HatIIiTenbxo MeHbuie, 'rem npeJJnonaranocb B aHanH3e, 

OrpaHHmeHHOM nOHHMaHHeM ABJIeHHA Ha HHJJHBHJJyanbHOM ypOBHe. 

OnpeJxenAA nonHTHKy 06LLJeCTBeHHOrO 3,apaBOOXpaHeHHA npH 

HânHLIHH iflyHKIIHH pHCKa J-06pa3HOM (OpMbI, KpaiiHe Bâ)KHO JlenaTb 

pa3rpaHHLIeHHe MexcJry "OnTIiMâJIbHbIM" ypOBHeM JInA nHLIHOCTH H 

JJnA HaCeneHHA. 143-3a CHnbHOTO pa36poca B pacnpelieneHHH 

noTpe6neHHA BepOATHO,LITO "OnTHManbHbIH" ypOBeHb n0Tpe6neHH51 

,gJIA Ha.CeneHHA 6yJJeT 3HaLIHTenbHO HHKe, i-IeM "011THManbHbn%I" 

ypOBeHb JJJIA nHLIHOCTH. HaCKOnbKO HH)Ke - 6yJJeT 3aBHCeTb OT 

(pOpMbl cl-iyHKLJHH pHCKa H OT H3MCHCHHH B pacnpeJJeneHHH 

nOTpe6neHHA anKOrOJIA, a TaK)ICe H3MeHeHHA ypOBHA nOTpe6neHHA 

HaCeneHHeM. IIpH He CnHLIIKOM HepeanbHblX 06CTOATenbCTBaX 

(npOnopCjHOHanbHble H3MeHeHH5I nOTpe6neHHA) "OI1THManbHbiii" 

ypOBeHb noTpe6nexHA JuIA HaceJIeHHA MO)KeT 6bITb McHbIIIe, =ieM 

"OnTHManbHblli" ypOBeHb JJnA nHtIHOCTH B 3 HnH ;lance 5 pas (Skog 

1992). 3TO 03HaLIaeT, IiTO 60nbLLIHHCTBO 3anaJjHbIX CTpaH y)Ke 

nOTpe6nAeT 6oJIbuie, lieM OnTHManbHblN ypOBeHb AJIA HaCeJIeHHA. 

ECJIN 3To BepHo, TO B cny9ae o6lgero noBbILHeHHA noTpe6neHHA no 

npFIiIHHe nepcneKriisbl npeHMyLL[eCTBa 3JZOpOBbA OT noTpe6neHHA 

aJIKOronA JJJIA ManOnbK)nJHX MO)KeT B JJeNCTBHTenbHOCTH npHBeCTH K 

061ileMy nOBbILUeHHIO ypOBHA CMepTHOcTId. TeM He McHee, KaK 3T0 

yxce OTMeyanOCb, 3HaiiHTenbHOe H3MeHeHHe B o61IJeM pacnpeJJeneHHH 

nOTpe6neHHA anKOCOJIA, ecnH OHO npOHCXOJJHT OJJHOBpeMeHHO, 

TeopeTH=IecKH MoxceT npeJJoTBpaTHTb 3To. 

4.1.4 AJ1HTeJ1bHOCTb BO3/4eNCTBH51 H npO6JleMa 

BpeMeHHOrO OTCTâBaHHA 

HpocToe cpasxexxe TeHJJeHIJHK noTpe6neHHA anxoronA Ha JJyuty 

HaCeneHHA H TeHJIeHLJHti CMepTHOCTH MO)KeT HHOrJIa 6bITb 

HeaJJeKBaTHbIM, nOTOMy IiTO KpaTKOCpOLIHbni aHânH3 MO)KeT 

HeJJOOLJeHHBaTb BO3MO)KHON CJIO)KHOCTH JJJIHTeJIbHOCO H nOJIHOCO 

B03JJei-iCTBH51 H3MeHeHH2 nOTpe6neHHA Ha 3JJOpOBbe HaCeneHHA. 

MHOCHe 3a60neBaHHA pa3BI4BaIOTCA TOnbKO nOCne JInlaTenbHOrO 

noTpe6neH1451 anKOrOnA B 60nbIIIHX KOnHiieCTBaX. 3TOT (1)aKT 

OKâ3bIBaeT 3HaiIHTenbHOe BnHAHHe Ha O6LIJyiO B3aHMOCB5I3b MexcJly 

nOTpe6neHHeM anKOCOJISI H 3a6OneBaeMOCTbiO H CMepTHOCTbiO (Skog 

1980b). IToCneJICTBHA JJJIHTenbHOCO CKpbITOCO nepxoJla Ha 

HHJJHBHJ(yanbHOM ypOBHe O6bIi1HO 6yJJyT Bblpa)KaTbCA B TaK 

Hâ3bIBaeMOM BpeMeHHOM OTCTaBaHHH Ha O6O6LIIeHHOM ypOBHe. 

341)eKT nOBbItIIeHHA COBOKynHOCO nOTpe6neHHA H, TaKHM o6pa3oM, 

113

pocTa lincna MHOr01161OHji3x 6yj(eT npOABnATbCA Ha 11p0T51)Kexi314 

MHorOneTHerO nepnOJja. L1aCTHLIHO nOBbllileHne ypOBHA CMepTHOCTn 

6yzeT, TM He McHee, OLIeBIiJ];HbIM 11011TH cpa3y xce Hnn B npe,genax 

nepBblX gByX neT, XOTA nOJIHbIIi 3(1-43.eKT He npOABIiTbCA paHee, LIeM 

Llepe3 20 neT (Skog 1984a). 

3cpcDeKT HaxonnexHA o61,51CHAeT HenleJjJleHHbIH 34)cpeKT. BcerJ>;a 

cymecTByeT OnpeJZeneHHOe 1114CJI0 nblonjnx, KoTOpble noTpe6nAIOT 

LryTb MeHbIIIe anKOrOnA, LIeM Heo6XOgnMO J)JIA TOrO, LITO6bI yMepeTb, 

CKa)ICCM, OT L[nppO3a ne9eHn. OAHaKO, eCJIn I3){ ypOBeHb nOTpe6neHnA 

paCTeT, 3a60neBaHHe pa3BliBaeTCA 6bICTpee, H OHn MOryT yMepeTb OT 

unppo3a 3a KOpOTKHI3 nepno,q BpeMexn. Z(JiA JTpyrnx nb101IÿI4X 

noTpe6yeTC51 6011bIIIHA OTpe3oK BpeMexH Ha pa3BnTHe Ijnppo3a H 

CMepTb B pe3yn6TaTe 3TOrO 3a6oneBaHnA, H 3T0 6y41eT cLInTaTbcA 

OTRanCHHbIM 3eeKTOM. 

bblCTpble OTBeTHble H3MeHeHH51 CMepTHOCTH npn 3HaLInTenbHOM 

H3MeHeHnH COBOKynHOrO ypoBHA noTpe6nexHA 6binn Han60nee 

y6eJjnTenbHO npOHnnIOCTpnpOBaHO JjaHHbIMH 143 Hapnxca 3a nepnoJj 

BTopOii MHpOBOi-i BOIiHbI. B 1942 roAy 6bina BBegexa KapTOmHaA 

CHCTM Ha npoJiaxcy anKOTOnA n3-3a CHnbHON HeXBaTKn 

anKOTOnbHbIX HannTKOB, H, KaK cnencTBHe, Ha6nioJ1aJIOCb 

3HaLIi3TenbH0e cOKpan.jeHne nOTpe6neHIiA ânKOTOJISI, KOTOpoe 

Jxnnnocb go 1947 roAa. HopMa cocTasnAna 0.5-1 n Blixa B HeJxenlo, H 

noTpe6nexne Ha JzyHly HaceneHHA CoKpaTHnocb B nepnOJ1 BOFiHbI Ha 

80% nnn 6011ee. Bo3J1elicTBiie Ha ypoBexb cMepTHOCTH OT uHppo3a 

6bIJIO CTOnb )Ke 3HaLInTenbHblM. CIIyCTA 1 rog ypoBeHb CMepTHOCTn 

COKpaTHJICA 6onee, LieM Ha 50%, a CnyCTA 5 neT - 6onee, LIeM Ha 80% 

OTHOCHTenbxO ypoBHA 1941 roJia (1%innlocTpauraA 4.1). 

34)(1)exT BpeMeHHOro oTCTa6aH145I o3HaLIaeT, LITO H3Mexenne 

yposHA CMepTHOCTIi 6yJZeT J)O HeKOTOpON CTenexH OTCTaBaT6 OT 

H3MeHeHHf4 B nOTpe6neHHH aJIKOTOnA. 31i)(ioeKT 6yJjeT oco6eHHo 

0L1eBHJ:1HbIM B TeX cnymaAx, KorAa noTpe6nenne MCHAJIOCb 

J1n14Ten6H0e BpeMSI B OAHOM HanpaBneHnH, a 3TM pe3KO 

(i3MeHH11OC6 B Jl;pyrOM. B 3TOIï CHTyannH MbI MO)KeM 0)K14JjaTb 

OnpeJZeJIeHHOro nepeXOgHOrO nepnOJ;,a, B TeLiexne KOTOpOTO 

nOTpe6neHne 6yueT pâ3BIiBaTbCA B OJI,HOM HanpaBneHnH, a ypOBeHb 

CMepTHOCTH - B npOTmBOnOJIO)KHOM. 3T0 6yteT npOUCXOnHTb 

nOTOMy, LITO nOJIHbIIi 3(1)(peKT nepBOiA TeHJZeHHHH eH.je He nOJIHOCTbK) 

npOABIiTCA cpa3y nOCne H3MeHeHHA 3TOii TeHgeHL[nn. 3MnnpnLIecKâA 

114

KapToYHaA cHcTeMa 

IInnlocTpauHSi 4.1 CMepTHOCTb B pe3ynbTaTe uHppo3a B IlapHxce B 

1930-1956 rr. (Aannbie H3 Ledermann 1964). 

HnnlocTpauHA Taxoro po,aa cHTyauHH Ha6nlOganacb, CpegH npoYHx 

Popham (1970) o6HapyxcHn, YTO B 

TeLieHHe 1931-58 rOJjOB Ha6nIOJjanOCb HeraTHBHas' KoppenAuHA 

(r=0,61) MexcRy noTpe6neHHeM anKOronA Ha jZynly HaceneHHA H 

ypOBHeM CMepTHOCTH B pe3ynbTaTe uNpp03a. Bo BCeX OCTanbHbIX 

BpeMeHHbIX CepHAX Popham o6HapyxcHn 1103HTHBHyIO KOppenAljHEO. 

IIpH 60nee neTanbHOM aHanH3e CTanO OYeBHJjHbIM, YTO 06b5ICHeHHe 

nOJ[06HOr0 aHOManbHOrO ABneHHA, BO3MO)KHO, 3aKJnOYaeTCA B TOM, 

YTO nOTpe6neHHe anKOrOnA CHnbHO CHH314J1OCb C HaYana CTOneTHA Jx0 

HaYana 30-x rOJjOB. 3aTeM nocneJjosan nepHoJ[ JjnHTenbxoCTbIO 

OKOJIO 15 neT, Korna Ha6nIOnanacb TenjjeHljHA yMepennoro 

nOBbiHIeHHA nOTpe6neHHA, B TO BpeMA KaK ypOBCHb CMepTHOCTH 

npOJjon)Kan CHH)KaTbCA Jjo HaYana 40-x rOJjOB. KOrJZa naHHbie 6bi11H 

npoaHanH3iipOBaHbI BTOpHYHO H yYTëH 30I1:leKT BpeMeHHOrO 

oTCTasanHA, KOppenAuHA cTana no3HTHBHOÎ-i (r=0.87) H coBnana co 

BCeMH OCTanbHblMH JZaHHbIMH (Skog 1980b). 

3cpctleKT BpeMeHHOrO OTCTaBaHHA HeO6XOnHMO o6513aTenbH0 

yYHTbIBaTb npH oueHKe TeHneHuHFi B npO6neMax, CB513aHHbIX C 

XpOHHYeCKHM nOTpe6neHHeM. 3a nOcnenHHe rOJZbI 6bIJlH 

pa3pa60TaHbI CTaTHCTHYeCKHe MeTOJjbI yYCTa 3TOr0 ABneHHA, H OHH 

npHMeHAnHCb B HCCne,aOBaHHAX no anKOrOnIO. bOnee ,aaBHHe 

C 

115

iiccneRosaHiiS{ H Aaxce, K co)KaneHFIIO, psi nOCneAHHX, me He 

yIIHTbIBanCM 3C1(1JeKT BpeMeHHOI'O OTCTaBaHHSI, MOryT nerKO npNBeCTH 

K He061eKTHBHbIM pe3ynbTaTaM, H FIX He06XOnHMO TpaKTOBaTb C 

oCTOpoxcxoCTblo. ara npo6neMa cTana oc06exxo oCTpoH B 

nocneAHHe rOnbl, c Tex nop KaK TeH,geHLjHH nOTpe6neHHA BO MHOrnx 

c-rpaHax He pa3BHBaIOTCSI 605Iee B o,AHOM HanpaBneHHH. 

O,AHaxo B CnyLlae nocne,ACTBHIi Tx)Kenoro OnbSIHeHHSi 343IPeKT 

speMexxoro OTCTaBaHHSI 06bIiiHO He npencTaBnMeT cepbe3HOli 

np06neMbl. B 3TOli cHTyaL[Hid, BepoxTHO, HaH6onee cepbe3Hylo 

np06neMy npe,AcTaBnSIeT TO, KaK npH aHanH3e yLIeCTb B3aHMHOe 

BnHSIHHe anx0ron5l H ApyrHX CliaKTOpos. 

4.2 PACIIPE,gE11EHV1E IIOTPE611EHV1S1 A11KO1-01151 

4.2.1 VlcTOpH4ecKaR cnpaeKa 

KaK MbI y)Ke o6cy)IC,AanH, B03Ae1iCTBHe H3MeHeHHii B 

nOTpe6neHHH Ha nyLHy HaCeneHHA 6yneT 06bILIHO 3aBHCeTb OT TOrO, 

KaK 3TH H3MeHeHHA pacnpenenAK)TCA CpenH HaceneHFiA. 

He06X0,AHMOCTb yi-IHTbIBaTb 3TOT 4JaKT 6b1na BnepBble nOJIHOCTbiO 

OCO3HaHa C1)paHL(y3CKHM AeMOrpa(tOM Sully Ledermann. 

HaL1HHaA c 1946 roAa Ledermann ony6nHKOBan cepHlo 

HCCneAOBaHHFi no BeKOBbIM TeHneHIjHMM H perHOHanbHbIM 

H3MeHeHHAM ypOBHA CMepTHOCTH BO CDpaHL[HH H ApyrHX CTpaHaX. OH 

o6HapyxcHn 3HaLIHTenbHble CoBna,AexHA B H3MeHeHHMX B 

npocTpaxCTSe H BpeMeHH Me)Kay noTpe6neHHeM anKOrOnA Ha nyuly 

HaceneHHM H ypOBHeM CMepTHOCTH, H 3T0 nOCny)KHJIO TOnHKOM K 

CO3AâHHiO ero H3BeCTHOIi TeopHH O pacnpeneneHHH noTpe6neHHM 

anKOrOnM. BKpaTue, 3Ta TeOpHA yrBepxcnaeT, LITO AOn)KeH 

Cyn.[eCTBOBaTb OHpeneneHHblii HOpAAOK B TOM, KaK nbK)Ii[He 

pacnpenenMlOTCA no HlKâne noTpe6neHHA anKOrOnM, H LITO 3T0 

pacnpeneneHHe MOxCeT 6bITb npH6nH3HTenbHO BblpaxCeHO TaK 

Ha3blsaeMOli nor-HOpManbHOFi BepOATHOCTHOIi KpHBOH. bOnee TOro, 

Ledermann npennonoxcHn, LITO cyLnecTByeT HOCTOAHHaA B3aHMOCB513b 

MexCny cpenHHM ypoBHeM nOTpe6neHHA H OTKnoxeHHMMH B 

pacnpeneneHHH. ara B3aI3MOCB5I3b o3HaLIaeT, LITO H3MexeHldA 

cpenxero yposHA noTpe6neHHA 6yAyT 06bILIH0 conposoxcAaTbcM 

116

H3MeneHHSIMH Ha Bcex yposHAx noTpe6nexi-iA, BKnIOLiaA TsnICenoe 

nbSIHCTBO (Ledermann 1956). 

TeopHA pacnpeneneHHA Ledermann noponHna cnopbl, 

AJIHBIIIHeCA nocneZjHHe 25 neT, H nocny)KHna TOnLIKOM Z[J731 cepHH 

3MnHpHiiecKHx H TeopeTHLIecKHx HccneAOSaHHFi. TeopeTwiecKHe 

OCHOBbI H 3MIIHpHLIeCKâA LjeHHOCTb OCHOBHOIi rHIIOTe3bI 3TOH TeOpHH 

COBepIIIeHHO cnpaBejjnHBO no,IjBepranacb COMHeHHIO, H CerOAHA 

o61i(enpH3HaHH0, LITO npaKTHLIeCKOe pacnpeneneHHe He HMeeT 

aOCTaTOLIHO OnpeneneHHat MaTeMaTHLIeCKON (bOpMynbl. TeM He 

McHee, 66InH 06Hapy)KeHbI HeKOTOpble 3aKOHOMepHOCTH B KapTHHaX 

pacnpe.geneHHA, H 3TH 3aKOHOMepHOCTH HMe1OT OTHOIHeHHe K 

B3aHMOCB313H MexcAy o61I[HM ypoBHeM noTpe6neHHA anKOrOnA s 

06LijeCTBe H COBOKynHbIM ypoBHeM npO6neM. MbI AanHM KpaTKHii 

o63op AByx OCHOBHMX BbIBOAOB HCCne,gOBaxHIi - Bo-nepBblX, T000 

(paKTa, LITO pacnpe,geneHHe ABnAeTCA BecbMa acHMMeTpHLIHbIM, H BO- 

BTOpbIX - 43aKTa O TOM, LITO paCnpOCTpaHeHHOCTb TA)KenOrO nbAHCTBa 

palme-ma B pâ3HbIX 061neCTBâX, TaK )Ke KaK H B npenenaX OAHOrO 

061(jeCTBa B pâ3HOe BpeMA, H 3TH H3MeHeHH51 CBA3aHbI C H3MeHeHHAMH 

B 06LIJeM ypoBHe noTpe6neHHA. 

4.2.2 ACVIMMETPVI4HOCTb PACI1PE,gE11EHVIA 

A npHOpH, pacnpeneneHHe HacenexHA B,gOnb IIIKânbl 

nOTpe6neHHA nOTeHljHanbHO MO)KeT HMeTb pa3nHLIHb1e 4:lOpMbI. OAHa 

1,13 BO3M0)KHOCTeii - 3T0 OJjHOpO,gHOe pacnpeneneHHe (A) C 

OAHHaKOBbIM LIHCJIOM ni0Aek1 B KaxcAOM HHTepBane ypOBHA 

nOTpe6neH4A. Pâ.CnpeneneHHe, BblpaN(eHHOe rpa(pHKOM B(DOpMe 

KOJIOKOna, KOTOpOe CXOAHO C HOpManbHblM pacnpeneneHHeM (B), 

SIBnAeTCA elljë OAHOii BO3MO)KHOii (1)OpMOii, H H3BeCTHO, LITO OHO 

06bILIH0 OTHOCHTCA K HeKOTOpbIM LienOBeLICCKHM CBOHCTBaM. 

bHMOAanbHaA (bOpMa (C) TaK)Ke BO3MO)KHa - "yMepeHHO nb10IIlHe" 

paCHOJIO)KeHbI B HH)KHeH LIaCTH LLiKânbl nOTpe6neHHA, a 

"anKOrOJIHKH" 6onee HnH Mexee ACHO BbIAenAIOTCA Ha BbICLIIHX 

ypOBHAX. I-1eTBëpTâA anbTepHâTHBa - 3T0 aCHMMeTpHLIHOe 

pacnpeneneHHe (D) 6e3 LIeTKorO pa3AeneHHA Me)KAy HOpMânbHblM 

nOTpe6neHHeM H 3noynOTpe6neHHeM. P1eKOTOpb1e H3 3THX BapHaHTOB 

MOryT 6bITb oTBeprHyTbl C TOLIKH 3peHHA 3npaBOrO CMbICna. 

CHMMeTpHLIHOe pacnpenenellHe, TaKOe Kat( OnHOpOAHOe H 

rayCCOBCKOe, He A01TyCKaeT CyLL[eCTBOBaHHe nioneFi nbIOLLjHX BnBOe 

117

6onbule cpeAHero ypoBHSI, TaK KaK HHKTO He MOwKeT nHTb MeHbnle 

H0n5I. Ho MbI 3HaeM, MTO B 6onbLIINHCTBe o6u.tecTB, r,ge noTpe6n5IIOT 

aJIKOI'Onb, CyHteCTByeT 3HaL1HTenbHOe KOnH4cCTBO nblOÜtHX nIOjteIi, H 

HX ypOBeHb noTpe6nexHSl 3HaLIHTenbHO 6onbule, item s ABa pa3a 

npesbllIIaeT CpejtHl-iI%I ypOBeHb. 3TOT apryMeHT y6eAHTenbHo, 

nOKâ3bIBaeT 4T0 pacnpeAeneHHe JjonNCHO 6bITb aCHMMeTpH4HO H CO 

CABHrOM B npasylo cTOpOHy (=no 5IBn5IeTC51 1103HTHBHOi-I 

acHM MeTpi34HOCTbIO). 

IIJIJIIOCTpaullia 4.2 I'rinoTeTH4eCKoe pacnpeAeneHHe nbioutero 

HaceneHHa no exceroAHOmy ypOBHIO noTpe6neHHSI. 

TeM He McHee, OCTaëTC5I MHONCeCTBO BO3MONCHbIX 

ztonOJIHnTenbHbIX BapHaHTOB KpiiBbIX. FiHMOjtanbHaSl CpopMa 

pacnpeAeneHlisl MOweT 6bITb nocTpoexa MHONCeCTBOM CIIOCO6OB, a 

KnacC KpHBbIX Oj[HOBOJIHOBOro aCHMMeTpFi4HOi'o pacnpeAenexxsl 

TatoKe BenHK. Bo3MONCHO nH Bb16paTb 60nee OrpaHH4eHHbIFi KJIacc 

pacnpejteneHHSI Ha OCHOBe TeopeTliLIecKFix apryMeHTOB HnH KaKIiMnH6o 

ApyrHM o6pa.3oM? Bailee TOrO, BO3MONCHO nH, LITO6bI 

nOTpe6neHHe anKOrOJIA nOjt4HH5IJIOCb KaxoMy-nH6O 3axoHy 

pacnpeAeneHHSi? 

143 ,ItpyriiX OTpacneli HayKH O NCH3HH H3BeCTHO, 4TO HeKOTOpble 

LienOBeiIecKHe npOSisneHHH 11O,VIiiH5I10TC5I 3aKOHaM pacnpeAeneHHSt, 

no KpaliHert Mepe npH6nH3HTenbxo (Anastasi 1958). HanpHMep, 

3KOHOMHCT6I noKa3anli 3aKOHOMepHOCTH B pacnpeAeneHHH 

6naroCOCT051Hii51 H ZtOXO,ita. 3TH 3aKOHOMepHOCTH O6bI4HO 5IBn5IIOTC51 

o4eHb aCiiMMeTp144HbIMH H HanOMHHalOT TeOpeTii4eCKyIO KpHByiO, 

118

H3BecTHylo KaK IIapeToso pacnpeneneHHe (Blinder 1974). TaKxce 

H3BCCTHb1 ApyrHe npHMepbl H3 HCCneA0BaHH13 nOBeneHHA LIenOBeKa 

npH noTpe6neHHH, H noTpe6neniie MHOrxX THnoB ToBapoB 

npH6nH3HTenbH0 COOTBeTCTByeT MaTeMaTHLIeCKOii KpHBOrI H3BeCTHO1i 

KaK nor-HOpManbHOe pacnpeneneHHe (Aitchison and Brown 1969), 

KOTOpaA BblpaxCaeTCA OAHOBOJIHOBbIM aCHMMeTpH'-IHbIM rpacpHKOM c 

AnHHHbIM OTBeTBneHHeM n0 HanpaBneHHIO K BbICOKHM ypOBHAM 

nOTpe6neHHA. 

3TH npH6nH3HTenbHble "3aKOHbI" pacnpeneneHHA 06b1'iHO 

06-b5ICHAIOTC51 CTpyKTypHbIMH XapaKTepHCTHKaMH MeXaH43MOB, 

KOTOpble OnpenenAloT H3yLIaeMble npOABneHHA. HanpHMep, 

HHTCnneKT O6bILIHO OnpenenAeTCA 60nbulHM LIHCJIOM pa3nHLIHbIX 

reHeTHLIecKHX Cl)aKTOpOB H CpaKTOpOB cpenbl, H BCC 3T0 

KOM6HHHpyeTCA, 3OIIOJIHAA Apyr Apyra, H npHBOAHT K O6uieMy 

pe3ynbTaTy. 

14HAHBH,3yaJI6H0e nOTpe6neHHe anKOronA TaKxCe Onpe,aenAeTCA 

60nbLÜHM KOnHLIeCTBOM pa3nHLIHbIX 43aKT0p0B. B 3TOM cnyvae, 

OAHaKO, 3TH CpaKTOpbI HMetOT TeHneHLIHIO KOM6HHHp0BaTbC5I, 

npHyMHOxCaA, a He nOnOJIH5I51 36:1CTBliA Apyr Apyra. 3TO 6b1n0 

nOATBepxCAeHO KaK AaHHbIMH eAHHOBpeMeHHbIX, TaK H AJIHTenbHbIX 

Ha611i0AeHHN (Skog 1979; 1991), H 3T0 Bb13bIBaeT aCHMMeTpH9HOe 

pacnpeneneHHe, KOTOpOe MOxCeT HanOMHHaTb nor-HopManbxoe 

pacnpeAeneHHe. TeM He Mexee, TaK KaK HeKOTOpb1e CloaxTOpbl 

OKâ3bIBaIOT nOCTaTOLIHO CHnbHOe BnHAHHe Ha nOTpe6neHHe, MbI He 

MOxCeM npennOJIOxCHTb, LITO BKnan BceX Cl)aKTOpOB HeBenHK: B 

OTAenbHblX 06LLjeCTBaX MOI'yT Ha6nI0naTbC51 3HaLIHTenbHble 

OTKJIOHeHI151 OT 06bILIHON nor-HOpManbHOlï (pyHKIjHH. 3TOT apryMeHT 

ABnAeTCA eLLjë OAHHM nOATBepxCAeHHeM TOrO I-4)aKTa, LITO peanbHOe 

HaceneHHe ABnAeTCA pâ3HOpOAHbIM H COCTOHT H3 pa3n1-14HbIX CJIOeB, 

rne Ha6ntOAaIOTCA 3HaLIHTenbHble OTnHLIHA OT cpennero ypOBHA 

n0Tpe6neHH31. Pa3H0p0A1-10CTb HaceneHHA nOKa3bIBaeT, LITO 

TeopeTHLIeCKne 3aKOHbI pacnpenenexHA MOryT 6bITb TOnbKO BeCbMa 

npH6nH3HTenbHbIMH n0 OTHOIileHHIO K peanbHOCTH. 

To, LITO 3MnHpHLIeCKOe pacnpeneneHHe nOTpe6neHHA anKOronA 

ABnAeTCA BeCbMa aCHMMeTpHLIHbIM C AnHHHbIM OTKJIOHeHHeM no 

HanpaBneHHIO BbICOKHX ypOBHeli nOTpe6neHHA, yCTaHOBnCHO 

nOCTaTOLIHO TOLIHO. l'1HOr3a pacnpeneneHHe MOxCeT TeCHO 

np146nHxCaTbC5I K O6bILIHOIi nor-HOpManbHOii KpHBOi3, B TO spew( KaK 

B ApyrHx cnyLlasix 3TO 6y3eT He TaK. JABa THnHLIHbIX npHMepa 

119

npencTasneH6l Ha HnniOCTpaiiHH 4.3, rjie noxa3aHO paCnpejieneHHe 

noTpe6neHHSi anKoronSi no jiaHHbIM OnpOCOB COOTBeTCTBeHHO B 

HopserxH H OpaHuHH. Ka( MbI BHjiHM, He cyuiecTByeT ileTKO 

o6o3Haziexxoro pa3ueneHHSI nlojteii Ha "yMepeHHo nbloluiix" H 

"anKOronHKOB". B o6eux cTpaHax 60nb11114HCTBO HaceneHHSI 

nOTpe6nsleT OT Manor() no cpejjxero ypoBHSI, H ecnu MbI 

npojiBHraeMCSi saepx BjjOnb IuxaJlbI noTpe6neHIiSI, M6I Ha6nlo,IjaeM 

nocTenexxoe CHH)KeHHe xonHLIecTBa nbIOUiHx. CnejiOBaTenbHO, 

Ha6nlonaeTcSi cxopee noCTeIIeHHbIIi, LIeM pe3KHIi nepeXOji OT ManOji0 

MHOr0n6ioI1.jHX. 

HeKOTOpbie aBTOpbI npejinonaraioT, i{TO aCUMMeTpHT-IHOCTb 

MO)KeT O6b5ICHSITbC51 3Ilo(lieKTOM O6O6uieHHSI H LITO OAHOpojzHasl 

nojirpynna Morna 6bI nOKa3aTb 6onee CHMMeTpw-IHOe 

pacnpe,geneHUe. 3TO, OjiHaKO, Hesepxo, H jiaxce Oilexb O,JHOpoj(Hble 

nojirpynnbi jjeMoxcTpHpyioT BecbMa acHMMeTpHyIHOe pacnpejzeneHHe 

(Skog 1979, 1991). ACÜMMeTpHLIHOCTb, B OCHOBHOM, O6yCnOBneHa 

3C1)IloeKTOM npHyMHO>iCeHiiSt, KOTOpbIIi SIBn5IeTC51 pe3ynbTaTOM 

jieiiCTBHSI 3aKOHa HpOHOpLiHOHânbHOCTH B03jieIiCTBHi7. 

25 Norway 

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I4n.nnocTpauHx 4.3 3MnHpHgecxoe pacnpejieneHUe excerojixoro 

KonHLieCTBa noTpe6neHHSI no jiaHHbIM onpocos cDpaHuHH H 

HopBerHH, 

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4.2.3 PacnpocTpaHeHHocTb noTpe6neHHA 6onbwHx 

KOnN4eCTB anKoronA 

npeAcxa3axxaSi B3aHMOCB5I3b McNC,ay paClIpocTpaxexxoCTbIO 

noTpe6nexHSi anKOrOnsl B 6onbüiHX KOnHi-IeCTBaX H 06114HM ypoBHeM 

noTpe6neHHSI HaceneHHSi iIBnSIeTCSI 0,41-IHM 143 sa)KHeI3IilHx BbIBO,TIOB 

TeopHH Ledermann. XOTSI MHOrHe Apyriie acneKTbl 3T0ii TeopxH He 

nOZ[TBep,iIHJIHCb, CyIIjeCTBOBaHHe nO,11O6HON B3aHMOCB313H 6bIJI0 

nOJ1TBep)KJjeHO 3MnHpH1-IeCKHMH HCCneJjoBaHHSIMH. B3aHMOCB513b 

Me)KAy CpeAHHM ypOBHCM nOTpe6neHHSI Ha Aynly HaceneHH51 H 

paCnpOCTpaHeHHOCTbIO nbiOIIjHX C e)KeroJjHOil 4O3ON, npeBblHlaK)Hreii 

COOTBeTCTBeHHO 18,75 H 36,5 nHTpOB a6COniOTHOrO anKOrOnSi, 

nOKa3aHa Ha 14JInIOCTpanHH 4.4. IZyHKTHpOM Ha 3TOiï ,rmarpaMMe 

0603HaTieHbI 3MHHpHTieCKHe Ha6nI0geHH5I n0 OnpOCaM HaCeneHHSI 

pa3nHT-11bIX CTpaH, B TO BpeMSI KaK CIIJIOHIHble KpHBble nHHHH - 3T0 

Cpe,qHee nu[pe6neHHe B nHipax B roA 

HJInFOCTpa[jnH 4.4 3MnHpHT-IeCKaSi B3aHMOCBSI3b Me)Kjjy CpeJ[HHM 

ypoBHeM nOTpe6neHH5I Ha Ka)KjkOTO nbiOHjerO H TiaCTbIO HaCeneHHSi, 

r,qe nOTpe6nsieTCSi 6onee 18,75 H COOTBeTCTBeHHO 36,5 n LIHCTOrO 

anKOrO1151 B rOq. KpHBble perpeccHH (CiUIOHIHbie nHHHH) H KpHBble, 

COCTaBneHHble n0 JjaHHbIM OnpOCOB (nyHKTHp) Onpe,genSlK)TCSI 

HaHMeHbHIHM KBaJjpaTOM (HCTOiiHHK: Skog 1985c). 

122

HaHMexbulHe KBaupaTHble perpeccHH. Ho-BHAHMOMy, pacnpocTpa- 

HeHHOCTb nOTpe6neHHSI 60nbIIIHx KOnHPIeCTB anKOrOJIR, KaK 6bI oHa 

He Onpenenslnacb, 3HaLIHTenbHO MeHSIeTCSi no Mepe npOJ[BH)KeHHSI OT 

06LL[eCTSa C HH3KHM ypOBHeM nOTpe6neHHSI Ha gym), HaCeneHHSl K 

06LuecTBaM c 6onee BbICOKHMH ypoBHSIMH noTpe6nexxsl Ha Ryuly 

HaCeneHHSi. 

HeKOTopbie aBTOpbI yTBepHC,gaIOT, LITO 3Ta B3aHMOCB5I3b SIBnSIeTCSI 

TâBTOJIOrHeii, TaK KaK BbICOKOe pacnpOCTpaHeHHe 3nOynOTpe6neHHSI 

anKOrOneM npeJ[nOnaraeT BbICOKHii Cpej[HHii ypOBeHb nOTpe6neHHSi. 

TeM He McHee, 3Ta B3aHMOCB5I3b 06naAaeT 6onee rny6oxoH 

npxpoAoH. 

3T0 6bin0 nOKa3aH0 npH Ha6nloAexxH TOTO, KaK MexsieTCa 

pacnpeAenexxe, 'coma MbI nponsxraeMCSI OT O6LueCTBa C HH3KHM 

061uHM ypOBHOM noTpe6neHHSI K 06ü.jecTBy C BbICOKHM ypOBHeM 

nOTpe6neHHSI. Pe3ynbTaT6I Ha6nK),geHliSi AaHbI Ha HTInK)CTpaIZHH 4.5, 

r.qe nOKa3aH0, HaCKOnbKO n0-pa3HOMy MeHSIeTCS1 npOL(eHTHblii COCTaB 

pacnpeneneHHSi, 'coma McHSIeTCSt noTpe6neHHe Ha ,Lry nIy HaceneHHSi. 

HH3KHI%I npOL(eHTHbII4 COCTaB MO)KeT paCCMaTpHBaTbeSi KaK 

npe,lZCTaBHTenbCTBO npOTOTHnOB "ManonbK)LLjHx", B TO BpeMSI KâK 

BbICOKHI%I npOLjeHTHbII4 COCTaB npenCTaBnSICT npOTOTHn 

"MHOTOnbIOLL[Hx" COOTBeTCTBeHHO B npe,gCTaBnSIeMbIMH HMH 

061i(ecTBaX. O6paTHTe BHHMaHHe, LITO TCpMHH "MHOronbK)II(He" 

3Aecb HCrIOnb3yeTCSi B OTHOCHTenbHOM CMbICne, B OTnHLIHe OT 

HTInIOCTpaL[HH 4.4. Mbl MO)KeM BH,geTb, iITO, KaK npasHJIO, Bce THnbI 

nbIOLIIHx HMeiOT TeH,IjeHLjHK) nOBbIIIIaTb noTpe6neHHe no Mepe 

npO,qBH)KeHHSI OT 06LqeCTBa C HH3KHM ypOBHeM nOTpe6neHHSI K 

06LnecTBy c 6onee BbICOKHM ypOBHCM noTpe6neHHSI. 3To 

csoeo6pa3Hoe "OpraHH3oBaHHOe" npOxBIi)xeHHe BCerO HaCeneHHSi 

BJIOnb LuxanbI noTpe6neHHSI. LHKana Ha HttnloCTpaLjHH 4.5 SIBnSIeTCSi 

nOrapH(i)MmecKON, LiT06bI BbISIBHTb OTHOCHTenbHble, a He 

a6COniOTHble H3MeHeHHSi. 

HpHMepbl, KOTOpble MbI Ha6niOJ(ânH Ha HnnK)CTpaLjHSIx 4.4 H 4.5, 

TaKHM O6pâ30M, n03BOnSIK)T npe,anOJIO)KHTb, iiTO H3MeHeHH5I B O6ineM 

ypOBHe noTpe6neHHSl O61 ;eCTBa MOryT 06bILIH0 6bITb 

KOnneKTHBHbIMH H3MCHeHHSIMH BO BCex yposxSlx nozpe6neHHS1. 

HeKOTOpbie aBTOpbI (HanpHMep Duffy 1986) BO3pa3HJIH, 3aSIBHB, LITO 

3TO 3aKnK)4eHHe HeJjeiiCTBHTenbHO, TaK KaK 3TH ,ITaHHble cKOpee 

SIBnSiIOTCSI Me)KiCynbTypaJlbHbIMH, LIeM gOnTOBpeMeHHbIMH. TeM He 

McHee, HCCKOnbKO HCCne):10OBaHHH H3MeHeHHI4 BO BpeMeHH 

123

o 

I~ 

â 

P.. 

00 - 

50 - 

30 - 

20 , 

10- 

5- 

3- 

2- 

1- 

5- 

3 5 10 15 20 30 50 

CpeAHee noTpe6neHHe B nHTpax B rO,u 

HJIJIFOCTpâ[(HH 4.5 3MnHpHTiecKaA B3aHMOCB513b MexKJZy CpeAHHM 

ypOBHeM nOTpe6neHHA anKOCOnA Ha KâxKjlOrO n6IOH.[erO H pa3nHqHbIM 

npoueHTHbIM COCTaBOM. 1n1pSIMble nHHHH SIBnAK)TCSI HaHMCH6LIleli 

KBaApaTHOH perpeccneii (1'lcTo'IHHK; Skog 1985c). 

BbICOKOe, 0 ; 11011TH BbICOKOe, V ; yMepeHHoe, 

nerxoe, . 

O ; cpenxee, 0; 

nonTBepAHnH o>iCHAaHHSI. gaxxble no pacnpeneneHHlo H3 

CDHHnSIHAHH, 1.11seHHH, HopserHH, JTIOHnOHa H HHAepnaHJjos 

noKa3aJIH, MTO nosblLHeHHe noTpe6neHHA Ha nyiny HaceneHHA 6bino 

pe3ynbTaTOM O61i[erO nosbllIIeHHSI norpe6neHHA BO scex rpynnax 

nbloLuxx (Bruun et al 1975, Skog 1985c. Lemmens et al 1990). 

THnHLIHbIii npuMep npHBenëH Ha l.nniocTpauHH 4.6, rne 

nOKa3aHa norapH(pMHTlecxaA AHarpaMMa BepOSITHOCTH (cosoxynxoe 

pacnpeneneHHe) Anx My)KCKOrO HaceneHHSi cl3HH1151HnHH. 

coCTaBneHHaSI no AaHHbIM onpoca o noTpe6neHHH 1968 H 1976 

ronos. gBe KpHB6Ie noLITH napannenbnbl, H KpHBax 1976 rona 

cnerxa cnBHHyra Bnpaso no cpasxeHHio c KpHBoii 1968 rona. 

3T0 n0Ka3bIBaeT, LITO n6iolijHe Ha scex ypOBHSIX nOBbIIIIâJIH CBOe 

norpe6neHHe npH6nH3HTen6H0 Ha paBHylo B npOueHTHOM 

COOTHOnleHHH BenHT-IHHy, H, CneAOBâTenbHO, pacnpOCTpaHeHHOCTb 

124

noTpe6neHFiH 6onbLHi3X KOnt-II-IeCTB anxoron5i noBbICiinacb. 

l'1Cnonb3y5I HecxonbxO Apyrylo McTo,aHxy, Lemmens et al 1990 

noxa3ânH CXO,axbIlï npouecc B HHgepnaH,aax. 

XOTSI 06LL[He Ha6nlo,aaeMble C nOMOIIjbIO 3THX AaHHbIX 5IBneHHSi 

nyTILLIe BCero MO)KHO OIïIiCaTb TaKHMH TepMIiHaMH, KaK 

"KOnneKTiiBHble" pâ3nHTIHSI H "opraHH30BaHHble" H3MeHeHIiSI, 3TH 

OHHCaHHSI He AOnnCHbi nOHHMaTbCSI 6yKBanbH0. 3TH yTBep)iCAeHHSI 

OnHCbIBaIOT 06LuHe CTaTHCTHTIeCKHe TeHAeHHHH B AaHHbIX. MbI He 

npeAJlaraeM 3aKOH npapoAbt HnH TITO-11H60 MeXaHHCTHTIeCKOe H 

HeH3MeHHOe, H TaK KaK BOKpyr OCHOBHbIX TeHAeH1(HIi CyIIjeCTByIOT 

OTKJIOHeHHSI, MbI AOn)KHbI 6bITb OCTOpo)KHbI, npHMeH5I5I HaIIlH 

pe3ynbTaTbl AnSI OTAenbHO B35ITbIX CTpaH. MOryT CyIHeCTBOBaTb 

06CTOSITenbCTBa, KorAa H3MeHeHHSI He 6yAyT "KOnneKTHBHbIMH"; 

HanpHMep, KOrAa B onpeAeneHHbIX CJIOSIX O61I(eCTBa noBbIlIIaeTCSi FIX 

ypOBeHb noTpe6neHH5I, B TO 'Tenn! KaK B ApyrHX CJIOSIX OH 

1 10 100 

JIL-rrpbi B roA 

14nnwcTpauxA 4.6 JIorapHCfMHTIecxaB AHarpaMMa BeposITHOCTH no 

My)KCKOMy HaceneHHlo 4:141HnSIH,aHH 1968 H 1976 r. (1'1CTOTiHHK 

AaHHbIX Mäkelä 1969 H Simpura 1985) 

MyXCTiHHbI, 1968 roA () H My)ICTIHHbI, 1979 roil ( 0 ). 

125

yMexbLnaeTCA; HJIH B pâ3nH4Hb1X CJIOSIX o6LgecTBa ypoBexb 

noTpe6neHHA Mo)KeT McHSITbCA B TOM >Ke HanpasneHHH, HO C 

JjOBOnbHO pa3HOFI CKOpoCTbIO. bonee Toro, HacTOALgaA 

COLjHOJjeMOrpa(iHLIeCKaA ZjHCp(13epeHL[HaLjHA nOTpe6neHHA anKOrOnA 

He OCTaeTCA nOCTOAHHOI-i Ha BCë BpeMA. 

KaK 6bIno yCJIOBneHO paHee, Tpe3BeHHHKH He BKnIOLIanHCb B 

npHBeneHHble BbIILIe aHanH361. CneJjOBâTenbHO, cpeJjHee 

noTpe6neHHe CLIHTanOCb CKopee Ha Ka)iCJjoro nbK)Iljero, LieM Ha jjyLÜy 

HaceneHHA. He06XOJ(HMO, TaKHM o6pa30M, 6bITb KpaliHe 

OCTOpO)KHbIM, npHMeHAA pe3ynbTaTbl B CHTyaLjHAX, rne Tpe3BeHHHKH 

BKnIOLIeH6I B nOJjCLieT. CyLqecTByeT nH CHCTeMaTH9eCKâA 

B3aHMOCB513b Me)KJjy ypOBHeM Tpe3BOCTH H CpeJjHHM ypoBHCM 

noTpe6neHHA Ha Ka)K,aOro nbiOLLjerO, no CHX nop He ACHO. MOryT 

6bITb Ha4iJjeHb1 HHjjHBHJjyanbHble npHMepbl KaK no3HTHBHOÎ-I, TaK H 

HeraTHBHOIi B3aHMOCB51311. MMeA H3MeHeHHe ypOBHA nOTpe6neHHA Ha 

IjyLny HaceneHHA, 6bIn0 6bI OLIeHb HHTepeCHO y3HaTb, B KaKOH 

CTeneHH 3T0 pe3ynbTaT H3MeHeHHiï B ypOBHe Tpe3BOCTH H B KaKOH 

CTeneHH - pe3ynbTaT H3MeHeHH51 B ypOBHe nOTpe6neHHA nbK)LIjHX. 

4.2.4 fÎOIIbITKa 061:2ACHHTb Ha6lllO,g@HHSI no 

pacnpegel7@HHIo IloTp@6Jl@HHA aJlKOronA Cp@,gH 

HA. C@!1@HHA 

ECnH CMOTpeTb B LjenOM, npeJjCTaBneHHble 3JjeCb jjaHHble 

n0Ka3bIBaIOT, LITO pHCK nbiOLLjerO nepeFiTH B KaTerOpHlo 

"MHOTOnbIOLLIHX" 3aBHCHT OT He6naronpHATHOro BnHSIHHA 

OKpy)KeHHA, K KOTOpOMy OH npHHaJjnexcHT, Ha KynbTypy 

noTpe611eHH51 aJIKOronA. cDaKTOpbI oKpy)KeHHA, TaKHM 06pa3oM, 

HrpaIOT Bâ)KHyIO ponb B BO3HHKHOBeHHH aJIKOrOnbHbIX npo6neM. 3T0 

npOCTO HeBepHo, LiTO "anKOronHKH" 3apaHee o6pe=4exbl Ha 

3noynoTpe6neHHe anKOTOneM, 6onee HJIH Mexee He3aBHCHMO OT HX 

COIjHânbHOro OKpy)ICeHHSI. 

OnHCaHHble 3aKOHOMePHOCTH pacnpeJjeneHHA noTpe6neHHA 

anKOTOJIA MO)KHO 061ACHHTb, OCHOBbIBaACb Ha COL[HanbHO- 

KynbTypHOM reHe3Hce HHJjHBHJjyânbHblX THHOB nOTpe6neHHA. 

CB513aHHOe C anKOTOneM nOBeJjeHHe ABnSIeTCA COLjHanbHbIM 

nOBeJjeHHeM B TOM CMbICne, LiTO 3T0 TO, LIeMy MbI yLIHMCA H 3TM 

COBepLnaeM c ,gpyrHMH LUIexaMH HaHIei KynbTypbi. B 6onbIHOM 

KonHLIecTBe 3KCnepHMeHTânbHb1X HCCne,rjosaHHi%[ H HCCne,goeaHHAX- 

Ha6nIOJjeHHAX noKa3aHo, LITO nbIOIIjHe nIOJjH nOJjBepxceHbI CHJIbHOMy 

126

BnHSiHH10 rlpHSbILIeK nOTpe6neHHSI anKOrOnSI, npHHSITbIX B HX 

COL(HanbHOM OKppKeHHH (Skog 1980a). TeopHSi COuHanbHOTO 

B3aHMOBnHSIHHSI npH nOTpe6neHHH anKOTOnSI, TaKHM O6pa3OM, 

11O3BOn5IeT npegnOJIO)KHTb, LITO HH,RHBH,RyyM, )KHByluHii B 

AOCTaTOLIHO 6naronpHSITHOM OKpy)KeHHH, MO)KeT cKOpee CTaTb 

"MânonbiOII(HM" LIenOBeKOM, B TO BpeMSI KaK TOT )Ke HH,IjHBH,IjyyM MOr 

6bI CTaTb "MHOronbK)ILjHM" B He6naronpHSITHOM OKpy)KeHHH, rije 

anKOTOnb ,RenIes, jjOCTyneH H HsnSIeTCSi COCTâBHOIi LiaCTbiO 

nOBCejIHCBHOM )KH3HH. TaK KaK HH,RHBHjIyanbHble npHSbILIKH 

nOTpe6neHHSI anKOTOnSI H3-3a COIIHanbHOTO B3aHMOBnHSIHHSI 

B3aHMOCBSI3aHbI, HH,RHBH,DyanbHble H3MeHeHHSI npHBbILIeK nOTpe6neHHSI 

anKOronSI HMeIOT TeH,ReHuHio 6bITb CHHXpOHHbIMH, H TaKHM o6pa3oM, 

BO3HHKaeT KOnneKTHBHaSI KapTHHa H3MeHeHHiï (Skog 1979). TaxHM 

06pa30M, Ha6niOjlaeMble KOnneKTHBHble KapTHHbI H3MeHeHHIi, 

HaH60nee BepOSITHO, SIBnSIIOTCSI pe3ynbTaTaMH ,ReHCTBHSI COuHanbHblX 

H KynbTypHbIX MexaHH3MOB. 

51BHOe OTCyTCTBHe TeCHOii B3aHMOCBSI3H Me)Kzly ypOBHeM 

Tpe3BOCTH H ypOBHeM nOTpe6neHHSi anKOronSi MO)KeT HaiiTH csOe 

o615ICHeHHe B paMKaX TeOpHH COLjHânbHOrO B3aHMOBnHSIHHSI. ECnH 

Tpe3BeHHHKH H nbioLRHe SIBnSIiOTCSI TOnbKO cna6o CB5I3aHHbIMH 

noArpynnaMH o61uecTBa, H3MeHeHHSI s npe,Renax no,RrpynnbI 

nbiOLlMx MoryT OKa3bIBaTb nHIIIb He6onbllIOe BnHSIHHe Ha no,Rrpynny 

Tpe3BeHHHKOB. Cna6y10 CB5l3b MO)KHO OTHeCTH Ha CCT 

H,ReonOrHLIeCKOl3 HanpSUKeHHOCTH H ,RpyrHX (l)aKTOpOB. 

gaHHble, xOTOpbMe Mbl npoaHanH3HpoBanH, O6bILIHO OnHCbIBaiOT 

TO, LITO MO)KHO 6bin0 6bI Hâ3BaTb "3anajlHbIM MHpOM nOTpe6HTeneii 

CBO6o,RHOTO pbIHKa", KOTOpbIii XapaxTCpH3yeTCSI OLICHb Cna6bIM 

npSIMbIM O(1)141L14âJIbHbIM COUHânbHblM KOHTpOneM HHjIHBH,RyanbHOTO 

nbioLuerO. B 06LueCTBaX C ropa3jl0 60nee CHnbHbIM KOHTponeM Ha,R 

KâXCjIbiM nbIOIIIHM MbI MO)KeM nerKO npe,RCTaBHTb, LITO 

pacnpeuenexxe nbx)LuHx no yposxSlM noTpe6neHHSi 6yneT coBCeM 

HHbIM. Cne,ROSaTenbHO, ecnH O(lHuHanbHbIii HnH HeO41HIIHanbHblli 

COuHanbHbIii KOHTpOnb nbx)njHX 6bin 6bI yCHneH, pacnpe,Renexxe 

nOTpe6neHHSi H3MCHHJIOCb 6bI, H MbI ,ROnNCHbI O)KHgaTb, LITO M6I 

yBH,RHM cOKpaLueHHe paCnpOCTpaHeHHOCTH nOTpe6neHHSI anKOronSl B 

6onbLUHX KOnHLieCTBaX 6e3 COOTBeTCTByIOLuHX H3MeHCHH11 B CpeAHCM 

yposxe noTpe6neHHSI (Skog 1980a). 

Norström (1987a) noxa3an 3c14exT OcDHLlxanbxorO couHanbxoro 

KOHTponSi Hap( pacnpenenexxeM noTpe6nenHSi anKOrOnSI B 

127

HCCneJiOBaHIii3, TaK Ha3bIBaeMOii, CHCTeMbI llipaTra B LLIse1jHH. 3To 

6bIna KapTOtIHaA cHCTeMa. KoTOpaA 6bina BBeJieHa BO sperm' nepeoli 

MIipOBOii BOi3HbI (Kai( anbTepHâTHSa "CyXOMy 3aKOHy") H KOTOpaA 

JieHCTBOSana go cepeAHHbI 50-x ro,aOB. Norström noxa3an, 4To 

KapTO4HâA CFiCTeMa 3Ha414TenbHO COKpaTIiJIa Kone6aH{iA 

pacnpegeneHI-iA H pacnpoCTpaxeHHOCTb TANCenOrO nbAHCTBa no 

CpaBHeHFIIO C JipyrHMH CTpaHaMli CO CXOJiHbIM CpeJiHHM ypOBHeM 

noTpe6neHI3A. 3T0 OKa3anO 3Ha41iTenbHbIi-i 34(1JeKT Ha CMepTHOCTb B 

pe3ynbTaTe uHppo3a ne4eHH (Norström 1987a) H KonHVeCTBO 

npecTynneHHï-I, CBA3aHHbIX C HaCiiJIFieM (Lenke 1990). JllaHHbIH 

npliMep LLIBeuHH, TaKiiM o6pa3oM, HnnloCTpHpyeT OCHOBHOe 

nonoxceHHe o TOM, 'ITO Ha6nIOJjaeMble B pacnpeJjenexxH nio6oiï 

CTpaHbl 3aKOHOMepHOCTid MoryT 6bITb Si3MeHeHbI C nOMOn.[bIO 

OnpeJieneHHbIX Bo3JZeiïCTBFiFi Hnii MeXaHFi3MOS H, CneJtOBaTenbHO, 

"3aKOHbI O paCnpeJieneHNH" Henb351 npHMeHATb 6e30 BCAKIIX 

OrpaHn4eHFiH. 

4.2.5 floTpe6neHHe anKoronn B 6onbwHx KonNyecTBax 

rt npo6nenna "npHpoAa/BocnHTaHHe" 

B nOCneJjHHe rOJibl >KeCTKaA KOHuenIjHA "anxoronii3Ma" KaK 

4e1O-TO onpe,aenexxoro, Ka4eCTBeHHO oTni3i-Ia101uerocA OT 

HOpManbxoro noTpe6neHHA anKOrOnA, 6bina 3aMexexa 6onee r136KOIi 

ByXOCesoiï KOHljenuHeii, rJje "anxoronbxaA 3aBHCHMOCTb" ABJIAeTCA 

OJiHOii OCbIO 1i3MepeHi3A H "npo6neMbl, CBA3aHHble C anKOroneM" - 

JipyroH OCbIO (Edwards et al 1977). 3TO N3MeHeHHe KoHuenuHH 

03Ha'-IaeT npii3HaHiie TOrO, LITO Hâ3bIBaeMOe "anKOrOn143MOM" 

COCTOAHHe ABJIAeTCA MHOrOrpaHHbIM. 

bonee Toro, noTpe6neHHe, 3noynoTpe6neHlie H 3aBHCi3MOCTb 

MoryT 6bITb pa3nH4HOFi CTeneHii, H nepexoJi OT TaK Hâ3bIBaeMOrO 

"HOpMânbHOro" nOTpe6neHiül anKOronA K "HeHopManbHOMy" 

ABnACTCA cKOpee noCTeneHHbIM, 4eM pe3KHM. 

ara HOBaA KOHuenul4A CO BCeMH BXOJiAIIjliMii CioJia BOnpOCaMH, 

COrnaCyeTCA C HaMe'ieHHOii 3JieCb nepCrleKTI3B0Î-i. MbI BbIACHHnH, 4TO 

CBA3aHHOe C BbInHBKOFi nOSeJieHFie noJisepraeTCA BniiAHHIO 

6OnbLIIOro KOnH4eCTBa (DaKTOpOS, KOTOpble 06bI4H0 KOM6HHi3pyIOTCA, 

npHyMHOxcaA JieHCTSiiA Jipyr Jipyra. CneJiosaTenbHo, noTpe6neHHe 

ânKOronA B 6onbiuFiX KOnA'IeCTBaX BO3HnKaeT H3-3a MHOweCTBa 

npii'IHH, H MHOrOnbiOnjHi-i 4enOBeK - 3TO nid'IHOCTb, rJie CXOJii3TCA 

Bo3JieliCTBHe OrpOMHOro 'IHCna HMeiOniHX TeHJieHuiiio nOBbILUaTb 

128

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'-ITO HaII1 apryMOHT OCTaHeTCA BepHbIM 6e3oTHOCHTenbH0 K TOMy, 

BbICOKaA HnH HI-13Ka5I KOppenAlrHA 6y,rjeT KOr,ga-nH60 yCTaHOBneHa 

Mc)xJZy 6HOJIOrHeCKOii KOHCTHTyn;Hei4 H npo6neMHbIM 

nOTpe6neHHeM anKOronA. Aa)Ke B ManOBepOATHOM Cny'iae nO'-iTii LITO 

COBepIIIeHHOIi KOppenAIJHH MbI 6yAeM o)KHj(aTb, LITO 

pacnpOCTpaHeHHOCTb "anKOrOnIdKOB", "KpailHe 3aBHCHMbIX OT 

anKOrOnA nbI011[HX" H T.A. 6ygeT 3HaLIHTenbHO MeHATbCA B 

npOCTpaHCTSC H BpeMeHH B OTBeT Ha H3MeHeHHe 06iijeer0 XapaKTepa 

He6naronpHATHOrO OKpy)KeHHA B o61IleCTBe. 

FiHOnorH4eCKHe (1)aKTOpbI, BnHAIOIqHe Ha CB5I3aHHOe C 

anKOroneM nOSeJjeHHe, MHOr04HCneHHbI H pa3H006pa3Hbi n0 

npHpone (Jaffe 1988). Henb351 nOnaraTbCA Ha KaKON-TO eJ[HHblfl "reH 

nbAHCTBa". HeKOTOpble HeflpOTpaHCMHTTepbl MOryT BnHATb Ha 

BO3HHKHOBeHHe yAOBOnbCTBi15I y n10Jiefi (3Î3(loOpHH), MeTa60nH4ecKHe 

(paKTOpbI MOryT BbI3bIBaTb y HeKOTOpbIX peaKl(Hi0 OTBpanjeHHA K 

anxoronlo (Agarwal and Goedde 1991), H orpoMHOe KOnH4ccTBo 

6HOnorHLlecKlix MexaxH3MOa oxa3blBaeT 6onblIIe HenpAMOe BnHAHHe 

Ha CB513aHHOe C aJlxoroneM noseJ[eHHe, sO327tei-ÏCTBy51 Ha JjpyrHe THnbI 

noBepeHHA, KoTOpble B CBOiO o'IepeJjb BnIiAIOT Ha noTpe6nexi7e 

anKOronA. pionee Toro, 3TH CBA3H Me)Kny reHeTH4eCKHM cTpoeHHeM H 

noBeAeHHeM B HeTpe3soM COCTOAHHH He ABnAIOTCA MexaHH'ieCKHMH H 

HeH36e)iQ-IbIMH. HanH4He noAo6Hblx (kalCropos "npeApacnonoxceHHOCTx" 

MO)KeT HpHBeCTH TOnbKO K nOBbII1IeHHOMy pZlC1Cy, a 6yAeT Jill 3TOT 

pHCK MaTepHâJIH3OBaH B aJIKOronbHylO npo6neMy, 3aBHCHT OT 

OKpy)KeHHA. 

TaK KaK Mo)KHO npeJ[noJIO)KHTb MHO)KeCTBO He3aBHCHMbIX 

reHeTH4eCKHX (l)aKTOpos, reHeTH'ieCKaA npejjpacnOnO)KeHHOCTb 

JjonACHa npOSIBnATbCA B pa3nH4HON CTeneHH, H MbI MO)KeM 

npc,LICTaBHTb pacnpeZjeneHHe HaceneHHA BJjOnb IIIKanbI, KOTOpaA 

H3MepAeT "6HOJIOrH4eCKyIO npeJf,paCHOJIO)KeHHOCTb". HeKOTOpbie 

JIionH o6nâJ>;a.IOT BbICOKOH, HeKOTOpble yMepeHHOi%I H HeKOTOpble HH3KOfi 

npeJ[paCnOnO)KeHHOCTbIO. B O61I[eCTBe C HH3KHM nOTpe6neHHeM 

anKOrOnA J);OCTynHOCTb aJIKOronA ABJIAeTCA B CpeffleM nOCTaTO4HO 

He60nbIlloii. B OCHOBHOM, nIO,IH C BbICOKOi4 npe.LpaCHOJ1O?KeHHOCTMO 

MOryT ROBeCTH CBOe nOTpe6neHHe Jj0 nOABneHHA anKOrOnbHbIX 

np06neM B ,r];aHHbIX yCJIOBHAX. B"MOKpOM" 061IjeCTBe, TM He McHee, 

BnHSiHHe anKOrOnA BenHKO, H Jlaxce Te, KTO o6na,qaeT JZOCTaT04H0 

yMepeHHOii npeJJpacnoJIO)KeHHOCTbIO, MOryT JjOBeCTH CBOe 

nOTpe6neHHe J>

CneAOBaTenbHO, paCnpOCTpaHeHHOCTb anKOrOnbHbIX npo6neM 

uonxcxa 6bITb BbIIIIe B nOCneuHeM cnyiiae, TITO H noxTBep)KAaiOT 

HMeIOn1;HeCSI B HanHLIHH (paKTbI (cM. pa3uen 4.3 HH)Ke). 

KonevecTeo 

nroneï 

HH3KâA CpeAHAA BbICOK3A 

npeJIpaCHOJIONCeHHOCTb 

11JIniOCTpawHN 4.7 FHnoTeTHLIecxoe pacnpeueneHHe HacenexHSI no 

npe,qpaCnOJIOXCeHHOCTH K anKOrOnbHbIM np06neMaM. 

CXOuHble apryMeHTbI TaIOKe ueI3CTBHTenbHbI H B npeuenax 

KâxCuorI KynbTypbl. YpOBHH nOTpe6neHHSI H npaKTHKa nOTpe6neHHSI 

3HaLIHTenbHO MeHSIIOTCSI B pa3nHLIHbIX CJIOSIX HaCeneHHSI (Clark and 

Hilton, 1991 npeAcTaBIUIH BCeCTOpOHHHe uaHHbie no CHIA B 3TOM 

Bonpoce), H jjOCTaTOLiHO "cyXaH" KynbTypa Co.gep)KHT onpe,Ijenexxble 

KynbTypxble "HHIIIH", rue anxoronb ynorpe6nxeTcx 6onee cso6ouxo 

H nacTO. B uaHHbIX nourpynnax HHuHBHuyyMbl C yMepexxOK 

npe,qpaCnOnO)KeHHOCTbiO MOryT nOUBepraTbcSl pHCKy. TaKHM 

06pa30M, MO)KHO O)KH,i(aTb, LITO ;mice B uOBOnbHO "CyXHX" KynbTypaX 

MO)KeT 6bITb LiacTb "anKOronHKOB" C HH3KOii Hull yMepeHHOI4 

npe.gpacnOnO)KeHHOCTbIO, 6narouapsl cynjeCTBOBaHHIO "MOKpbIX 

HHIII". Cne,I;OBaTenbHO, B nI060M o6lljecTBe "anKOrOnHKH", cxopee 

BCerO, SIBn5I10TC5i ,gOCTaTOLIHO pa3HOpOuHOii MaCCOI-i. 

131

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He06XOAHMa ,iZOnOJIHHTenbHâSl HH(DOpMauHSI n0 TOLIH6IM H3MeHeHHSIM 

nOTpe6neHHSI B rpynnaX, HO 3TH AaHHble peAKO HMeIOTCSI B HaJIHLLHH. 

1Me51 ;ten() C He3KCnepHMCHTanbHblMH AaHHbIMH MO)ICHO 

CTOJIKHyTbCSi C BO3MO)KHOCTbIO nOJIyLIeHHSI CTHMynHpOBaHHOIi 

KoppensluHH: ABe nepeMeHHble MOryT 6bITb TeCHO CB513aHbl Apyr C 

ApyrOM, IIOTOMy LITO OH14 06e 51BR511OTC51 npOAyKTOM oAHOro H TOTO 

)Ke ne)ICaLuerO B OCHOBaHHH McXaHH3Ma. B OCHOBHOM, 0606LueHHble 

B3aHMOCB513H MOryT H3yLlaTbC3I n0 AByM pâ3nHLiHbIM THnaM AaHHbIX. 

MoxceT 6bITb cAenaHO CpaBHeHHe Me)iCAy HaCeneHHeM pa3nHLIHbIX 

MeCTHOCTeH B OAHO spew' (3KOJIorHLieCKâSI KoppenSluHSI), HnH MO)KeT 

6bITb CAenaHa cepHSl Ha6nI0AeHHI%I OAHOTO H TOrO xce HaCeneHHSi B 

pa3nHLIH6IX BpeMeHHbIX TOLIKâX (TpaHCCDepanbHo-(tyHKuHOHanbHblFi 

aHanH3). B3aHMOCB5I3H, OCHOBaHHble Ha 3KOJIOrHLIeCKHX AaHHbIX, no 

HeKOTOpbIM TeXHHLIeCKHM npHTiHHaM SIBnSI1OTCSI AOCTaTOLIHO 

COMHHTenbHbIMH H He 6yAyT paCCMaTpHBaTbCSt B 3TOii rnaBe. r1oAXOA 

BpeMeHHbIX cepHfl, KaK MO)KHO O)KHAaTb, AacT 6onee HâAë)KHble 

OueHKH, gem 3KOJIOrHLIeCKHIi aHanH3. OCHOBHOH npo6neMoi3 

BpeMeHHbIX cepHi3 S1B5151eTC5I TOT (taKT, LITO ABe CepHH MOryT HMeTb 

CXOAHble TeHAeHuHH, XOTSI OHH He 5IBn5I1OTC51 npHLIHHHO 

B3aHMOCB5I3aHHbIMH. AHâROrHLIHO, 5IB11eHH51, KOTOpble B AeIiCTBHTenb- 

HOCTH 110314THBHO COOTHOCSITCSI, MOryT HHOrAa HMCTb OLIeHb 

pa3nHLlHble TeHAeHuHH pâ3BHTHSt H MOryT Aaxce ABHraTbeSi B 

npOTHBOnOJIO)KHbIX HanpaBneHHSIX. 11pHLIHHOii 3TOrO 06bI1IH0 

SIBJISIeTC51 TO, LITO pyre 4)aKTOpbI, KOTOpble BRHSIEOT Ha 3aBHCHMyIo 

BeRHLiHHy, He SIBJISIiOTCSI nOCTOSIHHb1MH BO BpeMeHH. 

axT, LITO 6OnbHIHHCTBO BHAOB yLuep6a o6naAaloT 

MHOrO(taKTOpHO1i 3THOROrHeii, npHBOAHT K HeKOTOpbIM Bâ)KHbIM, HO 

LIaCTO He 3aMeLIaeMbIM nOCneACTBHSIM npH HHTepnpeTauHH 

o6061ueHHOri B3aHMOCB5I3H MexcAy nOTpe6neHHeM H yluep6oM. 

Ha6n10AeHHe, LITO ypOBeHb BO3HHKHOBeHHSI Kaxoro-R116o yluep6a 

cTa6HneH HRH noHH)KaeTcSl, B TO spew' KaK nOTpe6nexxe 

nOBbILIIaeTCSI, He yCTpaHSIeT BO3MO)KHOCTH nOAnHHHOTO 11O3HTHBHOTO 

COOTHOLIICHHSi MexcAy 3THMH AByMSI BeRHLiHHaMH. OTRHLIaiOIuaSIC51 

TeHAeHuHSt MO)KeT 6bITb pe3ynbTaTOM yJIyLILUa10Luero BnHSIHHSI 

ApyrHX npHLIHHHbIX (paKTOpOB nOMHMO anKOrOnSI. 143yLIeHHe aBapHli 

CO CMepTeRbHbIM HCXOAOM B HOpBerHH npeAOCTaBnSIeT HaM XOpOIIIyIo 

HJUIIocTpaljlüo: B TeLIeHHe nepHoAa 1951-80 rr. noTpe6neHHe Ha AyLUy 

HaCeneHHSI nOLITH yABOHJIOCb, B TO BpeMSI, KaK ypOBeHb 

HaCHRbCTBeHHbIX CMepTeH 6bIn AOCTaTOLIHO CTa614n13HbIM (Skog 

133

1986). 03HagaeT 1113 3TO, 4TO 3Ta 4)opMa cMepTHOCTx He pearxpyeT Ha 

H3MCHeHH5I B nOTpe6neHI3H? Bailee ,I)',eTâJIbHbIii aHânH3 nOKa3an, 4TO 

ypOBeHb CBH3aHHbIX C anKOrOneM HaCHJIbCTBCHHbIX CMepTei4 Ha 

CaMOM Aerie yBenHLIHJICH, HO 3TO yBenH4eHHe 6bino HeNTpani33OBaHO 

3Ha4HTCnbHbIM CHHNCeHHeM HeC4aCTHbIX cny4aes Ha npOH3BOACTSe 

(KOTOpble no4TH HHKOrAa He BO3HHKaiOT B HopBerHH no npH4HHe 

noTpe6neHHx anKOronH). B AaHHOM cny4ae Apyrori ckaKTOp - 

npO(iHnaKTHKa HCC4aCTHbIX cny4aes Ha npOH3BOACTBe - npOH3Ben 

Bo3AeÎ3cTBHe o6paTHoe BJIHAHHIO noTpe6neHHH. B pe3ynbTaTe BnHSIHHe 

anKOronH 6bI110 CKpbITO B o6lueii TeHAeHuHH. 3TOT npHMep Cny)KHT 

npCAOCTepe)KeHHeM npOTHB HeOCTOpO)KH6IX yTBep)KAeHHN, 

BbIBeAeHHbIX 1-13 aHanH3a TeHjjCHuHFt. 

To, 4TO ApyrHe (kaKTOpbI He "paBHbl", Mo)KeT 6bITb HIM He 6bITb 

IIp06neMOH npH OL[CHKe BJIH)IHHH nOTpe6neHHH anKOronH Ha ypOBeHb 

npo6neM. ECnH HCHO11 b33,10TC5I COBpeMeHHble CTaTHCTH4eCKHe 

McTOAHKH, TO CHTyauHH He 6yAeT npo6neMaTH4Holi, AO Tex nop noKa 

HeT HCTHHHbIX KoppenHuHN Me)iCay noTpe6neHHeM H gpyrHMH 

3THOnOrH4eCKHMH Il3aKTOpaMH, KOTOpble He 6bInH nOJiHOCTbiO 

paccMOTpexbl (Box and Jenkins 1976). TeM He Mexee, ec11H Apyrai 

3THO110rH4eCKHi7 (13aKTop J';eÎdCTBHTenbHO TeCHO CB513aH C noTpe6neHHeM, 

TOr,ija OH AOn)KeH 6bITb BHeCeH B MOAenb HRH MbI pHCKyeM nO11y4HTb 

HCKa)KeHHy10 OueHKy. 

Tenepb c Heo6XOAHMOii MeTOAonOrH4CCKOFI OCTOpO)KHOCTbIO H3- 

3a Bcero BbILne cKa3aHHOTO, MbI npej[CTaBHM o630p HeCKOnbKHX 

HCCne,aoBaHH1.1 O6LueH B3aHMOCB513H Me)KAy nOTpe6neHHeM anKOrOnH 

H ypoBHeM pa3nH4Hb1x BHAOB yLL[ep6a cpeAH HaCe11eHHH. O63op, B 

OCHOBHOM, 6a3HpyeTCH Ha CTaTbHX, Ony6nHKOBaHHbIX B 

Me)K,ItyHapO,rnibIX )KypHanaX c 1979 rOAa. MbI peluHnH cjtenaTb 

aKueHT Ha HCCne,aoBaHHAX, KOTOpble yAOBneTBOpHTenbHO 

CnpaBHJIHCb C o6CyNC,AeHHbIMH Bbllne MeT0A011oCH4eCKHMH 

npo6neMaMH, B TO BpeMH KaK O ,ijpyrHx HccnegoBaHHSIx, ecnH OHH 

Boo6Lue ynoMHHaIOTCH, rosopHTCA BKpaTue. K co)KaneHHio, AO 

HCAaBHero BpeMeHH B 3TOH O6naCTH 6bIJIH Ony6nHKOBaH6I TOnbKO 

HeCKOnbKO McTO,rjOn01-H4eCKH aAeKBaTHbIX HCCnez[oBaHHiï. 

KaK y)Ke OTMC4anOCb paHee, B3aHMOCB513b Me)K,gy noTpe6neHHeM 

H yLuep6OM HHOrxja Mo)KeT o6naAaTb cTpyKTypoH C BpeMeHHbIM 

OTCTaBaHHeM. KOrAa 3TO AeNCTBHTenbHO TaK, 3T0 npHHHMaeTCH BO 

BHHMaHHe B npHBeACHHbIX HH)Ke aHanH3aX. 

134

4.3.2 O611051 CMepTHOCTb 

CMepTb SIBnHeTCSI O4eBHAHbIM 04eHb Cepbe3H6IM nOCneACTBHeM, 

KOTOpOe MO)KeT 6bITb pe3ynbTaTOM nOTpe6neHHA anKOronii. 

IlepexoAA K o6Cy)KAeHHIO B3aHMOCB5I3H Mexcny nOTpe6neHHeM 

HaCeneHHA H ypOBHeM CMepTHOCTH, He AOn)KeH 6bITb ynylueH H3 

BHA)/ TOT ItaKT, 4TO 6011bIIIa51 ,I;OnA CB313aHHOTO C anKOrOneM speAa 

SIBnAeTCA no XapaxTepy COuHanbHOii, nCIiXOnOrHiieCKOii H CeMeliHOii. 

O61uas1 CMepTHOCTb, ypOBeHb CMepTHOCTH ABnSIeTCA KnacCnLlecxHM 

noxa3aTeneM o61uero COCTOAHHA 3Aoposb51 HaceneHHA. Eë CB513b C 

noTpe6nexxeM Ha Aptly HacenexiiA ABnS1eTCA, TaxHM o6pa3oM, 

0006eHHO HHTepeCHOH, XOTA CTeneHb, B KOTOpOiï CB513aHHa5I C 

anKOroneM CMepTHOCTb MO)KeT 6bITb yAOBneTBOpHTenbHbIM 

nOKâ3aTeneM o6utero cnexTpa MeAHuHHCKHX H COUHanbHblX 

npo6neM, KOTOpble npOi3CXOASIT B pe3ynbTaTe noTpe6neHHA 

anxoronSI, Tpe6yeT BHHMaTenbxoro HCCneAOBaHHA B Ka)iCAOI%I 

OTAenbxoH cHTyauHH. 

Bce npiiBeneHHble 3AeCb AaHHble - OCHOBaHHble Ha AaHHbIX 

BpeMeHHbIX cepHÛ 143 IlpyccHH, cI)paxuHH H IIIBeuHH (Norstrom 

6ynyluHe ny6nHKauH4) - cornacyloTcA MC)Kny C06oi%I H n03BOnAIOT 

npeAnono)KHTb, iITO nOB6IHIeHHe B noTpe6neHliH Ha Ayury HacenexHA 

Ha 1 n npHBOnHT K noabIlIIeHHIO cMepTHOCTH cpenH n1oAeH CpeAHHx 

neT HeMHOrHM 6onee, 4eM Ha 1%. TaKHM o6pa3oM, AocTaTOiixo 

3Ha4HTenbx0e H3Mexexxe B noTpe6neHHH Mo)KeT He OCTaBHTb nerKO 

pa3nH4HMOrO Cnena B ypoBHe cMepTHocTH. 3TO ABJISIeTCA 

oTpa.)KeHHeM Toro (f3aKTa, 4TO npHBOnAluee K cMepTH noTpe6neHHe 

anKOTOnA SIBnSIeTCA OAHHM 143 HeCKOnbKHX nyTei4 B Be4HOCTb. TeM He 

McHee, Hy)KHO HMeTb B BIiAy, MTO Aa)Ke KOTAa o6mee BnxslHHe 

noTpe6neHHA sblAenHTb CJIO)KHO, OHO HaBepxslKa LIyBCTByeTCA TaM, 

rne KoHueHTpxpyeTcA, TO eCTb B CJ1051X HacenexHA, me npesanxpyeT 

11651HCTBO, H B aJIKOrOJIbHOM CeKTOpe MeAHuHHCKHX cnyxc6. MbI 

Tax)Ke AOn)KH6I nOMHHTb, 4TO B HCTOpH4eCKOM nnaHe paAHKanbHble 

CABHrH B nOTpe6neHHH Ha Aptly HaCeneHHA He ABnAIOTCSI 

He06bI4H6IM ABneHHeM (CM. pa3Aen 6.2) H MOryT 3Ha4HTenbHO 

CKâ3aTbC51 Ha 061ueH CMepTHOCTH H COCTOAHHH 3AOpOBb51. 

He-r BeCKOii npH4HHbI O)KHAaTb, LITO napaMeTp 3(1)(peKTa (atria 

B3aHMOCB513H) 6yAeT 3aBHCeTb OT CpeAHerO ypOBHA nOTpe6neHHA Him 

OT 11HTer1HOH KynbTypbl, B AaHHbIX H HeT HHKaKHX . npH3HaKOB 

11OAO6HOM 3aBHCHMOCTH. TeM He McHee, OTHOCHTenbHâA Bâ)KHOCTb 

anKOrOnA, KaK (kaKTOpa pHCKa - B nnaHe ero OTHOCHTenbHOrO BKnaAa, 

135

KaK BbITeKaeT H3 HMeIOnjHXCA AaHHbIX, - ABnAeTCSI rOpa3A0 60nbme4i 

B cTpaHaX C BbICOKHM ypOBHeM nOTpe6neHHA n0 CpaBHeHH10 C 

Ha11H51MH C HH3KHM nOTpe6neHHeM. 

4.3.3 OTAEJ1bHb1@ 11pN4NHbl CM@pTN 

ECnH BMeCTO o6uteH CMepTHOCTH MbI cci)oxycHpyeM BHHMaHHe 

Ha CMepTHOCTH, rue noTpe6neHHe anxoronA ABnACTCA 11pH3HaHHbIM 

(tiaKTOpOM pHCKa, nepCneKTHBbI yCTaHOBneHHA 0606n.teHHoro 

BnIdAHHA nOTpe6neHHSi AOnNCHbI 6bITb BbIme. 3T0 npeanOnOnKeHHe 

nOATBepxcAaeTCA B HCCneAOBaHHH Skog (1987), rAe OH axanH3HpyeT 

6onee orpaHH9eHHy10 KaTeropHlo CMepTHOCTH, KOTOpy10 o6bI9Ho 

CLIHTa1oT CB513axxoi%I C anxoroneM. C1oAa BxojjAT: IjHppo3 neLIeHH, 

anKOrOnbHbli-i nCHX03, anKOrO11H3M, naHxpeaTHT H pa3nHLIHble BHAbI 

paKa BepXHero nHUjeBapNTenbHOro TpaKTa H nop)ICenyjjO-IHON 

nCene3bl. BpeMeHHble H3MeHeHHA B 3T011 cI:1opMe CMepTHOCTH 6bInH 

3HaL1HTenbHO CB513aHbI C Ii3MeHeHHSIMH IIOTpe6neHiiA Ha Aymy 

HaCeneHHSI, H pe3ynbTaTbl n0Ka3bIBanH, LITO ApyrHe cpaKTOpbI 

OKa3bIBânH nHmb OrpaHH9eHH0e B03AeIicTBHe. Thorsen (1990) B ero 

BCeCTOpOHHeM HCCneAOBaHHH, OCHOBaHHOM Ha AaHHbIX H3 AaHHH, 

n0ny9Hn CX0AHbte BbIBOAbI npH 6onee AeTanbHOM ananH3e 

(npliMeHAA Arlma-MOAenb). ErO BbIBOAbI COrnaCyIOTCA C BbIBOAaMIi, 

CAenaHHbIMH AnA HOpBerHH. 

OTHOCHTenbHO ApyrHX HpH9HH CMepTH, rAe 3THOJIOrH11 aJIKOr0JI51 

BCerO nHmb MHHHManbHa 11n11 MeHee OnpeAeneHHa, 06061I(eHHb1e 

AOKa3aTenbcTBa MeHee y6eAliTenbHbl. OTHOCHTenbHO paKa H BCerO, 

9T0 CiOAa BXOAHT, AOCTaTO9HO COMHHTenbHO ONCHAaHHe KaKOIi-nH60 

CB5I3H C nOTpe6neHHeM Ha Ayüiy HaCeneHHA, TaK Kai( o6utaA 

3THO11OrH9eCKa51 BâNCHOCTb ânKOrOnA n0 CpaBHeHHio C ApyrHMH 

npH9HHaMH B03HHKHOBeHH5I paKa AOCTaT09HO Mana; npHrIHCbIBaeMbIl-i 

eMy BKnaA 6bin oLteHeH TpeMA npOL[eHTaMH (Rothman 1980). bonee 

TOrO, AnHTenbHblli CKpbITbIN nepxoA C COnyTCTB3/1011113M CHnbHbIM 

BpeMeHHbIM OTCTaBaHHeM 3aTpyAHAeT OnpeAeneHHe 11106oro 

BnHAHHA. ECnH BMeCTO 3TOr0 C(110KyCHpOBaTb BHHMaHHe Ha 60nee 

CneLjH(iH9HbIX Cny9aAX, rAe AOKa3aTenbCTBa B3aHMOCB5I31-1 C 

anKOrOneM CHnbHee (HanpHMep, paK nHli[eBOAa) MbI CTOJIKHeMCA C 

npo6néMol-i, BbI3BaHHOi3 He60nbLIIHM KOnH9eCTBOM cMepTeH B 

AOIIOJIHeHHe K TpyAHOCTH, CO3AaBaeMOÏi BpeMeHH6IM OTCTaBaHHeM. 

HH9erO 143 TOrO, 9T0 6bIJI0 3AeCb CKa3aHO, He AOnOKHO 6bITb 

HHTepnpeTHpOBaHO KaK yMâneHHe Bâ)ICHOCTH ânKOrOJIA KaK (paKTopa 

136

pHCKa BO3HHKHOBeHH5I palm Ha ypOBHe HHn11BHnyanbHOr0 aHanH3a 

(cM. Pa3nen 3.6.1). 

KOrna MbI nonXOnHM K 06Cy)KneHHK) CMepTHOCTH B pe3ynbTaTe 

pa3nH1IHbIX cep,IkeiiHbIX 3a60neBaHHI%I, ponb anxoronA BbI3bIBaeT 

6O11bIHHe CnOpbl, H CCbIJIKH Ha cDyHKuHIO pHCKa J-06pa3HOIi (1)OpMbI 

npOBOuHpyK)T npoTHBopetHe. OTTOJIOCKH 3THX CnOpOB 6b1nH rice 

HCCnenOBaHbI B rnaBe 3(Pa3nen 3.5) B OTHOluexxH jjaxxblx 

HHnHBHnyanbHOrO yposHA. ECM! B3aHMOCB513b J-o6pa3HO1i (loOpMbI 

AeIiCTBHTenbHa, TO 06LuHiï 3(14)eKT nnA HaceneHHA ,Ijon)KeH 

npoBepATbcA aHanH3OM 061xe1i B3aHMOCB513H. B O,I;HOM TaKOM 

aHanH3e (Skog 1983) npeAnonaraeTcA HanHHHe 3auIHTHOro 3cf4eKTa 

ânKOronA npH BO3HHKHOBeHHH HHIeMHLIecxoii 6One3HH cepnua y 

HeKOTOpbIX KaTerOpHli HaCeneHHA C HH3KHM nOTpe6neHHeM, XOTA B 

mime CTaTHCTHIIeCKOii 3Ha*-IHMOCTH 3Ta KoppenxuHA HaXOAHTCA Ha 

npenene. Heo6xonHM 6onee neTanbHbni aHanH3 3THX KpHBbIX, no 

Toro KaK Mo)KeT 6bITb CnenaHO n1o6Oe yBepeHHOe 3axnlotieHHe Ha 

yposxe HaceneHHA. 

4.3.4 CMepTHOCTb B pe3yJlbTaTe LiNpp03a 

CMepTHOCTb OT uHpp03a ABnAeTCA xnaCCHLIeCKHM HHAHKaTOpOM 

nbAHCTBa, H en ynenAeTCSA OrpOMHOe BHHMaHHe B HCCneAOBâHHAX no 

anKOrOnIO. CoyHKuHA pHCKa iieTKO yCTaHOBneHa B KOHTpOnbHbIX 

HCCneAOBaHHAX cJIyiiaes 60ne3H14 (Pe(1Ulgnot et al 1978) H, KaK rice 

ynOMHHanOCb, 6bIJI0 o6Hapy)KeHO, L(TO (IyHKuHA nOT3TH 3KCn0HeHTHa. 

3T0 03HaLIaeT, iiTO BnHAHHe Ha pHCK npH nâ.HHOM nOBbIIIICHHH 

nOTpe6neHHA 3aBHCHT OT ypOBHSI nOTpe6neHH5t, Ha HH3KHX ypOBHAX 

pHCK nOBbIIIIaeTCA HeHaMHOrO, B TO spew' KaK Ha BbICOKHX ypOBHAX 

noTpe6neHHA er0 pOCT BeCbMa 3HaLIHTeneH. CneAyIOÜwii BbIBOn 

COCTOHT B TOM, LITO 6OnbIIIHHCTBO cJIyiiaes o6Hapy)ICHBaeTCA CpeAH 

3noynOTpe6nsloluxx anKOroneM. AHanH3 BpeMeHHbIX cepHli B 

HeCKOnbKHX CTpaHaX (c npHMeHeHHeM ARIMA-MOnenH) noATBepAHJI 

BbIBOnbI npenbInyII.[HX HCCnenOBâHHH o6 o6üZeii B3aHMOCB513H Mexcny 

nOTpe6neHHeM H uHppo3OM, KOTOpble OCHOBbIBânHCb Ha 

HC11Onb30BâHHH 6onee npOCTbIX McTOAOB (Skog 1984; Norstrom 

1987a,b; Thorsen 1990). B o61ueM, oTSeTHaA peaxuHA 6onee HeM 

nponopuHOHanbHa, 3a HCKnIOLIeHHeM OiieHb HH3KHX ypOBHeH 

nOTpe6neHHA, me 6onbulaSl nOnA He CB5I3aHHbIX C anKOTOneM 

CMepTeH nenaeT OTBeTHyK) peaxuHlo Mexee rH6KO1i. 3To 

HanpasneHHe HCCnenOSaHHiï TaKX(e paCIIIHpHna Haute noHHMaxxe 

cbOpMbI BpeMeHHOrO oTCTaBaHHA (CM. 4.4.1). ,r(aHHbMe HCCnenoBaHHIi 

137

3neCb nOKa3bIBaIOT, 'ITO 0611>;Hii 3LI(beKT H3MeHeHH51 B noTpe6neHHH 

Ha nyH1y HaceneHHSi Ha CMepTHOCTb OT uHpp03a pacnpenensieTCSI Ha 

3HaLiHTenbHbIii BpeMeHHOrI nepHon, 6onee RByX necslTHneTHri. 

IIpH6nH3HTenbHO Oj[Ha nSiTaSI 3c1t1)eKTa 1113O5LBHTC5I cpa3y we, a B 

npenenaX 'IeTblpëX neT peanH3yeTcsi nOJIOBHHa 34:(l3eKTa (Skog 1984; 

Norstrom 1987b). 

TeM He Mexee, 6bInH onxcaHbi npHMepbl Cny'IaeB oTKnoxeHHS1 

(Grant et al 1986; Smart 1988), rie yposeHb CMepTHOCTH OT uHppo3a 

He pearliposan, KaK oNCHZ[anocb, Ha H3MexeHH5I B noTpe6neHHH. 

BO3M0)ICHbI HeCKOnbKO 061,HCHeHHLi. BO-nepBblX, cynA no 

npHBeneHHbIM BbIHIe npHMepaM, 3Ha4HTenbHa51 BbITHyTOCTb nexCaLueli 

B OCHOBe 41yHKL(HH pHCKa, ienaeT 06LuyIo CBSI3b LIyBCTBI3TenbHOli 

ia)Ke K MHHHManbHbIM H3MeHeHH51M B pacnpeneneHHH nOTpe6neHH5I, 

0006eHHO Ha nOCnenHeM OTpe3Ke. BO-BTOpbIX, CHnbHOe BpeMeHHOe 

OTCTaBaHHe 03Ha''aeT. '-ITO HeOiHOpOAHble 1,13MeHeHH5I B noTpe6neHHH 

B pa3HbIX BO3paCTHbIX rpynnax 6ynyT OKa3bIBaTb BnH51HLiC Ha 06LnHH 

pe3ynbTaT. 

ApyrHM ckaKTOpOM CMeLUeHH5I MO)KeT 6bITb y9pexCneHHe 

OpraHH3auHH B3aHMOnOMOLIjH H LHHpOKOrO cneKTpa nporpaMM 

ne'-IeHHA nnSL "anKOronHKOB". 3-rH nporpaMMbl MOI'y'r OKâ3bIBaTb 

TaKOe BnHSIHHe, 'iTO 3Ha'IHTenbHOe KOnHHeCTBO 3noynOTpe6nSIK)LuHX 

ânKOrOneM no KpaiiHeli Mepe BpCMeHHO COKpaTSIT cBOe nOTpe6neHHe. 

3TOT Bonpoc 6yneT o6CyxcnaTbcsl no3xce B rnase 9, Pa3nene 9.3. 

4.3.5 ,gopoHCrio-TpaHcnopTHbie npoHCweCTBHA 

H 3KCnepHMCHTanbHble H 3nHneMHOJ1OrH'-IeCKHe HCCnenOBaHHSL 

nOKa3bIBaIOT, 'LTO BoxCneHHe aBTOM0611n5I B HeTpe3BOM COCTOSIHHH 

npHBOnHT K nOBbILHeHHOMy pHCKy BO3HHKHOBeHH5I aBapHri (CM. rnaBy 

7). Tax KaK nOBbILIICHHe nOTpe6neHHS1 Ha nyLLly HaCeneHHA o3HaqaeT 

pOCT 'LHCna cnyYaeB BbInHBKH H yBenH'IeHHe nOTpe6neHHSI B KâxCnOM 

cny'iae, MO)KHO O)KHnaTb, MexCny nOTpe6neHHeM H KOnH'ieCTBOM 

nOpOxCHbIX aBapHrl CO CMepTenbHblM HCXOnOM CyLuecTByeT o6Luas1 

B3aHMOCBSI3b. XOTSI MCTOnOJIOrH'ieCKHe np06neMbl H npo6neMbl C 

naHHbIMH o3Ha'IaLOT, 'LTO He Bcerna 3TH OxCHnaHHSL OnpaBnblBaIOTCSI 

(Skog 1984), B HecxOnbKHX HccnenoBaHHSIx coo6Luanocb o 

110311THBHbIX pe3ynbTaTaX. HCHOnb3y5I KBa3H-3KCnepHMeHTanbHylO 

cl)OpMy H naHHble H3 CHIA, Cook (1981) npencTaBnn nOKa3aTenbCTBa 

B BHne HCraTHBHOLi 31IaCTH'IHOCTH MexCny ueHON Ha anKOTOnb C 

O,ijHOLï CTOpOHbI, H nOTpe6neHHeM H KOnH'LeCTBOM aBTOKaTaCTpO4) CO 

138

CMepTenbHblM HCXOAOM C ApyrOli. gOIIOnHHTenbHble AaHHble 

npeRCTaBHn Wagenaar (1984). ARIMA-aHanH3 meMeCSIqHbiX 

naHHbIX IIITaTa MHHraH I1oKâ3an 3HaLIHTenbHy10 B3aHMOCB5I3b 

Me)Kljy ypOBHeM nOTpe6neHHA H KORHLIeCTBOM CB513aHHbIX C 

anKOI'OneM nOpO)KHbIX KaTaCTpO43 (C BpeMeHHbIM OTCTasaHHeM B 1 

MeCAU). Thorsen (1990) Ha OCHOBe naHHbIX H3 AaHHH nonyLmUI 60nee 

pâ3HOpOAHbie pe3ynbTaTbI. B aHanH3e BpeMCHHbIX CepHii H3MeHeHH5I 

nOCTynHOCTH KpenKHX CHHpTHbIX HaHHTKOB B CeBepHOii Kaponxxe 

6bIR0 06HapyACeHO, LITO o6u(ee noTpe6ReHHe CnHpTHbIX HanHTKOB 

nOBbILUaROCb, TaK)Ke KaK H KORHLIeCTBO HOLIHbIX nopo)KHO- 

TpaHCnOpTHbIX HpOHCUIecTBHIi, rne yLiacTByeT TOnbKO OAHO 

TpaHCnOpTHOe CpeACTBO, KnacC KaTaCTpO4), KOTOpble, KaK 

nOKâ3bIBaeT npaKTHKa, 04eHb LiaCTO CB5I3aHbI C anKOrOneM (Boise and 

Holder 1987). 

4.3.6 CâMO)/6N1%iCTBB N KpNMNHa11bHO@ HâCNnN@ 

TORbKO B nOCne,IjHee spew' BO3HHKIIIHIi n0 BHHe anKOrOnA 

COUHanbHbIN HRH nOBeneHLIeCKHA yulep6 CTan H3yLIaTbCA B 

HCCneuosaHHAX 06061I1ëHHOro yposHA. B Haul)/ AHCKyCCHIO 6yAyT 

BK11IOLIeH6I HCCneAOBaHHA AByX THnOB yuiep6a nono6Horo poAa, a 

HMeHHO CaMOy6HNCTB H KpHMHHanbHOTO HaCHnH51. 3TH ABa ABneHHA 

MO)KHO paCueHHBaTb, KaK KpaiiHHe HpOABneHHA LUHpOKOro Kpyra 

COOTBeTCTBeHHO CaMopa3pylllaloll(Hx H arpeCCHBHbIX o6pa3uoB 

HOBeAeHHA, KOTOpble OCTaIOTCA nH60 He3aCiHKCHpOBaHHbIMH, nH6o 

cna6o 3a(IIHKCHp0BaHHbIMH, H no3TOMy He no,ELE(aIOTCA 

cTaTHCTHLIeCKOMy aHânH3y, H0, TeM He McHee, nOnBep)KeHbI BRHAHHIO 

aJIKOrORA. I-IOnbITKH CaM0y6HNCTBa H CnyLIaH HaCHRHA B 66ITy MOryT 

6bITb Ha3BaHbI B KaLIeCTBe AanbHeiiulHX npHMepos, H anKOrORb, 6e3 

COMHeHHA, OKa3bIBaeT HeraTHBHbIN 344eKT TaKOrO pOna, KOTOpbIN, 

HOMHMO BcerO npomero, oTpaxcaeTCA B ABHOii KoppenAuHH MeKr_(y 

CaMOy6HNCTBaMH, npeCTynHbIM HaCHRHeM H nOTpe6neHHeM 

anKOrOnA. 

XOTA B3aHMOCB5I3b, BepOATHO, ABRAeTCA CRO)KHON, BHORHe 

eCTeCTBeHHO HpeAnORO)KHTb CyLueCTBOBaHHe OnpeAeneHHbIX 

HpHLIHHHbIX CB513eii MexcAy anKOI'OneM H CaM0y6HHCTBOM. BOnepsbIX, 

3noynOTpe6neHHe anKoroneM MO)KeT npHBeCTH K 

yxyAlueHHlo COL(HanbHbIX CB5I3eii. BO-BTOpbIX, COCT051HHe CHUI6HOrO 

O[IbAHeHHA MO)KeT CHH3HTb HHAHBHAyanbHbIii KOHTpOnb H, TaKHM 

06pa30M, 6bITb HpHLIHHOii HaMepeHHA COBepLUHTb CâMOy6HricTBO. B- 

TpeTbHx, 3nOynoTpe6neHHe anKOrOneM CB513aHO c AenpeccHeii, 

139

nepBblM npcABeCTHHKOM CaMoy6Hi%ICTBa. CB513b MexcAy 

3noynOTpe6neHHeM aJIKOrOJIeM H CâMOy6HIicTBaMH noATBep)iCAaeTCA 

6011buIHM KOnHLICCTBOM AaHHbIX 3nHAeMHOJIOrHLieCKHX H 

nCHXHaTpHLieCKHX pa6oT. I'ICCneAOBaHHSI nOKOHT-IHBnIHX )10H3Hb 

CaMoy6HNCTBOM HHAHBHAyyMOB, HeH3MeHHO o6Hapy)KHBa1OT 

6onbuloe T1HCn0 cnyTiaeB anxoronH3Ma (Beskow 1979). ITonee Toro, 

HeCKOnbK0 AnHTenbHbIX HCCneAOBaHHii "aJIKOronHKOB" rOBOpAT O 

3HaLIHTenbHO nOBbIITIeHHOM pHCKe CaMOy6Hi4CTB (Sundby 1967; 

Ritson 1977). gaHHble nOA06HbIX HCCneAOBaHHi4 MoryT, TM He 

McHee, 6bITb He0AHO3HaT3HbIMH H3-3a 3(1(peKTa OT6opa, 

AeNCTBy10uter0 TaKHM 06pa30M, LITO Cy6BeKTbI, KOTOpble COBepinaioT 

CaMOy6HIiCTBa yxce HaXOAATCA B 30HC nOBbIIneHHOrO pHCKa AO 

HaLiaJIa HX nHTeIiHoiï KapbepbI. 

HeCKOnbKO 06061.1.1eHHbIX pe3yJlbTaTOB HCCneAOBaHHi-i, KOTOpble, 

CyAA no BCeMy, He HeCyT TaKOIi He0AH03HaT1HOCTH, BCe xce 

yKâ3bIBaIOT Ha CB513b Me>KAy anKOrOneM H CaMOy6HiicTBaMH. B AByX 

npOBeACHHbIX B CILIA HCCneAOBaHHSIX 6b1na o6HapyxceHa 

1-103HTHBHa51 B3aHMOCB513b MexcAy COBOKyrIHbIM noTpe6neHHeM H 

ypOBHeM CaMoy6HNCTB KaK BO BpeMeHHOM aHâJIH3e (Wasserman 

1989), TaK H B OAHOMOMeHTHOM CpaBHeHHH pa3HbIX TeppHTOpHii 

(Rusk, Gliksman and Brook 1986). Ha ocHOSe ARIMA-axanH3a 

HaJIHT-IHe no,tio6Hoii B3aHMOCB513H Tax>iCe 6bino noATBepmKAexo AnA 

cbpaHLiHH (Norstrom 1992), BeHrpHH (Skog and Elekes 1993), 

HopBerHH H I.IIBenHH (Norstrom 1988c; Rossow 1993) H gaHHH 

(Skog 1993). 

HanHLIHe CB513H Me)K,TZy anxoroneM H HaCHnxeM npeAnonaraeTCSI 

Ha OCHOBe 3KCnepHMeHTanbxbIx AaHHbIX (Gustafson 1986), a Tax)iCe 

TOrO (paKTa, LITO, no C0o61II;eHHAM, 6onbIIIaA T1aCTb HaCHnbHHKOB 

6bI11H nbAHbI BO BpeMA COBeputeHHA npeCTynneHHA (Mayfield 1976, 

Roslund and Larson 1979). AaHHb1e noCneAHHX HCcneAOBaHHFI, TeM 

He McHee, He 06313aTenbH0 03HaT3aK)T npHLIHHHb1ii 3(1)(PeKT anKoronA; 

BO3MOnCHO, LITO YaCToe onbAHeHHe - )KH3HeHHO Ba)KHblii COCTaBHOi3 

31IeMeHT CTHJIA )1CH3HH nlOAeii, CKJIOHHbIX K HaCHnHiO HaA ApyrHMH. 

O606LueHHaA B3aHMOCB5I3b MexcAy noTpe6neHHeM H ypOBHCM 

npecTynneHHN, no3TOMy HMeeT 6onbHIee OTHOIneHHe K OIjeHKe 

CTeneHH, B KOTOpOii aJIKOronb (l)aKTHTIeCKH OKa3an BnHSIHHe 

KaTâJI113aTOpa. bOnbIIIHHCTBO pe3yJlbTaTOB no 3TOMy BOnpOCy 

npHBeAeHO B 061IIHpHOM HCCneAOBaHHH Lenke (1990) AaHHbIX H3 

CopaHLiHH H CKaHAHHaBCKHX CTpaH (j>aHHH, C1HH1151HAHH, HopaerHH H 

140

LIIBegHH). Bce BbIBOJI6I 6a3HposanHCb Ha ARIMA-aHanH3e 

AOCTaTOLIHO JLIIHHHbIX BpeMeHHbIX CepHI3. CTaTHCTHTIeCKH 3HaTIHMOe 

BnHSIHHe ânKOrOnSI Ha ypOBeHb CB513aHHbIX C HaCHnHeM 

npeCTyrUIeHHii 6bIn0 06HapyXCeHO BO BCeX 3THX CTpaHaX, 'Tome 

,ljaHHH (pe3ynbTaT no HOpBerHH nOJjTBep)ICJjaeTCA B HCCnej[OBaHHSIX 

Skog H Bjork (1988). B IIIBerjHH BnHAHHe anxoronA Ha yposexb 

y6HliCTB TaK)Ke 3HaTIHTCnbHO. CepHA npOBeJjëHHbIX B IIIBe1jHH 

eCTeCTBCHHbIX 3KCnepHMeHTOB npeJ[OCTaBHna nanbHel-iIIlHe 

JjoKa3aTenbCTBa, nom-BepNCJkaIOnjHe npeAnono)ceHHe O TOM, iITO 

H3MeHCHHC nOTpe6neHHSI Ha JjyLLIy HaCeneHHA BnHAeT Ha ypOBeHb 

KpHMHHanbHOrO HaCHnHA. 

YHTbIBaSI rpOMagHble KynbTypH6Ie BapHagHH B npaKTHKe 

noTpe6neHHSI H noBeneHHH (MacAndrew and Edgerton 

1969), BHOJIHe BCpO5ITHbI HaHHOHanbHble pa3nHi-IH5I B 06O61IjëHHOii 

CB5I3H Me)iCJjy anKOrOneM H COnHânbH61M yutep6oM, TaKHM KaK 

CaMOy6HIiCTBO H HacHnHe. CC06bIN HHTepeC npenCTaBJIAeT pC3ynbTaT 

O TOM, TITO aJIKOrOnb 3HaLIHTenbHO CHnbHee BnHAeT Ha ypOBeHb 

CaM0y6H1iCTB H CB513aHHbIX C HaCHnHeM npeCTynneHHlï B IIIBeIIHH, 

TIeM BO OpaHIpH. 3T0 MO)KHO HHTepnpeTHpOBaTb B mime pa3nHTIH1i 

Me)Kny "cyXON" H "MOKpO1i" KynbTypaMH C yTIëTOM THIIOB 

nOTpe6neHH5I, a TaK)Ice yTIHTbIBaSI npOHCXO>kneHHe H pa3BHTHe 

n651HCTBa H peaKljHK) oKpy)KeHHA Ha nOno6HOe nOBe,aeHHe. 

4.3.7 ,gpyrHe c3aKTopbi. BIINAFOüpNe Ha COBOKynHbIN 

ypoBeHb npo6nene 

XOTA pacCMOTpeHHble Bblüle J[OKa3aTenbCTSa HOarjep)KHBaiOT 

yTBep)icJjeHHe O TOM, TITO ypOBCHb nOTpe6neHHA HaCeneHHA BnHSieT Ha 

ypoBeHb pa3nH4HOrO poJia ânKOIOnbHbIX npo6neM, COBepuIeHHO 

SICHO, TITO noTpe6neHHe Ha Jryu1y HaceneHHA He SIBn5IeTC51 

eJ[HHCTBeHHbIM ckaKTOpOM OnpeAenAK)IuHM COBOKynHblii ypoBeHb 

npo6neM. BO-nepBbIX, KaK MEA y)Ke OTMeTIanH, B3aHMOCBSI3b MexcJry 

nOTpe6neHHeM Ha Jryluy HaceneHHA H TIHCJIOM noJ[BepralouiHxcA 

pHCKy nK)ge1i, He ABJI5ICTCA MaTeMaTHTIeCKH TOTIHOii. BTopoe, rjenblli 

put Jipyrnx napaMeTpos, HOMHMO JtonrocpoTlHOro ypoBHA 

noTpe6neHHSI, HMeIOT oTHOIIIeHHe KO MHOrHM THnaM yHjep6a. 

BnHAHHe O6njerO ypoBHSI noTpe6neHHA B O61ueCTBe 6yneT McHSiTbCSI 

B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT THna npO6neMbl. B cnyvae JjOJIPOBpeMeHH6IX 

HenpAMbIX npo6neM (HanpHMep, COL[HânbHbIX H ncHXOnorHTlecxxx), 

TaK xce, KaK H B carme npAMbIX H HenpAMbIX npo6neM ocTporo 

O1165IHeHH51, XOpOn10 H3BeCTHO, T1TO ypoBeHb HX pacnpOCTpaHeHHOCTH 

141

He Bcerga Tecxo COBnaAaeT C ypOBHeM nOTpe6neHHA Ha Ayiuy 

HaceneHHA (Makela 1978). 

ypOBeHb OCTpbIX anKOTOnbHbIX npO6neM o6HjeCTBa TeCHO 

CB513aH C TeM, KaK nOTpe6nAeTCA aJIKOTOnb, a TaK)iCe c npaBHnaMH 

KynbTypbi nOBeAeHHA nbIOII[HX. B HeKOTOpbIX CTpaHaX CHnbHOe 

OnbAHeHHe ABnAeTCSI 6onee 06bI4HbIM, 4eM B ApyrHx. Bailee Toro, 

CKaHAHHaB C KOHL[eHTpaL(Heii J1KOFOJTM B KpOBH, cKa)KeM, 0.15 MI1%, 

o6bI4H0 MO)KeT BeCTH ce6A HHa4e, 4eM HTanbAHeL[ C TeM )Ke ypOBHeM 

anKOronA B KpoBH. Taxoro poAa OTnH4HA, cxopee scero, 6ynyT 

OKâ3b1BâTb He3aBHCHMOe BnHAHHe Ha ypoBeHb anKOTOnbHbIX 

npo6neM. CneAOBaTenbHO, MbI He A0n)KH6I nonaCTbCA B noByHlKy 

npeAnOJIO)KeHHA o TOM, 4T0 noTpe6neHHe Ha nyLny HaceneHHA 

HaCTOnbKO Ba)KHO, 4T0 n106ble pyre MepbI, KOTOpble Ha Hero He 

BnHAIOT B006L1[e He npoH3BeAyT HHKaKOTO 34:1CtleKTa. 

B o6u(eM, B3aHMOCB5I3b Mexcny noTpe6neHHeM Ha Ayluy 

HaceneHHA H ypoBHeM OCTpbIX âRKOTORbHbIX npo6neM TaK Hoe, KaK H 

HenpAMbIX npo6neM AnHTenbxoro 3noynoTpe6neHHA anxoroneM 

ABRAFOTCA, TaKHM O6pa3oM, 60nee CJIONCHON, 4eM B3aHMOCB513b Me)KAy 

noTpe6neHHeM Ha nyiuy HaceneHHA H XpOHI14eCKHMH 

3a60neBaHHSIMH. TeM He McHee, 3T0 He o3Ha4aeT, 4TO H3MeHeHH51 B 

COBOKynHOM nOTpe6neHHH nHLIIb HeMHOTO HRH Boo61ue He 

npH4aCTHbI K ypOBHIO OCTpbIX anKOTOnbHbIX npo6neM. H3MeHeHH51 

THHOB noTpe6neHHA H npaBHnaX KynbTypbl, KaCaK)II[HXCA noBeAeHHA 

nbi011niX O6bI4HO npOHCXOnAT AOCTaT04H0 MeAneHHO. B OTCy'I'CTBHe 

6bICTpbIX H BCeoXBaTbIBaK)IuHX H3MeHeHHi7 KynbTypbl, nOBbluleHHe 

noTpe6neHHA Ha AyLUy HaceneHHA 6yneT COnpOBO)KAaTbCA 

nosblHIeHHeM ypoBHA OCTpblx npo6neM BMecTe c nosbllueHHeM 

ypoBHA xpoHH4ecKHx npo6neM. 

ECJIH 6bI Ka4eCTBeHHble aCneKTbl KynbTypbi nOTpe6ReHHA 

H3MeHAnHCb 6b1 napannenbHO C H3MeHeHH51MH B noTpe6neHHH Ha 

AyIIIy HaceneHHA, BCë MOrnO 6b1 BbITRSIneTb HHa4e. HanpHMep, eCRH 

nOTpe6neHHe 6OnbHIHX KORH4eCTB anKOTORA 3a OAHH pa3 HOCTeneHHO 

HC4e3aeT H3 KynbTypbl, B TO speMA KaK ypoBCHb nOTpe6neHHA 

nOBbILQaeTCA, MbI MO)iCeM O)KHnaTb nOBbIIIleHHA ypoBHA XpOHH4eCKHX 

npo6neM H, B TO >ice CaMOe BpeMA, CHH)KeHHA HJ1H XOTA 6b1 

CTa6HnH3aLjHH ypoBHA OCTpbIX npo6neM. EAsa Jill cyluecTByloT 

HCTOpH4eCKHe npHMepbl TaKHX 6bICTpbIX H3MeHeHHii B KynbType 

noTpe6neHHA, HO OHH ABRAIOTCA, no KpaiiHeï-i Mepe, TeopeTH4eCKOIï 

BO3MO)KHOCTb1O (Room 1992). 

142

4.4 COBOKYIIHOE I1OTPE6J1EHIilE, CBSI3AHHbIE C 

AJ1KO1OJ1EM f1PO6J1EMbI M f1OJ1VITIi14ECKME BbIBOAbI 

B paMKaX CTpyKTypbI 3TOii KHHFH, Mbl, TaK)KC KaK H B 

rnase 3, BO3,aep)KiiMC5[ OT KOMMCHTHpOBaHHSI nOnHTHLICCKHX BbIBOJjOB 

no LiacTSIM, H C 3TOH TOLiKH 3peHHSi, MbI He 60nee, LIeM o6O3HaLIHM pin 

OCHOBHBIX 3aKniOLIeHHiï. 11pCJjCTâBnCHHble B 3TOli rnaBe nOKa3aTenb- 

CTBa y6eAHTenbHo IIOJ;TBep)KJjaiOT yTBepmcneHHe O TOM, LITO CerOnHSI 

cyüjecTByeT O61IIHpHâSI 6a3a HayLIHbIX 3HaHHii H LjenbIii pSl,ij JIOBOnbHO 

HaJ;2)KHbIX HayLIHbIX pe3ynbTaTOB, Ha KOTOpbIX MO)KHO CTpOHTb 

pâ3yMHylo nOnHTHKy. 

3Ta rnasa 6bina rnaBHbIM O6pa3OM CCpOKÿCHpOBaHa Ha ypOBHSIX 

pâ3nHLIHbIX THIIOB npo6neM HaceneHHSI. C nOMOLLjbiO 3HalIHTenbHOr0 

KOnHLLecTBa JjaHHbIX 6bina npOAeMOHCTpHpOBaHa CBSl3b MCncity COBO- 

KynHbIM ypOBHCM nOTpe6neHHSI anKOrOnSI B o61LjecTBe H ypOBHeM 

pa3nH4HbIX THIIOB ylLcep6a, BKnIOLIaSI COMaTH7-IeCKHe 3a6OneBaHHSi, 

SIBJISIiOU(HCCSI pe3ynbTaTOM JIJIHTCnbHOrO 3noynOTpe6neHHSI anKOrOneM; 

HCCLIaCTHbMC CJIyLIaHH, BO3HHKLIIHe B pe3ynbTaTe ocTpOro 

OnbSIHCHHSI a TaK)Ke KpHMHHanbHOe HaCHnHe H CâMOy6HiicTSa. TaKI3M 

o6pa3oM, pe3ynbTâTbi nonTBepncnaloT yTBCpmcneHHe O TOM, LiTO COBO- 

KynHoe nOTpe6neHHe BnHSIeT Ha 06uJecTBeHHoe 3JZOpOabe H 

COnHanbHyiO nOnHTHKy. 

TeM He McHee, MHO)KeCTBO LbaKTOpOB, BnHSHOII(HX Ha ypOBCHb 

OCTpbIX np06neM, SICHO noKa3blBaeT, LITO B OTHOIIIeHHH K OCTpbIX H 

6onee KOCBeHHbIX npo6neM Heo6xonHMa 6onee IIIHpolcaSl TeopeTH- 

LlecKaSi H nOnHTHL1eCKaSI pa6oTa, rAe 6m COLICTanHCb H BOnpOCbI 

KOnHLICCTSa nOTpe6nSleMOrO H KaLICCTBCHHble aCIICKTbI KynbTypbl 

nOTpe6neHHSI. CnenOBaTenbHO, XOTSI o6mee COBOKynHOe noTpe6ne- 

HHe O6bILIHO OKâ3bIBaeT Bâ)KHOe BnHSIHHC Ha 3JJopoB6C HâceneHHSl, 

OCO6eHHO Ha np06JIeMbI XpOHHLiCCKHX 3a6oneBâHHii, TpyJjHo 

1436e)KaTb 3aKniOLICHHSI, LITO, JZJISI TOrO, LiT06bI nporpaMMa 6bina non- 

Holi, B pa3yMHyio npeBeliTHBHyio cTpaTerxio xeo6xoJjHMo BKnIOLiHTb 

KaK MepbI HaL(eneHHble Ha B03J.jCHCTBHe Ha O61I(Hiï ypOBCHb nOTpe6neHH31 

B O6LIJeCTBe. Talc H Ha THnbI nOTpe6neHHSI B 6onee 

KaLICCTBCHHOM CMbICne, B LiaCTHOCTH, Ha COCTOSIHHC OCTpOrO OIIbSIHe- 

HHSI H npasHn Kyn6Typbl, Kacalou.[HXCSI noae,IZeHH31 nblOU>;HX, Ha 

yCJIOBHSi H COIjHâTIbHbIC CHTyanHH, B KOTOpbIX nioJjH nbiOT. 3TH 

OCHOBHble HanpaBneHHSi nepBHLIHOii npOliHnaKTHKH 3aTCM 

He06XOJjHMO nOIIOJIHHTb MepaMH, HanpaBnCHHbIMH Ha rpynnbl 

143

HOBbIHICHHOCO pHcKa. K CI IâCTbiO, HâM He HpICHO Bb16HpâTb i-ITO-TO 

OZjHO 143 3TOI'O McHIU. 

144

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150

LIACTb II 

Pâ3H006pâ3Hble BâpNâHTbI (IOJINTPIKN V1 

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154

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155

C noupa3AereHHeM HanI3TKOB Ha KaTeropIiH, H TaKOro pOAa 

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1991; Partanen, 1991). AanHble o BrHSIHHH ueH Ha anxororb, Ha ero 

nOTpe6neHHe B OCHOBHOM nOCTynaIOT H3 3anaAHbIX HHAyCTpHarbHbIX 

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cnpoca H npeAJlo)ICeHHx. Cnpoc Ha npOAyKT CB5I3aH C peaJIbHOIi 

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Aeluesne, cnpoc Ha Hero nosblluaeTcsl. 

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pa3HbIX CTpaHaX. TaK)Ke yKa3aH BpeMeHHOUi nepHOA. 

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HaAe)KHO ycTaHOBneHO, LITO eCnH ueH6l paCTyT - nOTpe6neHHe 

naAaeT, a ecnH ueHbl CHH)KaIOTC5I - nOTpe6neHHe nOBbIIIIaeTC51. TeM 

He McHee, peanbHble BenHLIHHbI 311aCTH4HOCTH ueH pa3nHL1HbIX 

HanHTKOB B pâ3HbIX CTpaHaX H B pa3HOe BpeMx He oAHHâKOBbI. 

156

Tabn4l4a 5.1 31-1aCTN4HOCTb L1eH Ha f1NB0, BNHO N KpE'.f1KNe Cf1NpTHble HâI1l7TK14 

AßTOp CTpaua llepno,a Ilnuo 13Hno KpenKHe 

nanHTKH 

Lau (1975) Kattata 1949 -1969 -0,03 - 1,65 - 1,45 

Johnson et Kanaüa 1955 -1971' - 0,22 - 0,50 - 0,91 

Oksanen (1974) 1955 -19712 -0,38 - 1,30 - 1,60 

Johnson et Kanaüa 1955 -1971' - 0,27 - 0,67 - 1,14 

Oksanen (1977) 1955 -71 - 0,33 - 1,78 - 1,77 

Quek (1988) Kattaua 1953 -1982 - 0,28 - 0,58 - 0,30 

Johnson KaHaga 1956 -1983' - 0,26 Ro- 0,31 - 0,70 /to - 0,88 - 0,45 uo 

et al. (1992) 1956 -19832 -0,14 - 1,17 0,82 

HA 

Niskanen (1962) CHIA 1934 -1960 - 0,50 - 1,59 - 2,03 

1934 -1960 - 0,33 - 0,35 - 0,93 

Hogarty et Elzinga CILIA 1956 -1959 - 0,89 11A HA 

(1972) 

Simon (1966) CILIA 1955 -1961 I IA }1A - 0,79 

Comanor & CHIA 1947 -1964' - 0,56 - 0,68 - 0,25 

Wilson (1974) 1947 -19642 - 1,39 - 0,84 - 0,30 

Norman (1975) CHIA 1946 -1970 -0,87 IIA II/1 

Smith (1976) CWA 1970 HA IIA - 1,95 

Labys (1976) CWA 1954 -1971 1 -lA - 0,4451 -1,656 HA 

Lidman (1976) Kantupoptiws 1953 -1975 HA HA 0,02 

Clements et Selvanathan CWA 1949 -1982 - 0,09 - 0,22 - 0,10 

(1987) 

Selvanathan (1991) CHIA 1949-1982 -0,11 - 0,05 -0,11 

Eecen (1985) F1Huepnanum 1960-1983 0,0 - 0,5 FIA 

-

Ta6nMlia 5.1 (llpo11onxcelllle) 

ABTOp Crpana flepuolt nttno ßtnio KpenKUe 

uantrrtat 

Labys (1976) /EEC Emma 1954 -1971 1111 - 1,14 1111 

(1972) 

Labys (1976) (Ppanutut 1954 -1971 1111 -0,06 IIJI 

Labys (1976) MTannn 1954 -1971 IIJI - 1,00 1111 

Labys (1976) 11opTyrannst 1954 -1971 1111 - 0,68 111I; 

Labys (1976) Mcnautts 1954 -1971 1111 - 0,37 IIJI 

Labys (1976) ßOP[ 1954 -1971 11J - 0,38 1111 

Walsh et Walsh (1970) Mpnatuuu 1953 -1967 -0,17 1111 -0,64 

Prest (1949) Coe ;t.Kop -no 1870 -1938 - 0,66 IIJI - 0,57 

Wong (1988) CoeJt.Kop -oo 1920 -1938 - 0,25 - 0,99 - 0,51 

Stone (1945) Coe,a.Kop -uo 1920 -1938 - 0,73 1111 - 0,72 

Stone (1951) Coejt.Kop -no 1920 -1948 - 0,69 - 1,176 -0,57 

Walsh (1982) Coe t.Kop -no 1955 -1975 - 0,13 - 0,28 - 0,47 

Clements et Selvanathan Coen.Kop -no 1955 -1975 - 0,19 - 0,23 - 0,24 

(1987) 

McGuinness (1983) Coelt.Kop -oo 1956 -1979 -0,30 -0,17 -0,38 

Duffy (1983) Coeat.Kop -uo 1963 -1978 II/1 -1,0 -0,77 

Godfrey (1988) Coeit.Kop -uo 1956 -1980 IIJI -0,76 -1,14 -0,88 -0,98 

1956 -1980 1111 -0,91 - 0,56 - 0,99 

Duffy (1987) Coe,a.Kop -no 1963 -1983 -0,29 -0,77 -0,51 

Selvanathan (1988) Coe ,a.Kop -no 1955 -1985 - 0,13 - 0,37 - 0,32 

Jones (1989) Coen.Kop -no 1964 -1983 - 0,27 - 0,77 -0,95 

- 0,40 - 0,94 - 0,79 

Selvanathan (1991) Coen.Kop -no 1955 -1985 -0,13 -0,40 -0,31

Ta6nHua 5.1 (npoRonmexl3e) 

AaTop CTpalla rlepnoai flrmo Blum KpenKne 

11a11r1TKn 

Baker et McKay (1990) Coe,q,Kop-Bo 1970 -1986 - 0,88 - 1,37 - 0,94 

Duffy (1991) CoeA.Kop-Bo 1963 -1983 - 0,09 - 0,75 - 0,86 

Nyberg (1967) (I) H11/15111)11151 1949 -1962 - 0,49 - 0,83 - 0,133/- 0,954 

1949 -19621 0,00 - 0,99 - 0,603/- 1,10' 

1949 -19622 + 0,01 - 3,28 - 2,003/- 3,654 

Salo (1990) (1)nitnxnArtst 1969 -1986 - 0,6 - 1,3 - 1,0 

Florverak (1979) Ilopaernx 1960 -1974 HJ> - 0,5 - 1,2 

Malmqvist (1948) W Beurrx 1923 -1939 11Jj - 0,9 - 0,3 

Bryding et Rosén (1969) W Beunx 1920 -1951 - 1,2 - 1,6 - 0,5 

Sundström- Ekström IlIBeunx 1931 -1954 I 1 A - 1,6 - 0,3 

(1962) 

Fluitfeld et Jorner (1972) W Beunx 1956 -1968 - 3,0' - 0,7 - 1,2 

Miller et Roberts (1972) ABCrpantlx 1957 -1971 FIJJ - 1,8 FIJj 

Clements et Selvanathan ABCrpannx 1956 -1977 -0,12 - 0,34 - 0,52 

(1987) 

Clements et Johnson ABCTpaJlnx 1956 -1977 -0,11 - 0,40 - 0,53 

(1983) 

Selvanathan (1991) Ancrpanrtx 1955 -1985 - 0,15 - 0,60 - 0,61 

Clements et Selvanathan ABCrpantlx 1956 -1986 -0,15 - 0,32 -0,61 

(1991) 

Pearce (1986) I-foa.3enauAnx 1966 -1982 -0,15 - 0,35 - 0,32 

Wette et a! (1993) Hon.3enalunx 1983 -1991 - 1,1 -1,1 - 0,5 

Partanen (1991) Ketlttx 1963 -19851 - 0,33 IIII I IJ( 

1963 -19852 - 1,00 HA IiJ]; 

KpaTKOCpoynt,tfl; 2 J1,onrocpo'ulbtft; 3 BoAKa; ° J(pyrrte KpenKne nannTKn; 5 I-Iaunouanlinax nportyKutrx; 6 HMnopT; 2 KpenKoe nrmo 

flpttMe,taune: HA = IteT 1lanul,tx.

IIpH 6onee 6nH3KOM paccMOTpeHHH HenOCpeACTBeHHbIX 

nOCneACTBHii 3TOr0 OCHOBHOrO BbIBOAa MO)KHO CKa3aTb: eCnH CnpOC 

Ha AaHHyK) KaTerOpHIO HanHTKa SIBnHeTCSi 311aCTHT-IHbIM 

OTHOCHTenbHO ueHbl (OTHOCHTenbHO LIyBCTBHTenbHbIM K H3MeHeHHIO 

ueHbI), nOBbnnCHHe ueHbi npHBeAeT K 3HatIHTenbHOMy COKpameHHiO 

noTpe6nexHA H yMeHbH1eHHI0 AOnH nHLIHOrO cso6oAHOro AoxoAa, 

KOTOpaA 3aTpa4HBaeTCA Ha 3TOT HanHTOK. TaKHM >Ke 06pa30M, 

CHH>KeHHe I.[CHbI npHSeAeT K CyIUeCTBCHHOMy pOCTy nOTpe6neHHA, 

yBenH9HTC5I H AOnA nHLIHOrO CB06OgHOrO AOXOAa, KOTOpaSI 

3aTpa'-IHBaeTCSI Ha 3TOT HanHTOK. 3TOT BapHaHT B Ta6nHue 5.1 

HnniOCTpHpyeTCSi CneAyIOLuHMH npHMepaMH: 'iceHHIO cnpoca H K pOCTy AOnH 

nH'IHOrO AOXOAa, 3aTpa'iHBaeMOrO Ha 3TOT HanHTOK. CHpiceHHe ueH 

npHBeAeT K OTHOCHTenbHO He6onbIllOMy pocTy nOTpe6neHHA H 

CHH>KeHHiO AOnH nHYHOrO AOXOAa, KOTOpbIFI 3aTpa'IHBaeTCA Ha 3TOT 

HanHTOK. COrnaCHO Ta6nHue 5.1 TaKOe Cny'-IHJIOCb C BHHOM BO 

0paHUHH B 1954-1971 rr., nHBOM B I4pnaHAHH B 1953-1967 rr. H 

KpenKHMH HanHTKaMH B ABCTpanHH B 1956-1977 rr. 

14, Haxoxeu, ecnH cnpoc Ha AaHHyIO KaTeropHiO HanHTKOB HMeeT 

eAHHH4HyI0 3naCTH'iHOCTb OTHOCHTCnbHO ueHbl, pOCT ueH npHBOAHT 

K CHHxceHHIO noTpe6neHHx B paBHOIi nponopuHH, a gons' AOXOAa, 

3aTpaLINSaeMaA Ha 3TOT HanHTOK, OCTaeTCA HeH3MeHHOiï. B 06paTHOM 

cny'iae, CHH>KeHHe ueH npHBOAHT K 11OB6IHIeHHIO norpe6neHHA B 

paBHOii np0nopuHYi H coxpaHeHHIO AOnH, 3aTpa'-IHBaeMO11 Ha 3TOT 

HaHHTOK, AoxoAa Ha TOM >Ke ypOBHe. 3T0 npH6nH3HTenbH0 TO, IiTO 

npOH301.1IJIO C KpenKHMH CnHpTHbIMH HanHTKaMH B (13HHnAHAHH B 

1969-1986 rr., c BHHOM B I4TanHH B 1954-1971 rr., a Talcxce c nxsoM 

B KeHHH B 1963-1985 rr. 

UnHAHHe H3MeHCHHA WH Ha rOCyAapCTBeHHblli AOXOA 6yAeT 

3aBHCeTb OT ,IjByX Il)aKTOpOS: CTeneHH 311aCTH'iHOCTH H TOrO, KaKOH 

KOMHOHCHT ueHbl Bbl3san H3MeHeHHe. ECnH H3MeHeHHe BbI3BaH0 

3aTpaTaMH Ha npOH3BOACTBO H AOCTaBKy, BnHAHHe Ha 

rOCyAapCTBeHHbIIï AOXOA 6yAeT npOHOpuHOHanbHO BnHAHHIO Ha 

nOTpe6neHHe. CHTyauHA CTaHOBHTCA 6onee CJ10)KHOIi, KorAa 

160

H3MeHeHHe LIeHbI npOHCXOnHT H3-3a H3MeHeHHA HanOrOB. Bo MHOrHX, 

HO He BO BCeX CHTyaLtHAX nOBbIIIIeHHe HanOra nOBbICHT 

rOCynapCTBeHHbHi nOXOn na)Ke TOrna, Koma cnpoc ABnAeTCA 

3111aCTH4HbIM OTHOCHTenbHO LjeHbI H o61uee noTpe6neHHe anKOrOJISI 

nanaeT. 1-1pHBenëM KpaliHHii npHMep: nOBbIIHeHHe HaTIOra Ha 

HanHTOK, KOTOpbIÎ-1 n0 3TOrO He o6narancA HanorOM, nOBbICHT 

rOCynapCTBeHHblii nOXOn, naxce eCnH HanHTOK ABnSIeTCA BbICOKO- 

3naCTHYHbIM OTHOCHTenbHO LZeHbI, H 6onee BbICOKHN ypOBCHb LjeHbl 

npHBenëT K CHnbHOMy cOKpaII(eHHio nOTpe6neHHA. TOnbKO B 

CHTyaLjHAX, KOrna ypOBeHb HanOra rice nOCTaTOIiHO BbICOK, 

nOnOJIHHTenbHblFi HâTIOr MO)KeT COKpaTHTb nOXOn npH naneHHH 

nOTpe6neHHA. 

KOrna MbI rOBOpHM o6 OTHOCHTenbHO MâTIeHbKOM HnH CHnbHOM 

BnHAHHH L[eHbI Ha noTpe6neHHe anKOronA, MbI, KOHe'-IHO, HMeeM B 

BHny ynenbHOe H3MeHeHHe LjeHbl. CnenOBaTenbHO, naxce B TOM 

Cnyllae, 'corna CnpOC ABnACTCA He311aCTHIiHbIM OTHOCHTenbHO LeHbI, 

60nbLH0e panHKanbHOe H3MeHeHHe L(eHbI npOH3BenëT 60nbLLIHil 

34)C1"eKT Ha noTpe6neHlie, item nHIIIb He6o11b11I0e H3MeHeHHe uexbl B 

cny'iae, 'corna CnpoC Ha aTIKOrOnb ABnSICTCA 31IaCTH4HbIM 

OTHOCHTenbHO L[eHbl. CTeneHb H3MeHeHH5I L(eHbl, TatoKe KaK 

COOTBeTCTByIOIi[aA CTeneHb 3naCTHIiHOCTH, nOn)KHbI, TaKHM 06pa30M, 

6bITb y'iTeHbl npH paC4eTe BnHSIHHA I.IeHbl Ha nOTpe6neHHe. MbI 

paCCMOTpHM BOnpOC O panHKanbHblX H3MCHeHHAX HH)Ke B pa3nene 

5.2.4. 

BnHAHHe H3MeHeHHÎi B L(eHe no npoLHeCTBHH HexOTOporo 

BpeMeHH mowe-r 6bITb CHnbHee, '-ieM HX HeMenneHHbIN 34)(1)eKT 

(Ornstein & Levy, 1983). l'1CCnenOBaHHA, npOBeneHHble B KaHane 

(Johnson & Oksanen, 1977), CHIA (Comanor & Wilson,1974) H 

KeHHH (Partanen, 1991), noxa3blsaloT, KpaTKOCpo'IxaA 

3naCTH'{HOCTb L[eH o6nanaeT MexbLHeÎ-i a6conioTHoFi BenH'IHHOIi no 

cpaBHeHHIo C Hx nonrospeMexxoÎd 3nacTHIIHOCTb10. 

5.2.2 CHryagNN, KOTOpbI@ MOI]/T 6bITb CB113aHbI C 

pa3J1NyHbIMU1 BapHaHTaMN 3J1aCTN4HOCTli Ii@H 

r1pHBeneHHOe BbIIIIe o6CyACneHHe nOKâ3bIBaeT nOne3HOCTb 

nOHATHA "311aCTH'IHOCTH L(eH" npH OHHCaHHH B3aHMOCB513H MexCny 

H3MeHeHHeM, C OnHOI4 CTOpOHbI, IjeHbI H, C npyroi-r CTOpOHbI, 

nOTpe6neHHA. Ho, KaK Mbl yA(e nonlIepKHBânH, naHHble Taxxce 

n0Ka3bIBaK)T, 'ITO BenH'IHHbI 3naCTH'IHOCTH He SIBnAIOTCA 

161

yHHBepCanbHblMH. Ha6nlOAaeM61e OTn144145I LIaCTHLIHO 06yCnOBneHbl 

HpHMeHeHHeM pa3nHT-IHbIX McTOAi3K H pa31113i4HbIM KaLIeCTBOM 

AâHHbIX. HeCOOTBeTCTBHSi TaK)Ke BO3HHKaIOT H3-3a pâ3nHLIHSI 

COuHâJIbHbIX, KynbTypHbIX H 3KOHOMH1ICCKHX yCJIOBH1i, 6bITyiOIuHX B 

pa3nHLIHbIX perHOHaX B pa3nHLiHble I7epHO,IjbI BpeMeHH. 

B aHrnOS13bILIHbIX cTpaHax, AâHHb1e 06bILIHO 1-10Ka3blBaiOT, LITO 

CHpOC Ha I7HBO 51Bn5leTC51 MeHee 311aCTHLIHbIM OTHOCHTenbHO ueHbl, 

LIeM CITpOC Ha MHO H KpeIIKHe CIIHpTHble HaIIHTKa. B pe3ynbTaTe 

AeTanbHOli OueHKH ABaAUaTH HCCne,EtoBaHHii Ornstein H Levy (1983) 

HpHHInH K BbIBOAy, LiTO HaH60nee TOLIHa51 OueHKa 3naCTHLIHOCTH twit 

Ha IIHBO, BHHO H KpeIIKHe CIIHpTHble HaIIHTKH B COeAHHëHHbIX 

LLITaTaX (H KaHaAe) 3TO -0.3, -1.0 H -1.5 COOTBeTCTBeHHO. B CBOCM 

o63ope HeCKOnbKHX HOCneAHHX HCCne,IIOBaHH1i cnpoca Ha anKOOOnb B 

BenHxo6pHTaHHH Godfrey (1989, 1990) Taxxce Hoxa3ana, LiTO cnpoc 

Ha HHBO B BenHK06p14TaHHH, B OCHOBHOM, SIBn51eTC5I He3naCTHLIH6IM 

OTHOCHTenbHO ueHbl. C ApyrOlil CTOpoHbl, CIIpoC Ha BHHO H KpeIIKHe 

C1IHpTHble Ha1IHTKH 6bin 601Iee LiyBCTBHTenbHbIM K ueHe. KOHTpaCTOM 

3TOMy Cny>KaT HCCneAOBaHHSI, KOTOpble HOKa3bIBaIOT, LITO cnpoc Ha 

BHHO MO)KeT 6bITb OTHOCHTCn6HO HeLIyBCTBHTenbHblM K ueHe BO 

aopaauHH H McnaHHH (Ta6nHua 5.1). 

OAHHM H3 CII00060B HOHHMaHaSI OCHOBbI 3THX OTnHLIHIi 

5IB1151eTC51 aHaJIH3 HOTpe6HTeneli ânKO00nbHbIX HaIIHTKOB. 3AeCb MbI 

AOn)KHbI yLIeCTb uenblli pig yCTaHOBnCHHbIX KynbTypOii pâ3nHLIHbIX 

3HaL1eHHIi, KOTOpble HpHAalOTC51 HOTpe6neHHlO anK00onSi, HaHpHMep, 

o1165lHeHHe, HaHHTOK AnSt yTOneHaSI )Ka)KAbI, COCTaBHaSI LIaCTb eAbl, 

nCKapCTBO HnH CpeACTBO OTAOXHyTb H pa3BneLIbC5i. C 3TOIï TOLIKH 

3peHHSI COBepH1eHH0 HeyAHBHTenbHO, LITO CHpOC Ha anKOrOnbHble 

HaHHTKH MO)KeT B pa3nH9H6IX CTpaHaX H KynbTypaX H B pa3nHLlHble 

HepHOAbI BpeMeHH OLieHb Ho-pa3HOMy pearHpoBaTb Ha AaHHOe 

H3MeHeHHe ueHb1. 06135ICHeHHe BenHLIHHbI 311aCTHLIHOCTH, TaKHM 

o6pa30M, Tpe6yeT HOJIHOI'O HOHHMaHHSI HpHBbILIeK HOTpe6neHHSI B 

AaHHOM 06ineCTBe H Ha AaHHOM OTpe3Ke BpeMeHH. 

BenHLIHHa 3naCTHLIHOCTH MO)KeT TaKXCe McH5IT6CSI B 3aBHCHMOCTH 

OT ypOBHSi uCH Ha anKOrOnbHble HaHHTKa. rlpH OilpeAeneHHbIX 

o6CTOSITenbCTBaX BenHLIHHa 3naCTHLIHOCTH MO)KeT HOHH)KaTbC51 rlpH 

CHH)KeHHH Hen H rIOBbI111aTbC1I ripa HX yBCnHLIeHHH. B LLIBeuHH HOCne 

OTMeHbi B 1955 rOAy KapTOLIHOa CHCTeMbI Ha HOKyHKy KpeHKHX 

CIIHpTHbIX HaHHTKOB HpOH3OLHn0 pe3KOe HOBbIHIeHHe ueHbl Ha 

CHHpTHble HaHHTKH. KaK CneACTBHe 3T000 Ha6niOAanOCb rlOB6IIHeHHe 

162

a6C0nloTHOII BenHLIHHbI 3naCTHLIHOCTH ilex Ha KpenKHe CnHpTHble 

HanHTKH (Huifeldt & Jorner,1972). 3TO MOTJIO 6bITb o6ycnosnexo 

TeM, LITO KapTOLIHaSI CHCTeMa CAep>KHBaeT BnHSIHHe H3MeHeHH5I LjeH 

Ha nOTpe6neHlie. IIpHMep 1lIBeLtHH, TaKHM 06pa30M, HnniOCTplipyeT 

B3aHMOAei3CTBHe LteHbl H 3aKOHOAaTenbHbIX OrpaHHLIeHHi3 AOCTynHOCTH 

anKOronSi. 

$enHLIHHa 31IaCTHLIHOCTH MO>KeT TaK>Ke MeH5ITbC51 BCneJ.jCTBHe 

pocra H 611arocOCTOSiHH5I H H3MeHeHHIi COItHanbHOrO H o6LLteCTBeHHOrO 

cTaTyca anKOI'onbHblX HanHTKOB. B C1HHn5IHAHH a6COJI1OTHa5I 

BenHi-II3Ha 351aCTiiLIHOCTH IjCHbI XI5I o6LI[ero nOTpe6neHlisl anKOronSl 

nOCTO5IHH0 nOHH>KanaCb Me>ICJty 1955 H 1980 rOAaMH C -0,93 Ao -0,70 

(Ahtola et al 1986). B TeLIeHHe 3TOrO nepiiOAa pOCT 6narOCOCTOSIHHSI 

H OCna6neHiie KOHTpOnSI 3HaLIHTenbHO nOBbICHnH AOCTynHOCTb 

anKOrOJIA. llOTpe6neHHe anKOrOnSI BbIpOCJIO C McHee 2 nHTpOB Ha 

AyLHy HaceneHlisl B rOA B cepeAliHe 50-x rOAOB AO OKOJIO 6,5 n K 

Hammy 1980 r. Beni3LliiHa 3naCTHLIHOCTF3 LteH HMena TeHAeHL1H10 K 

CHIi)KeHHIO 110 Mepe npespaLl.teHliSi anKOTOnSI B ToBap e>KeAHeBHOrO 

cnpoca. 

5.2.3 3KOHOMNKa 3aM@t1.t@HNfA 

TaK KaK BCe anKOTOnbHble HanHTKH COAep>KaT 3TaHOn, MO>KHO 

O>KHAaTb, LITO OHH H0TeHL1IiânbH0 MOryT 3aMCILtaTb Apyr Apyra. Ho 

TaK>Ke OLIeBHAHO, LITO anK01-011bHble HaHHTKH MOryT 3aMeLltaTb H 

pyre TOBapbl H, B CBOIO OLlepe,ijb, 3aMeHtaTbCSI HMH. 3TO 1-103BOJI5IeT 

npeAnOJIO>KHTb, LITO Ha ypOBeHb nOTpe6neHHSI ânKOrOnsI H CTpyKTypy 

er0 noTpe6neHHSI MOryT nOBnH5ITb OTHOCHTenbHble LteHbl Ha 3TH 

HanHTKH (no OTHOIileHHIO K ApyrHM TOBapaM). 

ECRU LteHa OAHON KaTeropHH HanHTKOB nOBbIIDaeTCSI, 

noTpe6HTenH MoryT HCKaTb HM MeHee Aoporylo He 3anpeLL[eHHyio 

3axoxoM 3aMeHy. HanpHMep, ecnH LteHa Ha KpenKHe CHHpTHble 

HanHTKH nOBbILIIaeTCSI, Cnpoc Ha BHHO HnH nHBO HJIH Ha TO H Apyroe 

Mo>KeT sblpaCTH. B HecxonbKHX HCCneAOBaHHSIX 6bina pa3pa6oTaxa 

MeTOAHKa OLteHKH 3naCTHLIHOCTH B3aHMOCB5I3aHHbIX 'tell, TO eCTb 

OLtCHKH H3MeHeHH5I cnpoca Ha OAHy KaTeropHiO anKOTOnbHbIX 

HanHTKOB, BbI3BaHHOe H3MeHeHHeM LteHbI Ha KaKylo-nH60 Apyryio 

KaTCrOpHIO anKOTOnbHbIX HanHTKOS (Niskanen, 1962; Nyberg 1967; 

Walsh and Walsh, 1970; Huitfeldt and Jorner, 1972; Jonson and 

Oksanen, 1974; Lau, 1975; Lidman, 1976; Jonson and Oksanen, 1977; 

Ornstein, 1980; Godfrey 1986). Iloxa3axo, LITO oLtenxa 3nacTHLIHOCTH 

163

B3a4iMOCB513aHHbIX IjeH ABJiAeTCA LIpe3BbiLlaiiHO CJ7O>KHbIM 3aAaHHeM. 

OKa3aJIOCb, LÎTO, KaK npaBHJIO, 3aMeüjeH{-Ie OAHOrO THna Hanl-iTKOB 

ApyrHM npOHCXOAHT B He60JIbIII0ii CTeneHH, a 3JIaCTIi4HOCTb 

B3aHMOCB513aHHbIX UCH O6bILiHO HeBeJIHKa HJIH He3HaLIHTeJIbHa. 

KaK H 3J1aCTH4HOCTb IjeH, 3JIaCTH4HOCTb B3aiiMOCB513aHHbIX IJ;eH 

pa3JIHLIHbIX BH,IjOB aJIKOrOJIA ABJIAeTCA He HeOTbeMJIeMbIM aTpH6yTOM 

aJIKOTOJIbHbIX HanHTKOB, a OTpaxCeHHBM npeBanHpyK)njHX npHBblLieK 

jjaHHOI-i KyJibTypbI B nOTpe6JIeHHH aJIKOrOJIA. B 06njeCTBe, rAe 

KpeIIKHe CnHpTHble HanHTKH H nHBO nOTpe6JI5IOTCA 3a OAHHM 

CTOJIOM, nOBbIIneHHe IjeH Ha KpenKHe CnFipTHble HaniiTKH MOxCeT, 

HanpHMep, CH143HTb noTpe6neHHe 060IiX KâTerOpiil%I Hani-ITKOB. XOTA 

3aMenjeHHe HepeAKO BCTpeLIaeTCA, 6bIJIO 6bI HeBepHbIM 

npe,gnOJlaraTb, LiTO aJIKOrOJIbHble HanHTKIi BcerAa 6y,3yT 3aMeüjaTb 

Apyr Apyra. 

B HeKOTOpbIX HCCJIeAOBaHHAX TaKxCe Ha6JIlOAâJIOCb, LITO 

MHOrOnbiOnjHe npeAnOLIHTa10T CaMbli%I AeIIIeBbIN npOAyKT H3 Ka)iCAOii 

KaTerOpHH aJIKOrOJIbHbIX HanHTKOB. IIpH TaKHX 06CTOATeJIbCTBaX 

3aMeIljeHi-ie pa3JI134HbIX THnOB HanHTKOB OnpeAeJIAeTCSI He CTOJIbKO 

ii3MeHeHHeM CpeAHe{I LjeHbl Ha KaxCAy1O KaTerOpiiO HanHTKOB, 

CKOJIbKO Ii3MeHeHIieM IIeHbl CaMOrO AeIneBOro HanHTKa B KaxCAoiï 

KaTerOpHH. TaKiiM )Ke 06pa30M, COOTBeTCTBeHHaA L[eHa aJIKOrOJIA B 

pa3JIH4HbIX KaTerOpiiAX 6yAeT BJIHATb Ha TO, KaKaA KaTerOpldA 6yAeT 

3aMeCTHTeJIeM. HanpHMep, BO3MO)KHO, LITO nOBbIIIIeHHe IjeH Ha 

KpenKHe CnHpTHble HanHTK17 ABHHeT nOTpe6JIeHHe C KaTeroplili 

KpenKHX CnHpTHbIX HanHTKOB B HeKOTOpbIX cTpaHaX Ha nHBO, B 

ApyrHx cTpaHax Ha BHHO HJIIi AaxCe 6yAeT HMeTb pa3JIHLIHble 

nOCJIeACTBIiSi B OAHOii H TOi3 xce cTpaHe B pa3JIHLIHbie nepNOAbI 

BpeMeHH. 

Bce HCCrIeAOBaHHA 3JIacTHLIHOCTH IjeH 6a3HpyioTCA Ha 

O(tHIjHâJIbHbIX AaHHbIX nO npoAaxce aJIKOrOJIA H He yLIHTbIBaIOT 

HedHKCHpyeMble HCTOLIHHKH nOTpe6JIeHHSI, TaKHe KaK AOMaIIIHee 

143rOTOBJIeHHe HJIH KOHTpa6aHAHaS( ToprOBJIA. Pa3pa6aTbIBaA 

nOJIHTIiKy HâJIOrOO6JIOxCeHIiA aJIKOrOJiA Heo6XOAHMO TnjaTeJIbHO 

KOHTpOJ1HpOBaTb nOTeHI.jHâJIbHble 3(1)(1)eKTbI 3THX THIIOB nOTpe6JleHHA. 

06CyxCAaA pyre TOBapbl B KaLieCTBe 3aMeHHTeJIA aJiKOrOJIA, MbI 

AOJI)ICHbI 3aMeTHTb, LiTO npOljeCC 3aMeIIjeHHA MOxCeT npHBecTH KaK K 

6onee, TaK H K Mexee 3AOpOBbIM npHBbILIKaM. r10BbIItIeHHe L(eH Ha 

BHHO, HanpHMep, MoxceT npHBecTH K 3aMenjeHHlo ero Mexee 

KpenKHMH HanHTKaMH, K yBeJIHLieHHiO AOMaIIIHero H3rOTOBJICHHA 

164

BHHa HJIH K noTpe6neHxlo OnaCHOrO Heneranbxoro anKoronSl. Ha 

3aMeLLjeHHe MO)KHO nOBnHSITb C nOMOLLIbiO KOHTpOnSI, HaLieneHHOrO Ha 

Te HaHHTKH, KOTOpble, BepOS1THO, 6yAyT nonynxpHbl cpeAH 

nOTpe6HTeneN. TeM He McHee, ecnH LjeHbl Ha neranbHO 

npOH3BOj(HMbIIi anKOrOnb 6yAyT OCTaBaTbCSI TMH p(a)ce 

CHH)KaTbCSi no npNLINHe OnaceHHA BO3MO)KHOI'O HX 3aMeIijeHHSI 

HeneranbHblM anKOroneM, nary6HOe BO3AeriCTBNe neranbHOrO 

anKOrOnSI MO)KeT npeBbICHTb BbI3bIBa1OLLjHe OnaCeHHSI yrpo3bI, 

06yCnaBnNSaeMble HeKOHAHLjHOHHbIM anKOroneM. 

5.2.4 Pe3KNe Kone6aHNSi HanoroB: acjxpeEcr 

pa,gNKanbHoro 113MeHeHNS1 geH Ha noTpe6neHNe anKoronH 

B 60nbLIIHHCTBe csoeM, 3KOxoMeTpHLIecKHe HCCne,14OBaHHSI 

HCnonb3ylOT B xaLIeCTBe MaTepHana He6onbLllHe H3MCxeHHSI L[eH Ha 

anKOronb. KJIaCCHi-ieCKHN npHMep pap;HKanbHOrO H3MeHeHFISI 'tex 

AaeT gaHHSI. 143-3a HeXBaTKH npOAyKTOB BO BpeMSI HepBOIi MNpOBOIi 

BONHbI ueHa BOAKN BgaHHH 6bina nOBbILNeHa 60nee LIeM B 10 pa3, B 

TO BpeMSI KaK LjeHa misa 6b1na yABoexa. 3TH peLNNTenbHble Mepbl 

COxpaTHJ1N noTpe6neHNe anKOrOnSI Ha Ayury HaceneHHSI Ha TpH 

LIeTBepTH: c 6,7 po 1,6 n 3a Asa roAa. He TOnbxO o6LLjee noTpe6neHHe 

1,13MeHHJIOCb, HO KOnNLieCTBO 3aIIJHKCHpOBaHHbIX cnyilaes 6enOli 

rOpSILIKH CHH3HJIOCb AO OAHOIi TpNHaALjaTON, CMepTHOCTb B 

pe3ynbTaTe "XpOHHLIeCKOrO anKoronH3Ma" CHN3HnaCb AO OAHOIi 

H1ecToli OT npeAblAywero ypoBHSI (Bruun et al 1975). 

ApyrNe AOCTynHble npNMepbl KpynHOro N3MeHeHH51 tell HMe1oT He 

TaKON MacLHTa6, HO 3aTO npOHCXOAHJIN HeAaBHo. HanpHMep, B 11lBeLjHH 

B 1957-1958 rr. peanbHaSl L[eHa Ha KpenKNe HanNTKH nOAHSLJIacb 60nee 

item Ha 30%. 3r0 npNBenO K CHH)KeHHK) HX nOTpe6neHNSI C nOLITH 0,8 SI 

Ha pyltry HaceneHHSI B meCSiLj B 1956 ropy Ao 0,6 n s 1958 ropy: 

cHHxceHHe Ha OAHy LIeTBepTb (Huitfeldt & Jorner, 1972). 

5.2.5 6y,gyT Jill MHOfonbFOI1pNe NnN 3aBNC4lMble OT 

anKOronA nO,gBepraTbCA BnNAHNFO N3MeHeHNfI geH? 

B 3KOHOMeTpH1IeCKHX NCCJIeAOBaHNSIX, OCHOBaHHbIX Ha 

BpeMeHHbIX cepHSlx, CTeneHb 3naCTHLIHOCTH L(eH oTpaxcaeT 

yCpeAHeHHy1O peaKLjNIo HaCeneHNSI Ha H3MeHeHNe LjeHbl. XOTSI 

MO)KHO CAenaTb 3aiUIK)LIeHNe, LITO nOBbILNeHHe COKpaTHT 

noTpe6neHHe, 3TOT BHA HCCneAOBaHHIi He MO)KeT cam n0 ce6e 

OnpeAenNTb KTO HMeHHO COKpaLqaeT nOTpe6neHNe H HaCKOnbKO. KaK 

165

3TO coxpali[enxe pacnpe,IjenSieTCSI? HecKonbxo HCCneAOBaHHN npAMo 

o6paTHnl-Icb K H3yLIeHIiIO pa3nH'LHN B B03A61"CTBHH LjeH6I Ha 

pa3nHi{Hble rpynnbl nOTpe6HTeneli. 14MCIOIIjxeC51 B pacnopAmeHi3H 

AâHHble ileTKO nOKa3bIBaIOT, 11TO MHOrOnb1OIItHe H 3aBiiCNMble OT 

anKOCOJIA pearHpyLOT Ha H3MeHeHHe LjeHbi no KpalïHeii Mepe TaK>Ke, 

KaK H nOTpe6nAion[He Ha Cpe,i),HeM ypOBHe. 

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H3yLlanH LIyBCTBHTeIbHOCTb K L(eHe Ha anKOrOnb nbiOLAHX MOJIOAbIX 

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166

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168

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OCHOBHOI4 MaCCbI naHHbIX, MO)KeT 6bITb ccpopMynxposax0 B 

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HeH3MeHHbIMH, HOTpe6neHHe anKorORA HaceneHHeM 6y,geT B 

MeHbHIei1 HRH 60nbHIelï, HO O6bILIHO B 3HaLIHTeRbHO171 cTeIIeHH, 

3aBHCeTb OT IjeHbl. KaK MHOCO- TaK H ManOHbIOHjHe 6y.uyT, TaKHM 

06pa30M, pearHpOBaTb Ha geHy, H H3 CB5I3H mew/1y geHOli H 

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HaCeneHHA. 14 HMeHHO 3TH B3aHMOCB5I3aHHble (paKTbl IIpHBO,ItAT HaC B 

KOHI.(e KOHUOB K 3aKRiOLIeHHI0, LITO HanOr006n0)KeHHe ABnAeTCSI 

HOTeHIjHanbHO 11O11e3HbIM pblLlarOM O6HjeCTBeHH000 3ZjpaBOOXpaHeHHA. 

169

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174

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B TOM, iITO6bI HCCneAOBaTb 06beKTHiBHble AaHHble O npeFiMylljeCTBaX, 

KOTOpble MO)ICHO nOnyLIHITb B pe3ynbTaTe HiCI7011b3OBaHHiA B Kai-IeCTBe 

nHCTpyMeHTa O6nueCTBeHHOrO 3ApaBOOXpaHeHHA pâ3n1,11-IHbIX 

Mep,BnHiAK)LuHX Ha HiHAHiBHAyanbHblii AOCTyn l3nHi AOCTynHOCTb 

anKOrOnA. 1,1CcneAOBaHHii n0 OueHKe Ka)KAOFi H3 OTAenbHbIX 

CTpaTerNli AO CHX nop HeT, HO 3a nOCneRHHie lO 2O neT HaKOnHnOCb 

6onb111oe KonHiiieCTBO AaHHbIX. 

OCHOBHaA 3KOHOMHI9eCKaA TeOpHIA no cnpocy H npeAnoxceHHllo 

o6cyxCAaeTcA B Pa3Aene 6.1, KaK npeACTaBneHHe B3anMOCBA3H1 Me)KAy 

noTpe6neHHieM aJlKOronA H ero AOCTynHOCTbIO. B Pa3Aene 6.2 

HiCCneAyiOTCA 3MHHipHiLIeCKHe AOKa3aTenbCTBa BnHiSiHHHA AOCTyIIHOCTH 

anKOronA Ha noTpe6neHHle H anKOrOnbHble npo6neMbl B CnyiIaxX 

pe3KOro H3MeHeHHA B npeAJlOxceHHH anKoronA. B Pa3Aene 6.3 MbI 

paCCMOTpHM AOKa3aTenbCTBa 3(1(tleKTHBHOCTH AnA 06HjeCTBeHHOTO 

3ApaBOOXpaHeHHiA IIIHipOKOTO Kpyra OTAenbH6IX 3KOJIO1HiileCKHX 

(HanpaBneHHbIX Ha OKpyxcaloluyK) nbI0IIjHIX nloAeli 06CTaHOBKy) Mep. 

B 3TOM o63ope MbI BHailane o6cyAHIM AaHHble no CHJIbHbIM 

OrpaHHLIHTenbHbIM CTpaTerHiAM - HanpHMep, "CyXOM 3aKOHe" 

rOCyAapCTBeHHOii MOHOIIOnHiH H pauHOHHpOBâHHH. ganee 6yAyT 

paccMOTpeHbl OTAenbHble OTpaHHLIeHHHA AOCTynHOCTH OTAenbHbIX 

THHOB HanHTKOB, nOAAep)KKa HanHTKOB C HH3KHM COAep)KaHHeM 

anKOTOnA HnH 6e3anKOrOnbHbIX HanHiTKOB, perynHpoaaHHe 

176

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nOTpe6neHHA aJIKOTonA, a TaK)Ke Mep no 06yLieHHio nepcOHâJIa 

nHTeFiHbIX 3aBe,geHHFi H OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3TOrO nepcOHana. 

Kpyr pa3nHLIHbIX Mep KOHTpOJIA, OnHC6IBaeMbIi3 B Pa3Aene 6.3 

ABJIACTCA BeCbMa o61IIHpHbIM H pa3H0o6pa3H6IM, XOTA BCe 3TH 

pa3H006pa3Hbie cTpaTerHH (l)OKyCHpyIOTCA Ha HaMepeHHH nOBnHATb 

Ha HHJ114BHgyaJIbHbII3 ,gOCTyn K aJIKOronIO. B Pa3Aene 6.4 MbI 

06cy,ijHM OTHOIIIeHHe TOprOBbIX COrnaIDeHHI%I H 3KOHOMHLieCKOro 

COTpy,gHHtIeCTBa K perynHpOBaHH10 âJIKOCOnbH6IX npo6neM. B 

Pa3uene 6.5 M6I KpaTKO OnHIIIeM, KaKOe OTHOLHeHHe HMeIOT 3TH 

HCCneAOBaHHA K Bb16Opy nOnHTHKH 3,gpaBOOXpaHeHHA, HO OCHOBHOe 

06Cy)KaeHHe nonHTH4eCKHX BOnpOCOB MbI OCTaBHM JI,JIA 

3aKniO'-IHTenbHON rnaBbl. 

3Ta KHHra HanHCaHa AJIA MHO)KCCTBa KynbTyp, H MIDI XOpOHIO 

nOHHMaeM, LITO TaKON nOnHTH4eCKLii%I nO,qXOjj, KaK "cyXON 3aKOH", 

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yCJIOBHAX H paCL[eHHBaTbCA, KaK nORXO,ijALL[Hii BapHaHT - B ApyrHX. 

1-103TOMy, B Hat-fane 3TOCO o63opa cne,gyeT BbIpâ3HTb npocb6y 06 

06-beKTHBHOCTH, TaK KaK MbI nblTaeMCA KaK MO)KHO nyvLue 

pa306paTbCA TaM, rAe MaCCa 3MHHpHveCKHX ,3aHHbIX pacnonaraeTCA 

Ha o6LUHpxoÎI H CJIO)KHOF1 TeppHTOpHH, KOTOpaA TaK LIaCTO B 

npOLHJIOM 6b1na paCKOJIOTa. 

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aJIKOrOnbHble np06neMbl? OANH 113 TNnOB A0Ka3aTenbCTB 

nOSlBJI5leTC51, KOrAa cHa6)KeHNe anKOrOneM pe3K0 cOKpaL1[aeTCSi NJIN 

npeKpaNjaeTCA. B pa3nNT-IHbIX cTpaHaX 6bInO pan npNMepOB, KOrAa 

o6ivaA AOCTynHOCTb anKOronSi 6bina 0613eKTOM paANKâJIbHbIX 

143MeHeHNN. 3a6aCTOBKN pa6OTHNKOB p03HNLIHOn TOprOBnN lull 

pa604NX anKOrOnbHON NHAyCTpNN, a He L[eneHanpaBneHHbie COL[NanbHble 

3KCnepNMeHTbI no anKOronbHOÎ.1 nOnNTNKe Aei%ICTBNTenbHO 

npOAeMOHCTpNpOBanN, HanpNMep, BJINSIHNe pe3K0r0 COKpaILjeHNSI 

AOCTynHOCTN anKOrOnSI Ha ero noTpe6neHHe. Giesbrecht (1988) 

nposen 0630p NccnejjoBaHNN no 3a6aCTOBKaM. He06XO,il,NMo 

OTMeTNTb, 4T0 3a6acTOBKN car« no ce6e asneHNe HOnOCTOSIHHOe N 

nOTpe6NTenN 3HaIOT, 4TO 3TO HeyA06cTB0 B KOHL(e KOHIjOB npor%IueT. 

Mäkelä (1980) B CBOeM nepBNiiHOM Nccne,goaaHNN 3a6aCTOBOK, 

NCCneAOBan 311)L1)eKTb1 3a6aCTOBKN 1972 r. BONHnSIHANN, KOTOpaSI 

3aKpbina (lNHCKNe nHKepO-BOj[OtiHble Mara3NHb1 Ha 5 HeAenb. 

l'1CIIOnb3y5I JjaHHble Ha6n1O,iZeHNA H OnpOCOB, a TaiOKe CTaTNCTN4eCKNe 

AaHHble, OH O6Hapy){CNn, LiTO O6Njee noTpe6neHHe anKOronsi 

CHN3NJIOCb npN6nN3NTenbHO Ha OAHy TpeTb. KOnNMeCTBO apecTOB 3a 

nO51BneHNe B HeTpe3BOM BN,Ije B 06LL[ecTBeHHOM MecTe COKpaTNJIOCb 

Ha 50%, apeCTbl 3a BO)iCAeHNe B HeTpe3BOM COCTOSIHNN COKpaTNJINCb 

npN6nN3NTenbHO Ha 10-15%, a cnyLiaN Hana4teHNFi N nO6OeB - Ha 

25%. HeO6x0liNMO 3aMeT1ITb, LITO 6apb1 H peCTOpaHbl 

npoAOnxcanN pa6OTaTb, N TaKNM O6pa30M, He ace NCTOLIHNKN 

anKOrOn51 6bInN rlepeKpblTbi 3a6aCTOBKOFI. 

B 6onee nO3AHeM NCCneAOBaHNN 3a6acTOBKN 1972 roua B 

CDNHJIAHANN 6bIJl0 06Hapy)KeHo, LITO B Te4eHNe Masi 1972 r. o6njNil 

ypOBeHb npouaxcN anKOrOJISI COKpaTNJICSI Ha 30%. TaKoe xce 

COKpaLIjeHNe B 3a(pNKCNpOBaHHOM nOTpe6neHNN 6blJlo 06Hapy)KeHO N 

B anpene 1985 r. B pe3ynbTaTe 3a6acTOBKN 3TOr0 )Ke rOAa. TaK )Ke 

KaK N B 1972 r., 3a6acTosxa 1985 F. npNBena K CxoAHOMy 

coKpaNjeHNio pSIAa HeraTNBHbIx nOCneACTBNN (Osterberg and Saila, 

1991). 

HaN6onee O4eBNAHbIM 3(14eKTOM 9-HeuenbH0N 3a6aCTOBKH 

HOpBe)KCxO41 MoHOnonNN Ha BNHa H penne HanNTKH B 1978 r. 

6bInO AOCTaTO4HO 6bICTpOe npNcnoco6neHNe K HOBbIM yCJIOBNAM 

npeAnO)KeHNSI. r10Bb1LNeHNe nOTpe6neHNSI nNSa, MaCTHbIFI NMIIOpT 

aJIKOrOJIA H AOMaNIHee 1,131-OTOBneHNe CTanH HaN60nee Ba)KHbIMN 

NCTO4HNKaMN 3aMeLLjeHNM, Hap51Ay C NCnOnb3OBaHHeM AOMaLnHNX 

3anac0B CIINpTHOro. l'13-3a 3TOr0 3aMeLLjeHN51 60nbLNHHCTBO nioAeil He 

179

I-i3MeHNJI0 ypoBexb cBoero noTpe6neHnSi aJlKOronSl BO BpeMSi 

3a6aCTOBKH, H cHa>KeHne O6iuerO noTpe6nexnSl anKOronsl 6binO 

OLjeHeHO, KaK jjOCTaTOLIHO CKpOMHOe - OT 5 AO 10%. TeM He McHee, 

OripeAeneHHble KaTerOpaa nbi0111nX NCnbITbIBann CJIO>KHOCTn ripa 

COXpaHeHan cBoero ypOBH51 nOTpe6neHHSi anKOronSl. bOnbIDaHCTBO 

nOKa3aTeneil, rne BenaKO BnaSiHne ynnliHbIX anKOrOJINKOB, TaKne KaK 

KOnaIieCTBO o6paHteaail B L[eHTpbl j[eTOKCnKaLjaa, aCIIOnb30BaHae 

KOMHaT AeTOKCidKaL[an B TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX jjOMaX 3aLgaTbl, apeCTbl 3a 

ribSIHCTBO, npeCTynJIeHHSI KaTeropaa "jjOMaLIIHae CKaHAanbl", 

KOnHIieCTBO ribSIHbIX Ha ynaijaX, TpaBMbi B pe3ynbTaTe naneHail - Bee 

3TH nOKa3aTena 3HalinTenbH0 CHa3anaCb BO spew' 3a6acTOBKH. 

Tatum 06pa30M, COKpaLt[eHae riOTpe6neHHSI anKOronSI, nOXO>Ke, 6bIJI0 

Haa6onee 3Hal11-1MbIM cpeAa rip06neMHbIX nbIOLIjaX (Horverak 1983). 

Bo BpeMSi aJIK01-011bHO14 3a6aCTOBKa B LIIBeunn B 1963 r. 6bino 

o6Hapy>KeHO, IITO npnBblllKa noTpe6neHnx anKOI'OnSI nbiOii(nX Ha 

yMepeHHOM ypOBHe n011Ta He noJiBeprnacb a3MeHeHaiO. I/1X 

nOTpe6neHae OCTaBâJIOCb OTHOCHTenbHO Ha3KaM B nepaoA 

3a6acToBKH. C Apyroil CTOpOHbI y "aJIKOrOnaKOB" H IlacTOTa 

nOTpe6neHasl, H KOnaYeCTBO BbIHHBaeMOrO BO spew' 3a6aCTOBKH 

3aMeTHO CHa3aJIHCb, Aaxce noTpe6nenne aMa Cna6OrO riaBa 

CHa3HJIOCb, HeCMOTPSI Ha TOT (l>aKT, IITO ero AOCTyriHOCTb OCTasanacb 

TO xce (Bjerver and Nevi 1965). 

B Ilonblue neTOM 1980 r. no Beeil el-pane npoHlna Maccosbie 

3a6acTOBKn, KaK AeMOHCTpaL(aSI OririO3n1[an KOMMyHIiCTnIieCKOMy 

npaBliTenbCTSy. B OTBeT Ha 061IjeCTBeHHyIO KpaTliKy BnaCTa 

npeAnpanxna HeKOTOpble MepbI, IITO6bI COKpaTHTb AOCTynHOCTb 

aJIKOrOJI51. CeTb Mara3axos no npoAa>Ke sOAKa 6bina coKpaLL[eaa, 

50% cOKpan[eHne npOa3BOACTSa KapTOclienSl CKa3aJIOCb Ha 

yMeHbLHeHNa nOCTaBOK CbIpbSl A.nSI npOa3BOACTBa BOAKa, 

npOH3BO,gCTBO 3HaliaTenbHO COKpaTNJIOCb. B pe3ynbTaTe CnpOc 

npeBbICaJI ripeJUlo>ICeHae a LleHbI nOBbICaJIaCb. 3Ta H Apyrae, 

B111451IOLIMMa Ha nOTpe6neHae ânKOrOnSi cliaKTOpbI npasena K ero 

CHn>KeHaIO Ha 24%. B pe3ynbTaTe KOnnIIeCTBO apecTOB 3a BO>KAeHae 

B HeTPe3BOM COCTOSIHaa ynan0 Ha 40% H KOnaIieCTBO AOpO>KHbIX 

asapail, BO3HnKIIIHX no Bi3He anKOrOnSI CH11314JIOCb Ha 10% (Morawski 

et al. - B nellaTa 

HaLjaOHâJIbHaSI nporpaMMa, flHH51TM s Mae 1985 r. B 6bIBIneM 

CCCP 6bvla HanpaBneHa Ha COKpanteHne npOa3BOACTSa anKOronbHbIX 

HariaTKOB H AOCTyriHOCTa aX B p03HaIIHOil Toprosne. IlporpaMMa 

180

6bIna oco6eHHo xauenexa Ha CoxpalueHHe noTpe6neHIiA BORKH H 

KpenneHblx BHH HH3KOrO KaLiecTBa H Ha CoxpaüjeHHe Heneranbxoro 

npOH3BOj[CTBa anKOrOnA. OueHKH 3T0F0 3KCnCpHMeHTa C006H[aIOT O 

COKpaIueHHH neranbHOrO HpOH3BOACTBa BOJZKH H ApyrHX CnHpTHbIX 

HanHTKOB, O COKpanleHHH neranbHOii npOJja)KH anKOI'OnA H O 

COKpaIueHHH noTpe6neHHA Ha jtyiuy HaceneHHA (oCHOBaHHOrO Ha 

AaHHbIX O 3aperHCTpHpOBaHHOii npoJka)ce anxoronA). B pe3ynbTaTe 

Ha6nK)AanoCb CHH)ICeHHe KOnH'-IeCTBa ,IkOpOmCHbIX asapHli, 

COBepIUëHHbIX nbAHBIMH BOJTHTenAMH H TpaBM, BO3HHKI11HX B 

pe3ynbTaTe nOTpe6neHHA anKoronA. B pe3ynbTaTe 3THX KpaNHHX 

OrpaHHLieHHN TaK>Ke Ha611I0AanIiCb H HeraTHBHble ABneHHA. CioJja 

OTHOCATCA: pe3Koe yBenHLICHHe KOnHileCTBa CMepTeii, CB5I3aHHbIX C 

HeneranbHO npOH3BeJjeHHbIM anKOroneM, nOABneHHe LIepHOro pblHKa, 

BO3HHKHIa51 HeXBaTKa caxapa Am{ JjOMaHIHerO nOnb3OBaHH51 H3-3a 

TOrO, 'iT0 3TOT npOJjyKT yXOAMT Ha HeneranbHOe npOH3BOACTBO 

anKOronA (WHO 1990). O61uenpH3HaHHO, LITO COBeTCKaA KaMnaHHA 

npoBanHnacb H K 1988 r. npaBHTenbCTBO OTMeHHJIO OrpaHH'ieHHA HO 

gOCTynHOCTH H npoH3BOgcTBy anxoronA (Partanen 1993). Partanen 

C4enan BbIBOJ[, i-ITO 3Ta nOnHTHKa npOBanHnaCb no npHHHHe 

HeCH0C06HOCTH npaBHTenbCTBa 06y3JjaTb HeneranbHoe 11pOH3BOJjCTBO 

anKOronA. Henb351 OTpMuaTb, TM He MeHee, LITO peCPopMa HMena CBOH 

1-103HTHBHble 34)IfleKTbI Ha o6HjecTBeHHoe 3JjopOBbe, 061uaA 

CMepTHOCTb CHH3HnaCb H npO,11On)ICMTenbHOCTb )K1-13HH My)KLIHH 

yBenHVHnacb. 3To 6bin ycnex B paMKaX HeyaagH (Tarchys 1993). 

Me3eHueBa H PHMa'IescxaA (1990) o6HapyxcHnH, ypoBHH 

"anKOrOJIH3Ma" H CBS13aHHOii C anKOrOneM 3a60neBaeMOCTH 6binn 

pa3nH4HbI B 15 COBeTCKHX pecrly6nHKaX c 1970 n0 1987 r. CaMbIH 

HH3KHii ypOBeHb JjaHHOii 3a60neBaeMOCTH Ha6nlOJtanCA B 

CpeJwea3HaTCKHX pecrry6nHKax (Y36eKHcTax, TaJpKHKHCTâH, 

TypKMeHHA) H A3ep6aFiJpKaHe, rJje BnHAHHe penHrHH OrpaHHLIHBanO 

H HHJ(MBHJjyanbHOe nOTpe6neHHe H nOCTynneHHe anKOrOnA. 

K HHTepnpeTauHH 3THX pa3nM'IHbIX HCCneROBaHHIi HO pe3KHM 

H3MeHeHHAM J1OCTynHOCTH Hy)KHO HOJ1XOJ1HTb OCTOpO)KHO. OHM 

rOBOpAT O eCTeCTBeHHbIX 3KCnepHMeHTaX i-Ipe3Bbl'-Ial%IHOrO HnH 

He06bl'-IHOrO nnaHa. XOTA 6bIJI0 6b1 HenpaBHnbHO CKa3aTb, 'iTO 3TH 

BbIBOJ1bI He 1-1OJ=1XOJIAT K 06bI11HbIM yCJIOBHAM. KorJja HpOHCXO,1=1HT 

pe3Koe COKpanjeHHe J(OCTynHOCTH B p03HH'iHOFi TOprOBne, ypOBeHb 

anKOrOnbHbIX npo6neM CHH)KaeTCA, H KorJJa J1OCTyHHOCTb pe3K0 

nOBbIHIaeTCA HJIH BO3BpaüjaeTCA K npe)KHeMy ypOBHIO, npO6neMbI 

181

yCHnHBaiOTCA. 3Aecb MbI HMeeM nen0 C KpaNHHMH cnrIaAMH, HO OH14 

rOBOpAT HaM o6 06Hje1ï TeHAeHLJHH. 

6.3 B11I4SIHI1E 3K011OrI14ECKIIX MEP: AAHHbIE 

14CCflEAOBAHI4V1 

1'ibIJIO npOBeneHO 60nb111oe KOnHLIeCTSO HCCJIeAOBaHHiï no 

H3yLIeHHiO OCHOBHOR npennocbinKH Toro, LITO OrpaHHileHHe 

AOCTynHOCTH anKOTOnA MO)KeT npOH3BeCTH 3HaLIHTenbHbli-I 34)(1)eKT Ha 

ero noTpe6neHHe H cBA3aHHble C 3THM npo6neMbl. 3TH 

HCCneAOBaHHA, B KOTOpbIX U3yilanaCb AOCTynHOCTb anKOTOnA, 

06bI4HO 06Hapy)KHBâJIH, LITO KOrAa aJIKOTOnb MeHee AOCTyneH, MeHee 

yuo6eH B npHo6peTeHHH HnH MeHee nplieMneM B 06u.JeCTSe, 

noTpe6neHHe H npo6neMbl, CB513aHHble C HUM, coxpauualoTCA. 3TH 

HCCneAOBaHHA 6bIBaiOT AByX THnOB: Te, KOTOpble H3yTia1OT 

OrpaHHT-IeHHSi o6ute13 AOCTynHOCTH H Te, KOTOpble HCCneAyIOT 

OTAenbHble Mepbi anKOronbHOii nonHTHKH B IIJIaHe FIX oco6oro 

B03neNCTB1451. 1'13yiieHHe OnpeneneHHblx CTpaTerHN KOHTpOnA 

COCTaBnAIOT OCHOBHyiO TiaCTb HCCneAOBaHHIi. 

1'ibin0 nposenexo OTHOCHTenbH0 He6onbluoe KOnUi-IeCTBO 

CpaBHHTenbHbIX HCCnenOBaHHii, rAe H3ylianHCb pa3JiHTlHA Mexcny 

KynbTypaMH HO THny Mep perynHpOBaHHA (HanpHMep, MOHOUOnHA no 

CpaBHeHHIO C CHCTeMOÎ-i nHLJeH3Up0BaHHA), HO TiaCTHiiHO H3-3a 

pa311 141IHb1X 3I14eKTOB BpeMeHHOTO OTCTaBaHHA TaKHe HCCneAOBaHUA 

OKâ3anHCb He B COCTOAHHH aAeKBaTHO 01.JeHHTb peanbHOe BnHAHHe 

Mep perynUpOBaHHA Ha noTpe6neHHe aJIKOTOnA H CBA3aHHble C 3THM 

np06neMb1. B naHHOM o63ope HCHOnb3y1OTC51 TOnbKO AaHHble 

nonrOBpeMeHHbIX HCcnenosaHHFi, TaK KaK OHH 1103BOJI5ifOT 6onee 

yBepeHHO BbIABnATb npHiiHHHble CB113H. 0630pbI COOTBeTCTBÿiOIi[HX 

HccnenosaxHi3 MO)KHO Harm! B Smith (1988d), Osterberg(1991, 

1993), Gruenewald (1991) H Holder (1987, 1991). 

6.3.1 "CyXOH 3aKOH" 

KOrna B HexOTOpbix cTpaxax B Hai-lane 20 CTOneTHSi 6b1n BBeneH 

11OJIHbI1i 3anpeT Ha anKOTOnb OH 6bIJI B KOHne KOHLJOB OTMeHeH H3-3a 

OTCyTCTBHA O6HJeCTBeHHOii IIOA,nep)KKH H CornaCHA. COBpeMeHHbI1ï 

npHMep "CyXOTO 3aKOHa" HMen McCTO B 1978 F. Ha THXO0KeaHCKHX 

ocTposax MoeH B Tpyxe B cl?enepaTHBHOM rocynapcTSe 

182

MHKpOHe3HH, KOTOpblii 6bin BBeJjeH B pe3ynbTaTe rOCyJjapCTBeHHOTO 

pecl3epeHAyMa. IIpH4HHOiI pecl)epeHJjyma cTana nonHTHVeCKax 

aKTHBHOCTb TpyKCKHX )KeHHjHH, KOTOpbIX BOJIHOBanO nbSIHCTBO H 

HaCHnHe B 06n.jeCTBeHHbIX MeCTaX, oCO6eHHO CpeJjH MOJIOJjbIX 

My)K4HH (Marshall and Marshall, 1990). 1lb5IHCTBO B 06HjeCTBeHHbIX 

MeOTaX 6bIJIo 3aMenjeHO 11bS1HCTBOM B OTJjenbHbIX rpynnaX, KOTOpOe 

npOHCx0J1I1nO B 60nee H301114pOBaHHbIX 3OHaX, B "KycTaX". 

O61IjeCTBeHHaSI noagep>KKa 3anpeTa ocTasanacb CHnbHOil, H cyxoil 

3aKOH pacnpocTpaHHncx Ha HeCKOnbKO Jjpyrxx OCTpOBOB. TpH 

HOnbITKH OTMeHHTb 3anpeT nOTepnenH HeyJjar-Iy. McCTHblii 3anpeT, 

TaKHM O6pa3OM, 51s1151eTC51 )1CH3HeCn0C06HbIM BapHaHTOM gag 

He60nbnlor0 06HjecrBa (oco6eHHo JIJISI OCTpoBHOrO H H30nHpOBaHHOrO 

o6njecTBa), rJje OH MO)KeT npHBeCTH K 1-1O3HTHBHbIM H nOnynSipHbIM 

pe3ynbTaTaM. 

B nepHOgj noJIHTHLIeCKHX BonHeHHÎ1 B r10nbII1e B Hai-lane 1980-x 

BpeMeHHbllti 3anpeT 6bin BBeJjeH B 1lJ(aHbCKe B asryCTe 1980 r., B 

pe3ynbTaTe KOTOpOrO Ha6nIOJjanOCb CHH)KeHHe KOnH4eCTBa 

nonaJjaHHil B BbITpe3BHTenb (Bielewicz and Moskalewicz 1982). 

3anpeT H0nb30BanCSI nOJIHOIi noJjgjep)KKO1i HaceneHHSI, TaK KaK 6bin 

BBeJjeH BO BpeMS1 noJIHTH4eCKOii 3a6aCTOBKH 14 pacCMaTpHBanCA, KaK 

peckopmaTopcxaa Mepa. 

Bo MHOrHX cTpaHaX, rJje JjOMHHHpyeT HcnaM, "CyXoli 3aKOH" 

coxpaxsleTC51, B TaKHX KaK CaygjoBCxasl ApasH51 H HpaH. 3a 

npeJgenaMH HCnaMCKHx CTpaH, nonHTHLiecKHe nHgjepbl BpAgj nH 

gjyMalOT O nOJIHOM 3anpeTe anKOronSl. 3anpeT Mo)KeT 

COnpOBO)KJjaTbCA 3HaiIHTenbH61M nOBbIIlleHHeM HeneranbHOrO 

11pOH3BOJjCTBa H TOprOBnH anKOrOneM. TeM He McHee, C TOLIKH 3peHH51 

O61.11,eCTBeHHOr0 3J1OpOBb51 H 6narOCOCTO5IHH3I, "CyXOiI 3aKOH" He 

MO)KeT pacCMaTpHBaTbC51, KaK a6COnIOTHaS1 HeyJja4a. HanpHMep, BO 

BpeM51 "CyXOrO 3aKOHa" B AMepHKe ypoBCHb CMepTHOCTH B 

pe3ynbTaTe LjHppo3a CHH3HJICSI 1-104TH Ha 50% (C 13,4 go 7,3 Ha 

100000), TO )Ke Cny4HJIOCb H C ypOBHeM anKOrOnbHbIX npo6neM 

(Warburton, 1932; Clark,1976; Prendergast, 1987). Bailee Toro, He 

MO)KeT 6bITb COMHeHHIi, 4TO B Te4eHHH nepBblX HeCKOnbKHX neT 

"cyxoro 3aKOHa" B KaHaJje, (1)HHnSIHJjHH H CHIA Bee noKa3aTenH no 

noTpe6neHHIO anKOrOnSI H aJIKOrOnbHbIM np06neMaM JjOCTHrnH 

CaMOrO HH3KOrO ypOBHSI, item B KaKOr1-J11460 HHON nepHogj 

BpeMeHH,nO KOTOpOMy HMeIOTCSI COOTBeTCTByIOIIjHe JjaHHble (Bruun 

et al 1975). 

183

6.3.2 MOHOnonNfl 

OAHa 143 Hax60nee x3BeCTHbIX (tiOpM BO3AeNCTBxR 

npaBxTenbCTBa Ha AOCTynHOCTb ânKOrOnR - 3T0 CO3AaHHe 

rOCy,EtapCTBeHHOIi MOHOII01111H Ha pO3H1411Hyl0 npoAaxcy. Ponb 

rOCyAapCTBeHHOii MOHOIIOnxx, KaK npRMOro abIpâxceHHR 

rOCyAapCTBeHHOIi aJIKOrOnbHOii IIOnxTHKH o6cyxcAanacb AOBOnbHO 

4acTo (RoxnaA KoxcPepexuxx 1987 roAa, Kortteinen 1989). BOT 

HeCKOnbKO npxCyLuxX MOHOnOJIxx XapaKTepxcTHK, KOTOpble BnIiRiOT 

Ha noTpe6nexxe. .TI1o6aR MOHOnOnxR no CBOeN CyTx xcKnlo4aeT 

KOHKypeHuxiO Ha ânKOr0116HOM pblHKe. Ilpx MOHOnOJIHx pO3Hx4HOi3 

TOprOBnH, KOrAa uenblO 51BJ151eTC51 cOKpalljeHxe nOTpe6neHxR 

anKOrOJ151, cnpoc He MOxceT CTi3MynHpOBaTb nOBbILIJeHxe 

AOCTynHOCTx H yA06CTBa 4epe3 AOIIOJIHHTenbHble 4aCTHble 

xCTO4HIIKx anKOrOnR. Tatum 06pa30M, npx MOHOIIOnHx pOCT 41,1cna 

T04eK pO3Hx4HO1i TOM-OW-11i He CTNMynxpyeTCR 4epe3 nOBbILIIeHxe 

cnpoca (xnx oxcxAaeMoit npx6binH) TaK, KaK 3T0 6bI110 661 B 

06CTaHOBKe npxsaTx3auHx lull OTKpbITOrO pblHKa. ECnx B yCJIOBxRX 

CB060AHOr0 pblHKa cnpoc yBenH4xBaeTCR, a ace Apyrxe yCJIOBNR 

OCTaiOTCR pasH6lMx, KOnx9eCTBO TO4eK npoAaxcH anKOrOJIR HJIH 

npeAJIwiCeHxe yBenx4aTCR. POCT cnpoca Ha anKOrOnb (ecnx 

n03BOJIRIOT npaBl-IJIa perynxpOSaHHR) MOxCeT ysen1-1414Tb 4acbl 

npoAaxcx, A06aBiiTb xCIIOnb30BaHxe KpeAHTHbIX KapTO4eK H npOAaxCy 

anxoronR BMecTe C ApyrHMx ToBapaMx, TaxxMx KaK nxlua, 

nexapcTSa, 6eH3HH, HO ecnx rocyAapcTSeHHaR MOHOIIOnHR He 

3axHTepeCOSaHa B pa3B14T1411 pbIH04HbIX CM, TOrAa 3TH pbIH04Hble 

MeXâHH3MbI He 6yAyT nOAKJliO4aTbCR. I-Io3TOMy OTMeHa MOHOnOnxx 

npeAOCTasnReT BO3MOxCHOCTb x3y4xT6 H3MeHeHxR 

AOCTynHOCTx ânKOrOnR. r1pNBaTx3auxR TOprOSnx O6bI4HO npxBOAHT 

K 60nbIlleMy KOJIx4eCTBy TO9eK TOprOBnH Ha BbIHOC, K paCLnxpeHxlO 

4aCOa npOAaxCx, a TaKxCe 4aCTO K 60nee HH3KHM ueHaM B pe3ynbTaTe 

KOHKypeHuHH (Holder, 1988). 

IibIJlO nOKa3aH0, 4TO BNHO, KaK HanHTOK, KOTOpbIN CTaHOBHTCR 

BCe 601lee norlynRpHbIM B He 1113Ox3BOARLI(xX BHHO CTpaHaX, RBnReTCSI 

4yBCTB1,1TenbH6IM K (tiOpMe AOCTynHOCTx B pO3HH4HOx TOprOBne. 

Koma OTKpbIBaiOTCR BHHHble Mara3xHbl xJlx OTMeHReTCR MOHOIIOnxR 

Ha TOprOBnIO BHHOM, nOTpe6neHxe BIiHa yBenH4xBaeTCR. C 1970 r. 

HeCKOnbKO LIITaTOB CHIA H 11pOBHHuxS1 KBe6eK B KaHaAe OTMeHxnH 

rOCyAapCTBeHHyIO MOHOnOJIHIO Ha npOAaxCy 066I4HO1-0 H KpenneHOTO 

BHHa. McDonald (1986) o6Hapyxcxn, 4TO nposeAexxe npxsaTH3auHx 

184

BHHHOi%I ToproBnH B ulTaTax Ati,lIaXO, M3i3H, BF[p,IpKHHHA H 

BaIIIHHiTOH (CHIA) nOBbICHJIO nOTpe6neHHe BHHa B 3-x H3 4-x 

uITaTOB, B TO spew', KaK Smart (1986) npHÜten K BbIBOJjy, LITO TaKorO 

xce pOJta 11H6epanH3HuIi51 B IIpOBHHuHH KBe6eK He npHBena HH K 

KaKHM H3MeHeHH51M. bOnee HegaBHHe HCCne,I1OBaHH31 OTMCHM 

noJxo6HOti MOHOHOnHH a 1985 r. B AtiOBe H B 1981 r. B 3anauxoti 

BHpJpKHHHH BbI5IBHJIH nOBbIUIeHHe nOTpe6neHHA BHHa, a TaK)Ke 

o61uero noTpe6neHHA anxoronA (Wagenaar and Holder, 1991a). 

Mulford, et al (1992) coo6luaeT o npoTHSOpeLIHBbtx ,Itauxb[X TOnbxO 

XIA AHOabl, Ho Wagenaar H Holder (1993) nOTIHAnH HexoTOpble 

McTOgonorHLtecKHe npo6neMbl 3TOrO HCCne,aOBaHHA, BKJIIOLIaA 

H3MeHeHHe HCTOLIHHKOB J1aHHbIX BO BpeMA npHBaTH3auHH BHHHOti 

TOprOBJIt 

gpyraA cl)opMa pO3HHLIHOIi MOHOnOnHH, cyueCTSOaaBHIaA B 

CHIA - 3T0 MOH000nHA Ha KpenKHe CnHpTHble HanHTKH. AIiOBa B 

1987 r. CTana nepBblM IuTaTOM CHIA, rJje 6bina OTMeHeHa 

MOHOUOnHA Ha KpenKHe CUHpTHble HanHTKH nocne OTMeHbI CyXOrO 

3aKOHa B CHIA. 3TO HOBbICHJIO o6Luee nOTpe6neHHe a6contoTHOro 

aJIKOrOnA, BKJIIOLIaA nOBbIQIeHHe Ha 9,5% npoJ[axcH KpenKHX 

CHHpTHbIX HanHTKOB, OTCyTCTBHe H3MeHeHHIi B nOTpe6neHHH nHBa H 

noHHxceHHe Ha 13,7% npoJtaxcH BHHa, KoTOpaA 6b[na 

JjeMOHOHOnH30BaHa JjByMA rOJ[aMH paHee. HHKaKHX H3MeHeHHÎ-t B 

npoRaxce CnHpTHOrO He 6bIJIo o6Hapyxcexo HH B OAHOM LuTaTe, 

rpaHHVaIueM c Aliosoli (Holder and Wagenaar, 1990). 

OJIHa 143 (1)OpM H3MeHeHHFI JtOCTynHOCTH anKOronA npH 

p03HHLIHOIi MOHOHOnHH - 3TO BBegeHHe caMOo6CnymKHBaHHA B 

Mara3HHaX, rge paHbule 6bina BO3MO)KHa nHLUb TOprOBnA LIepe3 

npHnaBOK. B TaKOti CHTyauHH nOKynaTenb MO)ICeT paCCMOTpeTb Bee 

anKOrOnbHble npOJjyKTbl H Bbl6paTb HX npAMO C nOJIKH. Smart (1974) 

CpaBHHn CaMOO6Cny)KHBaHHe H ToproBntO C npoJjaBI.tOM B nHKepo- 

BOJtOLiHbIX Mara3HHaX TOpOHTO, KaHaga. HpH CaM006Cny)KHBaHHH 

npHCyTCTByeT 60nbLUe noKynaTene}i H OHH, no JtaHHbIM Ha6nIOJ4eHHIi, 

nOKynaIOT 6onbLUe, item nOKynaTenH Llepe3 npOJjaaua. HpH onpoce - 

KnHeHTypa nepsoro Mara3HHa Lialue coo6Luana o 

He3annaHHpOBaHHbIX HMI "HMnynbCHBHbIX noKynKaX" H Te, KTO TaK 

nocTynan, Talolce coo6LuanH o pocTe csoero noTpe6neHHA anlcoronA 

3a npeJiblJryulyto He,genlo (Smart 1974). Skog (1991) HceneJioBan 

3TOT 3c14eKT npH npOJ(a)Ke Kpenlcoro nHBa (6onee 3,5% anKOTOnA no 

secy) B 8 MOHOHOnbHbIX Mara3HHax LIIBeuHH B 1980 F. OH 

185

o6HapyxcHn CTaTHCTHLIeCKH 3HanHMOe yBenHVeHHe npO,qaxcH TOnbKO 

B 2-x 113 8 Mara3HHOB, rAe 6bIno BBe,r);eHO caMoo6cny>KHSaHHe. 

Nordlund (1981) HccneAoBan 3c14eKT coxpaiueHHSi ceTH TOHeK 

npoAaxcH niisa Ha o6uiee noTpe6nexxe B ,ziByx ropoAax HopserHH, 

KoTOpoe BO3HHKJIO B pe3ynbTaTe orpaxHLIeHHSI npo,ija)xH nHBa B 

HeCKOnbKHX CneL[HäJiH3HpOBaHHbIX nHBHbIX Mara3HHaX. 3Ta TaK 

Ha3bIBaeMaSl "MOHOHOnHSi Ha nHBO" npHBena K naz[eHHiO npoga)KH 

nHBa, HO 'iaCTb 3T0rO coxpaLuexxa 6bina 3aMeuieHa nOBbIHIeHHeM 

npOna)KH BHHa H KpenKHX CHHpTHbIX HanHTKOB. 

MOHOnOnHH, KOTOpble ,geiiCTByiOT CeFi4aC, B KOHIje 20 BeKa, 

MOI'y'r HHOrRa MeHSITb CBOH nepBOHa'IanbHble npHOpHTeTbI - 

KOHTpOnb H CHH)IceHHe nOTpe6neHHSI, H CTaHOBSITCSI 6onee 

KOMMepneCKH OpHeHTHpOBaHHbIMH. l'1HOrga OHH BbIHy)K,IkeHbI 

OTBe'-IaTb Ha CnpOC nOTpe6HTene'i H OTKpbIBaIOT TOr-IKH, 1-1TO6bI 

nOBbICHTb y,qO6CTBa junA nOKynaTene'i. B TaKOM Cny'Iae OHH He MOI'y'r 

COKpaTHTb CeTb TO'-IeK npoga)KH anxoronSi. TeM He Mexee, C11CTM 

MOHOHOnHH 5IB115IeTC51 rH6KHM HHCTpyMeHTOM, KOTOpbIM MO)KHO 

yCneLHHO OnepHpOBâTb B HHTepecaX O6LLteCTBeHHOrO 

3ApaBOOXpaHeHHSI. IlOCTaBHB Ha nepsoe McCTO BMeCTO KOMMep1(HH 

3ROpOBbe, OHH MOryT 06y3AaTb CHnbI KOHKypeHI[HH pblHKa, KOTOpble 

B npOTHBHOM cnyLlae npHBegyT K nOBbIIileHHK) npOga)KH ânKOrOnSI. 

6.3.3 PauHoHHpoBaHHe anKoronA 

O,rjHHM H3 nO,IjXO,IZOB, OrpaHHYFiBaK)LIuHX nepCOHanbHblli ,uOCTyn 

K aJIKOrOnIO, 5IBnSIeTCS1 panHOHHpOBaHHe, KaK ânbTepHaTHBa 3anpeTy. 

IIpH TaxOii cHCTeMe JIJISI Bcex rpa)Kj[aH onpegenSleTcx (iHKCHpOBaHHasi 

HOpMa anKOronSl, KOTOpyiO OHH MOryT KynHTb. PaiJ;HOHHpOBaHHe, 

TaKHM 06pa30M, - 3TO KOHTpOnb BO3MO)KHOCTH npH06peCTH CTOnbKO 

ânKOIOnSi, CKOnbKO KaxcgbII7 XO'ieT KynHTb. PanHOHHpOBaHHe, KaK 

MHHHMyM, nOBbIHIaeT neHbI Ha gOHOJIHHTenbHble nOKynKH JjJISI TeX, 

KTO XOLIeT npHO6peCTH aJIKOrOnb CBepX HOpMbI. 

1-lOg06HâSi CHCTM paLjHOHHpOBaHHSi 6bLna BBegeHa B CTOKronbMe 

B 1914 F. H BO BCeii CTpaHe B 1920 r., Ha3Baxxax n0 HMeHH Bpana, 

KOTOpblii pa3pa6oTan cxeMy, CHCTM bpaTra onpeAenxna, tiTO 

Ka)Kgblii rpa)fCnaHHH CTapuIe 20 neT MO)KeT npHO6peCTH enceMeCSiLIHO 

1, 2, 3 HnH 4 n anKOrOnbHbIX HanHTKOB. 14H,iIHBH,rjyanbHaSI HOpMa 

onpegensinaCb no CeMeiiHOMy H COLjHanbHOMy cTaTycy. 3Ta CHCTM 

6bina oTMexexa B 1955 r. Norstrom (1987) o6HapyxcHn,'ITO BcneA 3a 

OTMexoii cHCTeMbI paL[HOHHposaHHSI nOCnegOSanO 4-x KpaTHOe 

186

nosbllneHHe yposxx unppo3a nenenH. Lenke (1990) o6Hapyxcnn, LiTo 

HOCne OTMeHbI CHCTeMbI paijnOHHpOBâHHSI B IIIBeL(HH Ha6nIOaanoCb 

8% nOBbIIIIeHHe KOnnLieCTBa npeCTynHbIX HanaAeHHIi. OAHO 143 

06735ICHeH14N 3THX BbIBOAOB COCTOHT B TOM, LITO OTMH CnCTeMbI 

paUnonnposaHHSi npHBena K nepepacnpeAeneHHlo noTpe6neHH5i 

anKOronsl. Tax KaK paL[nOHnpOBaHHe 6bIno HaLjenexo Ha 

3nOynOTpe6n5noLi[nX anxoroneM, 3TH nK)An 6bIRH BbIHy)KAeHbI 

HCHO11b30BaTb peCTOpaHbI, KaK HCTOiiHHKH anKOrOnsi, rAe OH 

noAasancsl C 3aKyCKOIi, H IjeHbl 6bIRn BbILUe. B HpOTIiBHOM cnyqae 

OHn AOn)KHbI 6b1nH jjopor0 HRaTHTb 3a HeneranbHblii aJIKOronb. 3TOT 

npoLjeCC 3aBepIIIHRCSI OTMeHOii paLjnOHnpOBaHHSi. 

B I'peHnaHAiii3 B am-ye-re 1979 T. 6bina yCTanosnena CHCTM 

pauiiOHHpOBaHHSI, KOTOpaSi onpeAenSina, HTO KaxcAblli *lenoseK 

CTapLne 18 nCT MO)KCT e)KeMeCSILIHO nonyllHTb JIHCT 143 72 KynOHOS. 

Pa3n144Hble THHbI anKOrOnbHbIX HaHFITKOB Tpe6oBann pa3nntiHOro 

lincRa KynOHOB. HanpnMep, Ha nFIBO Tpe60Bancsl OAHH KynoH, HO TpH 

i-IeTBepTn nHTpa KpenKliX CHNpTHbIX HaHHTKOS Mo)KHO 6bI110 KynHTb, 

nMesl 24 xynoxa. Schechter (1986) o6HapyxcHn, '-ITO o61uee 

noTpe6neHFIe anKOronSI ynano TaK )Ke, xax nOTpe6neHHe AoMa H 

KonHLIecTBO cnyi-IaeB oTCyTCTBHSI 3a6oTbI O AeTSiX. CHCTeMa 6bina 

oTMeneHa B anpene 1982 r. iIaCTN4H0 n3-3a BbIpOCIIIerO ilepxoro 

pblHKa no npoAaXCe KyHOHOB H TaK)Ke H3-3a cnyiIaes OTpaBneHHSI 

anKoroneM, 143rOTOBReHHbIM B AOMaIHHHX yCROBHSIX. B pe3ynbTaTe 

noTpe6neHne anKOrOnSi HOACK04nR0 Ha 60%, a BMeCTe C HHM 

060CTpHJIHCb CB513aHHble C 3THM npo6neMbl. KOnFILIeCTBO cnymaeB 

OKâ3aHi15I Cp011H0N HOMOIun pe3K0 BO3p0CJI0 (Schechter, 1986). 

6.3.4 ÎÎl10THOCTb paCIlOJ10NC@HNA T04@K I1pOAaNCiA 

alIKOfOlIA 

KoHTponb LIHCna TO'-IeK npoAa)KH anKOrOnsl H MecT HX 

pacnOnOxceHnsi npHMenSIncSI BO MHOrHx cTpaHax, BKnIOLIaSI 

orpaHntieHHSI no pacnonoxceHHio AaHHbIX ToLIeK BO3ne IiIKOn HRH 

MecT pa60TbI. PaHHHe HCCneAOBaHHSI TaKHX Mep nOKa3ânn, LITO 3TOT 

CpaKTOp OKa3bIBaeT He60nbIIIOe BRH5IHne Ha noTpe6neHHe. Ornstein H 

Hanssens (1985) o6HapyxcHnH, tITO HROTHOCTb Toilet( npOAa)Kn 

onpeAenSleTcsi TOnbKO cnpocoM. TeM He Menee, 6onee HeAaBHHe 

HCCne,iIOSaHH5I, rAe HC11011b3OBanncb BHAbI MHOrOBapHaHTHOii 

3KOHOMeTp144eCKOii TeXHHKn, BKniOLIaSI 110AXOA 06-13eAHHeHHOr0 

Me)KcepnanbHOrO aHanH3a, nOKa3anH, LiTO reOrpagHLIeCxaSl 

187

11J1OTHOCTb BCe xce OKâ3bIBaeT 3Ha4HTCJ1bHOe BJIHAHHe Ha nponaxcy 

aJiKOI'OJ151, H Mbl CyMMHpyeM 3TH naHHble mince. 

B OpHO{i rpynne HCCJIenOBâHHI%I npH aHâJ1H3e BpeMeHHb1X CepHN 

y4HTbIBâJIHCb nepeMeHHble pblHKa (McGuinnes, 1983; Walsh, 1982) 

H npeACTaBJ1eHHb1e naHHble no (1)H3H4eCKON .gOCTynHOCTH aJ1KOTOJ151 H 

ero nOTpe6JIeHHIO H3 BpeMCHHbiX CepHN (Wilkinson, 1987). 3TH 

HCCJienOBaHHA, HCIIOJ1b30BâBWHe naHHble 143 BeJ114K06pHTaHHH, 

n03BOJ15I10T npeAnOJIoxCHTb, 4TO nOCTynHOCTb, H3MepAeMâA 11J1OTHOCTb1O 

pacnOnOxceHHA TO4eK npOAaxcH, MO)KeT 6bITb B3aHMOCBA3aHa c 

nOTpe6JleHHeM, HO 3T0 TOJIKOBaHHe OCpaHH4eHO KpaTKOCTb10 

H3y4eHHbIX CepH11 (He 6onee 25 JIeT). 

Godfrey (1988) aHaJ1H3HpOBâJIa naHHble no npOnaxce aJIKOrOJ1A H 

noKa3aTeJiH nOCTynHOCTH aJ1KOI'oJ1A B BeJIHK06pHTaHHH. 14CnOJIb3yA 

naHHble BpeMeHHbIX CepHN H Bo3BpaTHOe MOnenHpOBaHHe, oHa 

nOJIy4HJla nOKa3aTeJIbcTBa TOI'O, 4TO KOJ1H4eCTBO TO4eK nponaxcH 

3aBHCHT OT 06beMa p03HH4HON TOpI'OBJ1H KpeIIKHMH CI1HpTHbIMH 

HanHTKaMH, BHHOM H nHBOM. KpoMe Toro, nJ1OTHOCTb pacnoJlwKeHHA 

T04eK npOnaxCH BJ1HAeT Ha nOTpe6JleHHe nHBa H npennOJlai'aeTCA, 4TO 

noTpe6JIeHHe nHBa paCTeT C yBeJ1H4eHHeM ero nOCTynHOCTH. 

LehtOnen (1978) aHaJIH3HpOBaJi CnpoC Ha aJ1KOI'OJ1bHble HanHTKH 

npH nponaxce Ha pa3JIHB B OHHJ1AHA(iH. B nOnOJIHeHHe K 3J1aCTH4HOCTH 

I(eH H noxona, OH OIleH1-1BâJ1 3JIaCTH4HOCTb (paKTOpOB npenJIomKeHHA. 

1_lOJ1oBHHa nOBbIWeHHA npona>KH aJIKOI'OJ151 Ha pa3J1HB C 1962 no 1977 IT'. 

06bACHAJ1aCb yBeJ1H4eHHeM KOJ1H4eCTBa peCTOpaHOB (Lehtonen 1978; 

Mäkelä et al 1981). IIOJIHTHKa OI'paHH4eHHA, TaKHM o6pa3OM, monta 

CnepxCâTb CnpoC Ha aJ1K00011b Ha nJIHTeJIbHOe BpeMA, HO 3T0 HaW110 

cBoe OTpaxCeHHe B paCWHpeHHH npOnyCKH01%1 CH0006HOCTH pecTopaHoB. 

B CBOeM HCCJIenOBaHHH, OCHOBaHHOM Ha OTHOCHTeJ1bHO 

60JIbWOM KOJ1H4eCTBe naHHbIX 143 50 WTaTOB CllIA 3a 5 JIeT, 

Wilkinson (1987) H3y4aJI B3aHMOCBA3b Mexcny KOJ1H4eCTBOM TO4eK 

nponaxcH, 06beMOM nponaxcH aJIKOI'OJ1A H BOwneHHeM B HeTpe3BOM 

COCTOAHHH. B pe3yJlbTaTe OH O6HapyxCHJ1 He6oJlbWylo, HO 3Ha4HMy10 

B3a11MOCB513b Mexcny 3THMH nepeMeHHbIMH. Gruenewald, et al. (1993) 

npoBOnHJlH aHâJ1H3 npenCTaBHTeJIbHbiX BpeMeHHb1X cepHN 

noTpe6JieHHA aJIKOI'OJ151 H T04eK npOnaxcH no THnaM HanHTKOB (BHHO 

H KpenKHe CHHpTHble HanHTKH) no 50 I11TTM C111Ei 1975-1984 COnOB. 

arIA npOBeneHHA 1-1OJ1HON OI1eHK14 3J1aCT144HOCTH nHBa, 6a3a naHHbIX 

n0 BpeMeHHbIM CepHAM 6blJla HenOCTaTo4Ha. 1-1onX0n, 

HC11OJIb30BaHHbIN 3THMH aBTOpaMH, BKJ1104aJ1 B Ce651 aHâJIH3 I(eHbl 

188

HanHTKOB H gOXOlja coBMeCTHO C pAgoM COLjHO-J.jeMOrpaciHYeCKHX 

nepeMeHHbIX, KOTOpble, KaK npeRnonaraeTcM, BnHMiOT Ha 

noTpe6neHHe. AHan143 rlposOljHnCM Ha OTHOCHTeJ1bH0 60n13uI0M 

Ha6ope ,IjaHHbIX 113 BpeMeHHbIX CepHii. B pe3ynbTaTe 6bInH nOny'ieHbl 

BenH9HHbI 3naCTH'IHOCTH npOJjâ)ICH anxoronsl OTHOCHTenbHO 

nnOTHOCTH TO'IeK npO,TZâ>KH OT 0,1 40 0,3 4451 KpenKHX C11HpTHb1X 

HanHTKOB H 0.4 j4JISI BHHa: BenHLIHHa 311aCTH'IHOCTH 0,1, HanpHMep, B 

3TOM KOHTCKCTe 03Ha'IaeT, LITO 10% nOBbIIUeHHe IIJIOTHOCTH TOLIeK 

npOAaxcH npHBeAeT K 1% nOBbILLIeHHiO nOTpe6neHHM. 3Ta 

1-103HTHBHa51 3naCT14LIHOCTb COOTBeTCTByeT TOIi, '1TO 6bIna BbIMBneHa 

Watts H Rabow (1983) H TaK)Ice nOKâ3bIBana nOBbllIleHHe o6hema 

npOjjâ)ICH anKOTO5151 C nOBbILUeHHeM ,IjOCTynHOCTH anKOrOnSI. 

6.3.5 AOCT)/IIHOCTb B PO3HN4HON TOprOBn@ OT,g@JIbHbIX 

HâIINTKOB 

OrpaHH'{eHHM no ,IjOCTynHOCTH OT4enbHblX HanHTKOB BBO414J1HC6 

BpeMSI OT 'apemen'," B HeKOTOpbIX CTpaHaX. Kuusi (1957) nOKa3an, 9T0 

OTKpbITHe rOCyjjapCTBeHHbIX Mara3HHOS no npoAaxce anxoronM, 

npe,ljJlaraloujHX InHpOKHii Bb160p anKOTO116HbIX HanHTKOB B 

npOMbILIIneHHbIX paNOHaX, nOBbICHJIO nOTpe6neHHe ARA My)iC'iHH Ha 

40% H AIM )ICeHLIjHH Ha 15-19%. Amundsen (1967) o6HapywHn, 'ITO 

OTKpbITHe TO'IeK npoRaxcH BI4Ha B HOToZjeHe, B HopBerHH B 1961 r. 

nOBbICHJIO noTpe6neHHe BHHa, B TO BpeMM, KaK noTpe6neHHe KpenKHX 

CHHpTHbIX HanHTKOB H HeneranbHOrO anKOrOnM 1-1OH1431i1IOCb 

He Ham HOTO. Nordlund (1974) 3aKn1o'IaeT, 9TO 6eCKOHTponbH0e 

OTKpbITHe CneLjHanH3HpOBaHHbIX TO'IeK npo,ija)ECH B HOTO4eHe, 

3nBepyMe H AnecyHAe He 6611I0 CBM3aHO C H3MeHeHHeM ypOBHM 

O6LLjerO noTpe6nenHM, Ho 3TO HccneZjosaHHe 6binO 06beKToM 

MeTO,qOJIOrH'IeCKOii KpHTHKH 143-3a HCIIOnb30BaHH51 TOnbKO ZjaHHbIX 

H3 onpocon HaCeneHHM, rAe 'IenoBeK Cam COo6ujaeT o ce6e 

(Ahlstrom-Laakso, 1975). 

AOCTynHOCTb HanHTKa MoMCeT TaIUKe 6bITb npejjMeTOM pe3KHX 

H3MeHeHH1-1 B pe3ynbTaTe jjeiiCTBHii npaBHTenbCTBa, TaKHX KaK 

BBeAeHHe Will OTMeHa 3anpeTa Ha onpe1jeneHHblli THn HanHTKa. 

14cnaH4HM 6b1na nepBOil cTpaxoli B EBpone, r,qe B 1912 r. 6bino 

BBe,CjeH nOJ1HbIN 3anpeT Ha ânKOTOnb. 1-103)Ke BHHO H KpenKHe 

CHHpTHble HanHTKH 6bI51H neranH3HpOBaHbI, HO nHBO 6bIJ10 

3anpeujexo go 1 MapTa 1989 r. Olafsdottir (1990) npeAcTaBnMeT 

pe3ynbTaTbI OTMeHbI 3TOT0 3anpeTa Ha OjHy CpopMy AOCTyHHOCTH 

anKoronM 'iepe3 nepBble 12 MecMljeB. OnpoCbI, npOBejjeHHble go H 

189

nocne H3MeHeHFi51 AOCTynHOCTH nHBa o6Hapy)KFinH, LrTO nHBO 6bIJI0 

A06aBneHO K o6ujeMy noTpe6neHHio anxOronA My)KLIi3HaMFi, HO 

3aMeHHJIO BHHO H KpenKHe CnHpTHble HanHTKH y )KeHIIHiH. IIpH 

onpoce 6bin 06HapyACeH OTHOCHTenbHO He6onbUIO11 3IInbeKT 3TOr0 

H3MeHeHH51 Ha nOTpe6neHHe KpenKHX HanHTKOB, O KOTOpOM nIOAH 

C006UjanH CaMH. l-loBbIUleHiie noTpe6neHliA nHBa 6bIJI0 3HaLIHTenbHb1M 

H yBenHLiHJIO o6U1HIi O6bëM TOprOBnH anKOrOneM Ha O.i(Hy LIeTBepTb B 

1989 r. H Ha oAHy nATylo B 1990 r. no cpasneHHio c o6uiHM o6beMoM 

npoAaACFI anxoronA B 1988 r. 

B(DHHJIAHAHH nponaxca nHBa CpeAHeli KpenocTii BO Bcex 

npO,IjyKTOBbIX Mara3HHaX H Ka(1)e HaLIanaCb B 1969 r., KâK LiaCTb 

o6üjer0 nepeCMOTpa anKOrOnbHOrO 3aKOHOAaTenbCTBa, XOTA AO 3TOr0 

nHBO yACe 6bIJ10 B npOAâACe B TeLieHHe 20 neT B rOCynapCTBeHHbIX 

CneuFianH3HpOBaHHbIX Mara3FiHaX H pecTopaHax (Osterberg 1991). 

3aperHCTpnpoBaHHOe nOTpe6neHHe anKOrOJIA nOBbICHJIOCb B 1969 r. 

Ha 46%, H 3TO npOH30IIIJIO nOnHOCTbIO 143-3a nOBbIUleHHA nOTpe6neHHA 

nHBa cpenxeli KpenocTx. Mäkelä (1970) c,rjenan BbIBO.zt, LITO 

KOJIHLieCTBO CnyLiaeB BbInHBKH, KorAa ypOBeHb anKOrOJIA B KpOBI3 

AOCTFiraeT 100 Mr % nOBbICHJIOCb Ha 25% Ha CnenyiOluHli rOn nocne 

H3MeHeHFiIi H Ha6nlOnanOCb 3HaLIHTenbHOe yBenHLieHHe KOnHLieCTBa 

3noynOTpe6nSIEOILjHX anKOroneM TaK Ace, KaK H nOBbIUIeHHe 06LL[er0 

noTpe6neHHA (Bruun, et al., 1975). 

B 3KcnepHMeHTe, KOTOpbIFi npOBO,I[HJICA KOMHTeTOM 111Be1(NH no 

anKOronlo KpenKOe nnBO (6onee 3,6% anKOronA no Becy) HaLIanH 

nponaBaTb B racrpoxomlax H B 6apax B AByx oxpyrax B 1967 rony. 

3xenepHMeHT 6bin npexpau(eH B 1968 rOny Ha IueCTb MecAljeB paHee, 

LieM npe,iZnonaranocb nepBOHaLIanbHO, TaK KaK OH npHBen K 

Cepbe3HbIM nOCnenCTBHAM. B oxpyrax, rne npOBOAHnCA 

3KCnepHMeHT, OLieHb pe3K0 yBenHLIFinOCb nOTpe6neHHe KpenKOrO 

nHBa, a nOTpe6neHHe nHBa cpeAxefi KpenOCTH yMeHbIIIHJIOCb, npH 

3TOM He Ha6JIIOAanOCb HHKaKHX H3MeHeHHiâ B nOTpe6neHHH BHHa H 

KpenKHX CnIipTH6IX HanHTKOB. iIFiCTbIii 3(141eKT, npOH3BeneHHblii Ha 

o6Hiee noTpe6neHHe anKoronA 6bin ouexeH B 5% (Osterberg 1991). 

Yposexb xynHraxcKHx HananeHHli nOBbICHJICSi Ha 32% (Lenke 1990). 

OAF a Bo3paCTHâSI rpynna "H3BneKJIa npeHMynjecTSo" 143 H3MeHeHH5I 

AOCTynHOCTH nHBa - 3TO rpynna 15-17-neTHHx. Lenke (1990) 

o6Hapy)KHn, LITO HMexxo B 3TOii Bo3pacTHOii rpynne 6onbule Bcero 

yBenHLiHJICA ypOBeHb HaCHnbCTBeHHbIX npeCTynneHHii. 3KCnepHMeHT 

6bin npepnaH B HIOne 1968 r. B OTBeT Ha Acano6bl rpaxcAaH H 

190

COO6theHHSI o 9pe3MepxoM H HenpxeMneMOM ypoBHe nOTpe6neHHSI 

Kpenxoro nxsa, oco6exxo MOJIORbIMH nIO,I1bMH (Government 

Commission on Alcohol Policy, 1974, and Lenke 1990). 

lloslBneHHe misa cpeAHeii xpenocTH (3,6% anxoronSl no Becy) B 

111BeuHH AanO AOIIOJIHHTenbHble ,I(aHHble O pe3ynbTaTaX H3MeHeHH5I 

cpopMbl AOCTynnoCTH aJixoronsl. Novai H Nilsson (1984) 

o6HapyxcxnH, Lrro o6luee noTpe6nenHe anxoronsl B ll1BeuHH 6bino Ha 

15% Bbllue, B nepHoA MexcAy 1965 H 1977 rr., xor,ga nHBo cpeAHeii 

KpenOCTH MO)KHO 6bIJI0 KynHTb B CynepMapKeTaX, a He TOnbKO B 

rOCyAapCTBeHHbIX CneuHânH3HpOBSHHbIX Mara3HHaX. r1OCne OTMeHbI 

npoAa)KH nHBa CpeAHeii KpenOCTH B 1977 r. KOnHiieCTBO 06BHHeHHH B 

HaCHnbCTBeHHbIX npecTynJIeHHAX, CpeAH AaHHOii Bo3paCTHOii rpynnbI 

yMeHbuIHJIOCb, KaK H. KOnHiIeCTBO XynHraHCKHX HanaAeHHIi cpeAH 

BceX BO3paCTOB. 

11OBbILLIeHHe AOCTynHOCTH anKorOnSI B pO3HHTIHOIi ToprOBne KaK 

Ha BbIHOC, TaK H AnSI nOTpe6neHHSI Ha MeCTe, KaK BbISICHHJIOCb, 

nooujpSleT nOTpe6neHHe. HanpHMep, BBeAeHHe npOAa)KH KpenKHX 

CnHpTHbIX HanHTKOB nOCeTHTenSIM B 6apax, na6ax H pecTopaxax 

CeBepHOii KapOnHHbI B nepBblii pa3 nocne OTMeHbI "cyxoro 3aKOHa" 

nOBbICHJIO O6u.[ee noTpe6neHHe anxoronSl Ha 6,8%, a KOnHtIeCTBO 

AOpO)KHbIX aBapHil, BO3HHKIiIHX no BHHe anKOrOnsi - Ha 16-24% 

(Holder and Blose, 1987; Blose and Holder, 1987). 3To 6bino 

HeyAHBHTenbxo, TaK KaK 3Ha4HTenbx0e LIHCnO BoAHTeneI3 CeBepHOii 

AMepHKH C yXyAüleHHoii peaKuHeii H3-3a BnHSIHHSI anKOrOnsl 

nOceujaK)T TaKHe 3aBeAeHHSI, HCIIOnb3ySl aBTOM0611JI14. O TeX we 

pe3ynbTaTax coo61uaeT Hoadley et al (1984). 

6.3.6 PerynHpoBaHrie ankoronbHbix HanNTKOB B 

COOTBeTCTBNN C NX KperIOCTbFo 

Bcë 6Onbulylo nolIynSIpHOCTb BO MHOrHx cTpaxax npIio6peTaeT 

p03HHLIHaSI TOproBJIA HanHTKaMH, KOTOpble Ha BHA H BKyC CXO)KH C 

anKOrOnbHbIMH HO coAep)KaHHe anKOrOnSI B KOTOpbIX OTHOCHTenbHO 

HH3KOe (MeHbLUe, LIeM 2% anKOrOnsi no 0fteMy) HIM OH oTCyTCTByeT 

cOBCeM. r1peAHa3HaLIeHHe 3THX HanHTKOB COCTOHT B TOM, 11T06bI 

COCTaBHTb npHBneKaTenbHyK) anbTepHaTHBy Avia nbIOmerO, npH 

KOTOpOii npxcyTCTByeT n14I1Ib He6onbluaSl HRH Hynesasl CTeneHb 

pHCKa BO3HHKHOBeHH5I anKOrOnbHbIX npO6neM. 

Skog (1988) ananH3HpOBan 3(1)(1)eKT noslsneHHSI nHBa HH3KOii 

KPflOCTM B HopserHH B MapTe 1985 T. H o6HapyxcHJl 11O3HTHBHy1O, HO 

191

CTaTNCTNMeCKN He3HaMHTenbHyLO BenNMNHy 3aMeL1[eHNSI. 

KOHTpOnNpyeMblli 3KCnepNMeHT Denney (1993) no NCHO11b30BBHNIO 

aHrnNÎdCKOrO nNSa C HN3KNM CO,i[ep)KaHNeM anKOTOnSi H .narepa 

(0,5%-1,2% no 0fteMy) nOKa3an, MTO 4enOBeK He Mo)KeT jjOCTNrHyTb 

CTeneHN OnbSIHeHNSI C cOAepxcaHNeM anKOTOnSI B KpOBN (CAK) 80 Mr% 

(neranbHOrO npeAena AJISi BO)CAeHNSL B BenNK06pNTaHNH), noTpe6nax 

nNBO C H143KNM COAep)KaHNeM anKOTOnSI. TaKHM o6pa30M, HanNLINe B 

npoAaxce HanHTKOB C HH3KHM coRep)KaHNeM anKOTOnSI, BepO5ITH0, 

MO)KeT npN onpeAeneHHblx o6cTOSiTenbcTBax BHeCTN CBOIï sKnaA B 

cTpaTerN10 npOC121NnaKTNKH. 

11O1IBneHNe TaKNX anbTepHaTNBHbIX HanNTKOB moula 

nOOLupSIeTCSI 6onee H113KNMN HanoraMN, H, TaKHM O6pa3OM, 6onee 

H113KON L1eHOi3. MonCHO TaLoLCe CAenaTb NX 6onee AOCTynHbIMN, 

TOprySl HMN B '-IaCTHbIX Mara3NHaX (ecnN CyLueCTByeT MOHOHOnNA 

rocy,qapcTBa) HAN KOHTponNpySI NX He B paBHOti cTeneHN C 

HanNTKaMN, NMeIOLuNMN 6onbulee coAepxcaHLle anxoronx. HanpNMep, 

B 1.1.lseLjNN B 1992 T. 6bIJIN yCTaHOBneHbl ueHbI Ha anKOTOnbHble 

HanNTKN TaKNM 06pa30M, MTO L[eHa HanNTKa C 6011bL11NM 

COAep)KaHNeM anKOTOJISI 6b1na B6IIIIe, '{em LjeHa HanHTKa C H113KNM 

COAepnCaHNeM anKOTOnSI H3 paC'ieTa ueHbl 3a rpaMM anKOTOnSI. Bo 

MHOrNX CTpaHaX neranbHo AonyCTNMbIFi BO3paCT nOKynKN nNSa H 

BNHa MeHbLNe, '-IeM An51 nOKynKN KpenKNX CnNpTHbIX HanNTKOB 

(Brazeau et al 1993). 

6.3.7 4acbl H ,gHH npoAa)lcN 

FiOnbLIINHCTBO NCCneAOBaHN4i 133MeHeHN51 'iacOB npoAa)ICN NnN 

AHeH pa6oTbl TOprOBbIX TO'{eK nOKa3anO, 'ITO nOBbIIlleHNe 

nOTpe6neHNSI cB513aHO c paCLUltipeHNeM 'iacOS npOAa)KN, a CHN)KeHNe 

nOTpe6neHNSI - C COKpaLIjeHIieM HeKOTOpbIX AHeH pa6OTbI TOprOBbIX 

TOMeK. 

T-laCbI N AHN npo,naxcH 6bInN 06beKTaMN CepNN NCCneAoBaHNFi, 

npoBeAexxblx Smith (1987, 1988a, 1988b, 1988c) no uenon-Iy pSl,gy 

n0A06HbIX N3MeHeHNFI, KOTOpble npOBOANnNCb B pâ3nN'IHbIX ropoAaX 

H ulTaTax ABCTpanNN (cM. TaK)LCe Lind and Herbert, 1982). Talolce 

6bino ony6n4xosaxo OHO onNCaTenbxoe HceneAoBaxxe ysenNMeHN51 

LIacoB pa6oTbl na6os H roCTNHNL1 B 1.1lOTnaHANN (Bruce, 1980). XOTSI 

3T14 NCCneAOBaHNSI 06naAaK)T HeKOTOpbIMN McTOAOnOTNMeCKNMH 

HeAOCTaTKaMN, OHM no KpaÎ-LHe}L Mepe, npe,I);ocTasnxloT AâHHble 

192

onxcaTenbxoro xapaKTepa no BnMAHMIO nO,Ij06HbIX i33MeHeHi3i4 Ha 

ypOBeHb ânKOTOnbHbIX npO6neM. 

Olsson H Wikstrom (1982) Hccne,goBanH 3cpcDeKT 

3KCnepIiMCHTanbHOl'O 3aKpbITM5I nliKepO-BOAOTIHbIX Marâ3MHOB n0 

cy66oTaM B 1.11BeuHH. OHM o6HapymKMnM yMeHbffieHlie KOnii*-IeCTBa 

apecToB 3a nbAHCTBO Ha 10%, a TaIUKe yMexbAIexi3e KonMiIecTBa 

XynxraxcKMx HanaAeHMil, KaK Ha ynMue, TaK H ,goMa. C RpyroH 

CTOpOHbI, OueHKa He nOKâ3bIBaeT HMKaKOrO B03AeIiCTBH51 Ha ypOBeHb 

o6wero noTpe6neHHA anxoronA. Ouexxa nOCTOAHHOT0 3aKpbITMA 

nHKepO-BOAOTiHbIX Marâ3HHOB no cy66oTaM B 111BeuMM nOKa3bIBaeT 

CXOAHOe COKpaLueHHe HeraTMBHbIX nOCneACTBHiï (Olsson and 

Wilkstrom 1984). Nordlund (1985) npoaxanM3Mposan 34)(1;leKT 

3KCnepHMeHTanbHOTO 3aKpbITMA B HopBerHH rocyAapcTBexxbiX 

Marâ3HHOS no cy66oTaM B TeTieHMe rOAa. BbIBOA rnacMn, TITO 

3aKpbITHe Marâ3MHOB n0 Cy66OTaM OKâ3bIBaeT He6OnbnIOi3 3I1)ItteKT Ha 

o6uzee noTpe6neHMe, H nOTpe6MTenM npHCIIOCO6MnMCb K 3aKpbITHK), 

nOKynaA BHHO H KpenKHe HanHTKM B ApyrHe AHM MnM nOKynaA nMBO. 

TeM He McHee, 3T0 noBnHAJI0 Ha ypOBeHb OCTpbIX aJIKOTOnbHbIX 

np06neM. 3KCnepMMeHTâJIbHOe 3aKpbITHe no cy66oTaM 10 CneuManH- 

3MpOSaHHbIX Marâ3HHOB B OHHJIAHAMH, KOTOpOe AnMJIOCb 8 MeCAues, 

6bIJl0 M3yTIeHO B pa6OTe Saila (1978). B 3OHe 3KCnepMMeHTa 061uee 

nOTpe6neHMe aJIKOTOnA ynan0 Ha 3%, a nbAHCTBO B 06üjeCTBCHHbIX 

McCTaX H HaCMnMe, CBA3aHHOe C anKOrOneM, KaK BbIACHHJIOCb, Talvice 

yMeHbnIHnHCb. He 6bIJI0 o6Hapy-AceHO AOKâ3aTenbCTB nOBbIIIIeHMA 

noTpe6neHMA HeneranbHorO anKOTOnA B CJryTiaAX OnbAHeHMA, 

npMBeAIIIHX K apeCTy 3a nbAHCTBO (Saila 1978). 

6.3.8 MHHHMa11bHbIN BO3paCTHOÎA 17peAell IIOTpe6J7eHNA 

an KO r01151 

ara Mepa o6ecneTlHBaeT TOnbxO TO, TITO Ans onpeAenexxoFi 

Bo3paCTHO14 rpynnbl BbICTpaMBaeTCA 6apbep, npenATCTByfOLuH[1 

nOKynKe anKOronA. XOTA B 6on1,iIIMHCTBe cTpaH eCTb HeKOTOpble 

Mepbl perynMpOBaHMA MHHHMânbHO AOnyCTMMOrO BO3paCTa nOKynKM 

ânKOTOnA, OHO TIaCTO rUIOXO C06nK)AaeTCA, a B HeKOTOpbIX CnyTiaAX 

rpaHHua yCTaHOBneHa CnMIIIKOM HH3KO. B MMpe CaMbIli BbICOKHFi 

BO3paCTHOi%I npeAen A)151 nerf CTpaHbl HeAaBHO 6bin yCTBHOBneH B 

CHIA. 3TH M3MeHeHHA nasal BO3MO]KHOCTb npOBeCTM HeCKOnbK0 

HCCneAOBaHHii n0 nOHuKeHHiO H noBbIIIIeHMIO B03paCTHOTO npeAena 

nOKynKM anKOronA. 3TM HCCneAOBaHMA B o61ueM o6HapyxcMnM, TITO 

nOHDKeHHe BO3paCTHOT0 npeAena ysenMTlMBaeT KOnMTIeCTBO 

193

CBA3aHHbIX C anKOFOneM AOpO)xHbIX aBapHg cpeAH Tog rpynnbi 

HaceneHHA, KOTOpaA nonaAaeT non H3MeHeHHe; B TO spew, Kai( 

nOBbIHIeHHe Bo3paCTHOro npenena coxpaluaeT nOAo6Hble asapHH. 

l'1HTepeCHO, 7-ITO B HeCKOnbKHX HCCneAOBaHHAX 6bIJI0 06Hapy)KeHO, 

TiTO nOBbInIeHHe BO3paCTHOro npeAena BCerAa npHBOjjHT K 

HeMeAneHHOMy COKpanjeHHK) 06LL[er0 noTpe6neHHA anKOFOnA cpenH 

BO3paCTHOg rpynnbl, nona,galolueg non Z[egcTBHe 3aKOHa. TeM He 

McHee, HenaBHHe HCCneAOsaHHA cpeAH MOJIOAbIX nioneg Cesepnog 

AMepHKH 06Hapy)KHnH AJIHTenbHbIg 34)(lleKT CHH)KeHHA nOTpe6neHHA 

anKOFOnA y nBaAtjaTHneTHHX TaM, rne neranbHblli BO3paCTHOg npeAen 

6bin nOBbILIIeH Ha OnHH ron (O'Malley and Wagenaar, 1991). 

Biopo o6LLteg CTaTHCTHKH CHIA (GAO, 1987) 413y4I4JIO 32 

COOTBeTCTBÿIOLLZHX HCCneAOBaHHA, HO MHOrHe H3 HHX 6buIH OLZeHeHbl, 

KaK HarIHO He nOCTaTO9HO COCTOATenbHble, 4TO6bI BnHATb Ha 

nOJIHTHLIeCKHe peineHHA. 1/I3 14 HCcnenOBaHHg, KOTOpble 

ynOBneTBOpAJIH GAO n0 MeTOAOJIOFHi-IeCKHM KpHTepHAM, B 4-x 

paCCMaTpHBanHCb aBapHH CO CMepTenbHblM HCXOAOM B HeCKOnbKHX 

IIITaTaX, a B nATH - nOA06Hble aBapHH B OTAenbHbIX ulTaTaX (Arnold, 

1985; DuMouchel, et al., 1985; Emery, 1983; Florida Department of 

Community Affairs, 1983; Hingson, et al., 1983; Hoskin, et al., 1986; 

Klein, 1981; Lillis, et al., 1984; Maxwell, 1981; Schroeder and 

Meyer, 1983; Wagenaar, et al., 1981; Wagenaar, 1987; Williams, et 

al., 1983). l'IccnenoBaHHA, rAe HCn011b30BanHCb Aaxxble H no 

OTAenbHblM LIITTM H no HeCKOnbKHM II1TTM Cpa3y 06Hapy)KHnH 

COKpaiIjeHHe KOJIHileCTBa CBA3aHHbIX C anKOroneM asapHg, 

COBepLnëHHbIX MOJIOAbIMH BOAHTenAMH Ha 5% - 28%. GAO npHLnno K 

3aKnioLieHHIO, LITO Cy1i[eCTByIOT HaAe)KHble HayLIHble AOKa3aTenbCTBa 

Toro, LITO nOBb1HIeHHe npenena MHHHManbHOro B03paCTa nOKynKH 

anKorOJIA COKpalIjaeT KOJIHLIeCTBO CBA3aHHbIX C anKOroneM AOpo)KI-ibIX 

aBapHg, COBepIIIëHHbIX MOJIOAbIMH n10AbMH MOJIO)Ke 21 rOAa. 

l'1CCneAOBaHHA no 3TOMy Bonpocy npOBOAHnHCb TaiOKe B KaHane, 

CBA3aHHble c anxoroneM asapHH, cosepiuennbie 16-20-neTHHMH 

BOAHTenAMH CaCKaTLIeBaHa 6bInH npoaHanH3HpoBaHbl Shattuck H 

Whitehead (1976). IIocne CHH)KeHHA MHHHManbHOFO BO3paCTHOFo 

npenena B 1972 r, Ha6nloAanocb nosbliIIeni3e KOnHLieCTBa CBA3axxbIX 

C anKOroneM asapHg cpeAH 3TOg Bo3pacTHOg rpynnbl. Bako, 

MacKenzie H Smith (1976) o6HapyxcHnH 6onee, tIeM 100% 

nOBbILIIeHHe KOnHTIeCTBa aBTOKaTaCTpO(tl C (PaTâJIbHbIM HCXOAOM B 

Anb6epTe CpeAH MOJIOAbIX BOAHTeneg, HMeBLHHX ypOBeHb anKOFOnA B 

194

KpOBH 80 Mr% HRH 60nee. OHH cAenanH BbIBOA, 'ITO 3T0 nOBbIIIIeHHe 

6bIJI0 CB5I3aHO C 60nee HH3KHM BO3paCTHbIM npeAenOM nOTpe6neHHA 

anKOronA. 

B OHTapHO 6bin CHH)KeH BO3paCTHOH npezjen nOKynKH anKOrOnA 

C 21 ,Ijo 18 neT, '-ITO coBnaAano C TeHAeHLIHeil nOnHTHKH 

COeAHHëHHbIX I1ITaTOB B 1970-x roAax. Ilocne 3TOTO B OHTapHO 

np0H30L11JI0 nOBbILneHHe KOnH'-IeCTBa CB313aHHbIX C anKOrOneM 

aBTOKaTaCTpO4), COBepLnëHHbIX MOJIOAbIMH nK),ijbMH (Whitehead, et 

al., 1975; Williams, et al., 1975). Williams 14 ero KonnerH (1975) 

nOAC4HTa11H, 'ITO B OHTapHo 3a nepBblN rOA nocne CHH)KeHHSI 

BO3paCTHOrO npeAena B aBTOKaTaCTpO4)aX AOHOJIHHTCnbHO norH6no 

28 menoseK. Schmidt H Kornaczewski (1975) o6HapyxcHnH 

3Ha'IHTenbx0e nOBbIUleHHe KonHLIeCTBa AOpO)KHblX aBapHli cpeAH 

BoAHTeneil 16-19 neT B OHTapHo. Whitehead (1977) npoAonxcaA CBOH 

pauHHe HCCJIeAOBaHHA (Whitehead, et al., 1975) o6HapyxcHn, 'ITo 

nOBbIIUeHHbIN ypOBeHb CB513aHHbIX C anKOFOnCM KaTaCTpoC1), 

COBepLIIëHHbIX MOJ10AbIMH BOAHTenAMH, coxpaHSlncA H'iepe3 4 roAa 

HOCne H3MeHeHHA BO3paCTHOTO npeAena. 

Bo BpeMeHa CHH)ICeHHA BO3paCTHOTO npeAena C 21 Ao 18 neT B 

1971 r. npOBOAHnHCb Bbl6OpOLIHble OnpoCbl CTyACHTOB BbICLHHX 

LLIKOn TOpOHTO B 1968, 1970, 1972 H 1974 roAaX. LIaCTb cTyAeHToB, 

KOTOpble npo6osanH anKOFOnb XOT51 6b1 pa3, HeMeAneHHO 

yBenH9HnaCb AO H nocne BpeMeHH H3MeHeHHA (1970-1972), HO Aaxce 

6onbluee ysenHVeHHe npoH3oHlno MexcAy 1968 H 1970 roAaMH 

(Smart and Fejer, 1975). CpasneHHe C KOHTpOnbHON rpynnori He 

npoBOAHJIOCb. B H3y'1eHHH CTyAeHTOB KonneA)KeH TOpOHTO 6bIJIO 

O6Hapy)ICeHO, 4TO C H3MeHeHHeM 3aKOHa CB513aHO nOBbILHeHHe 

4aCTOTbI, HO He KOnH'-IeCTBa BbInHTOFO 3a OAHH pa3 (Smart and White, 

1972). 

KpoMe 3THX HCCneAOBaHHIi B BbICLHHX LHKOnax, KanaACKHe 

HCCneAOBaHHSI npeAnaraEOT BbIBOAb1 O'IeHb CXOAHble C BbIBOAâMH 

nOny'IeHHbIMil B Cll1A. 

6.3.9 OTB@TCTB@HHOCTb CCp@pbl 06CJ1yHCNBBHNA (pa6oTa 

C I7@pCOHaJ70M I7NT@NHbIX 3aB@A@HNN) 

Bo3AeNCTBHe TâKOFO poAa B McCTax npOAaxcH Ha pa3nHB cTanO B 

nOCneAHHe rOAbI nOnynApHbIM BHAOM anKOrOnbHOH nOJIHTHKH B 

CeBepHOIi AMepHKe, ABCTpanHH H HHAepnaHAaX. O630pbI AaHHbIX 

n0 BnHAHHiO B03Ae1iCTBH5I 06Cny)iCHBaHH51 MO)KHO HaIïTH B SaltZ 

195

(1987, 1989, 1993), Russ and Geller (1986) and Gliksman and Single 

(1988). McKnight (1988) coo61uaeT o npoTNBOpetINBbIx Bbisonax 

npo6Horo npoeKTa nposeJiexxoro B Jzsyx urraTax CHIA. OH 

o6HapyxcNn n031,1TNBHble H3MeHeH145I B B03JjeliCTBHN O6yLIeHHOrO 

nepcoHana Ha HeTpe3Bblx KJINeHTOB B MiiIiNraxe, HO OTCyTCTBHe 

TaKOBblx B .lIy143HâHe. bonee HenasHHe HCCneAOBaHHA no o6ylieHNlo 

nepcoHana (Saltz and Hennessy, 1990a, 1990b; Saltz, 1988) 

nOKa3anN, 4TO OHO ABnAeTCA 6onee 34(beKTHBH6IM, ecru! 

KOM6NHHpyeTCA C N3MeHeHHeM itiOpMbI O6CnriCiiBaHH5I H npaKTHKH 

TOprOBnN B KOHTpOnNpyeMOM 3aBeJ1eHHN H C o6y4eHNeM 

MeHenmCepOB 3aBeAeHNA. HCCne,aOBaHHA nOJjTSep)ICnaIOT 3aKni0'-IeHNe 

O TOM, TITO N3MeHeHHe nOBCJ);eHHA nepCOHana MO)KeT npHBeCTH K 

N3MeHeHHIO ypOBHA COJjep)KaHNA aJIKOrOnA B KpOBH (CAK) KJIHeHTOB, 

KOTOpble yXOJJAT N3 JjaHHOro 3aBeJjeHNA H, TaKNM O6pa3OM, CHH3HTb 

HX nOCneJjyiolLjNi7 PUCK rlOnaCTb B JjOpO)KHyIO KaTaCTpOCby HAN 

CTOJIKHyTbCA C J1,pyrON anKOrOn6HO1-i npo6neMON. 

3rN 3I1:4eKTbI o6y4eHN2 nepcOHana 6buIN nponeMOHCTpNpOBaHbI 

Ha MHKpOypOBHe pO3HI-I1-iHbIX nNTCIiHbIX 3aBeJZeH411, H, 06bITiHO, 

5IBnAIOTC51 4aCTblO HCCneJ),OBaHH[-1 TaKOrO 06yLIeHNA. B HeJIaBHO 

3aBepüleHHOM HCCneAOBaHNN npepBaHHbIX BpeMeHHbIX cepNN Holder 

N Wagenaar (B neTiaTN) o6Hapy>ICnnN, 4TO B OperoHe, B OJ);HOM N3 

u1TaTOB CHIA, r,qe 6bino npoBeJ>,exo o6A3aTenbxoe o6y4eHNe Bcero 

nepCOHana, Topry1011(ero anKOroneM, OHO npHBeno K CTaTHCTH4ecKN 

3Ha4NMOMy COKpaHIeHHIO KOnN4eCTBa JjOpo)KHbIX aBapNN, 

B03HNKNINX npH yLIaCTHH anKOrOJ1A, nocne TOrO KaK nO MeHbH1eN 

Mepe 50% nepCOHana3aKOH4NnN 06y4eHHe. 

6.3.10 OTB@TCTB@HHOCTb I1@pCOHalla N CâHKIAHN 3a 

06CJ7yNCHBaH41@ H@Tp@3BbIX KI1N@HTOB 

B HeKOTOpbIX CTpaHaX Ha OCHOBe o6n.[ero 3aKOHOJjaTenbCTBa 

6bIna yCTaHOBneHa rpa)knaHCKaA OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb y4pexcJ>;eHHri 

p03HIi4HOi3 TOprOBnH anKOCOneM 3a npoJ.taxcy CHNpTHOrO HeTpe3BbIM 

rpa)iCJjaHaM. 3Ta OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 6b1na B OCHOBHOM OTBeTHOIi, 4TO 

03Ha4aJI0 He06X0J)',NMOCTb 3aKOHHOrO BO3Men.[eHNA yluep6a, eCnN 

06Cny)ICNBaHNe HeTpe3BOr0 4enosexa B pe3ynbTaTe npNBOJ),NJIO K 

nN4HOiI noTepe HJIH pane (Mosher, 1979, 1987). 3-ro Mo)xeT, 

HanpNMep, Cny4HTbCA, KOr,I(a HeTpe3Bbli BOANTenb, KOTOpOi'O 

06CnyACNnN B nNTei-1HOM 3aBeJ);eHHH, cosepmHn aBapnio H 

TpaBMHpOBân HRH y6Hn HeBHHHOrO npoxoxcero. TeM He Mexee, 

HeJjaBHO 6bIn0 npenJIO)iCeHO HCIIOnb30BaTb OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 

196

nepcoHana, KaK npeBeHTHBHyIO nOJIHTHKy, LITO6bI nOOnlpATb 60nee 

6e3onacxoe O6Cny)KHBaHHe CHHpTHbIM H npenoTSpaTHTb Bow,IjeHHe B 

nbxxoM sHJie (Mosher 1983 H 1987; Holder et al., 1993). 

Wagenaar H Holder (1991b) HCCne,gosanH Bo3AeHcTBHe Ha 

mac-miry TpasM B aBTOxaTaCTpo(kax, KaK Cne,IZCTBHe pe3Koro 

H3MeHeHHA 3aKOHa 06 OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH nepCOHana B IITaTe Texac. 

1iblJla HCHOnb3OBaHa (tiOpMa KBa3H-3KcnepHMeHTanbHorO HCCJIeAOBaHHA 

MHO)KeCTBeHHbIX BpeMeHliblx CepHN, BKniOLIaA pa3nHmble 

craTxcTHHecxxe MOAenH ,iznA aHanH3a AaHHbIx o TpaBMax C 1978 no 

1988 rOAbI. ABTOpbI KOHTpOnHpOBanl TaK)Ke 343CtleKTbI, OKa3bIBaeMble 

,qpyrHMH H3MeHeHHAMH nonHTHKH, KOTOpble, KaK O)KHjjanOCb, MOryT 

HOBnHATb Ha ypOBeHb TpaBM B Texace H 60nee IIHpOKHe B MaCLIITa6e 

HaIjHH H3MeHCHHA B ypOBHe TpaBM B 1980-x rOnaX. Pe3ynbTaTbI 

nOKa3anH, LITO nocne npHHATHA JiByX rnaBHbIX nOCTaHOBneHHii 06 

OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH B 1983 H 1984 rOAax nocneAosano cHHxcexxe 

KOnHLIeCTSa aBapHN, 3aKOHLiHBI1IHXCA TpaBMaMH COOTBeTCTBeHHO Ha 

6,5 % H 5,3 %. 

Bo Bcex LIITaTax CHIA CynjeCTSyIOT CaxKL[HH nH6o yronoBHOro, 

nH6O rpa)K,iiaxcxoro xapaKTepa 3a o6Cny)KHBaHHe ABHO HeTpe3BbIX 

KJIHeHTOB. TeM He McHee, 3(HIeKTHBHOCTb 3THX 3aKOHOB COCTOHT B 

npAMON 3aBHCHMOCTH OT yBa)KeHIA K HIM H CHOCO6HOCTH n06HBaTbC31 

IX BbInOJIHeHHA. CO6nI0AeHHe noJ106HbIX 3aKOHOB pe,gKO H3yiianOcb. 

B HeJiaBHeM HccneAOSaHHI McKnight (1992) o6HapyxcHn, ITo 

CO6nK)neHHe 3axoxa, BbIpaACeHHOe B t-IaCTOTe sMellaTenbCTSa 

nepcoxana HnH OTKa3OB o6Cny)ICHTb, nOBbIClnocb Ha 37% nocne 

BH3HTOB npeRCTaBHTenel%I KOHTpOJIHpyIOLuHX OpraHOB H 

npeRynpexCneHIN O BbInOJIHeHHH 3aKOHa. 3T0 6bIJI0 no,ijTBep)KneHO 

yMeHbLneHHeM B npOLjeHTHOM COOTHOIIeHHH (C 31,2% Ao 24,6%) 

KOnHLIeCTBa apeCTOS 3a BO)ICJjeHHe B HeTpe3BOM COCTOAHHH nloAeH, 

BbILICJjLLIHX 143 6apOB HnH pecTopaHoB. 

6.3.11 BJINAHNe 113MeHeHHA ,gOCTj/11HOCTH anKOfOJ1A Ha 

4pe3MepHO I1bFOI1piX 

3nHileMHOnorHNecKHe HCCne,IjOBaHHA BnHAHHA H3MeHeHH51 

.qOCTynHOCTH anKOrOJIA 4aCT0 COO6LI(aIOT TOnbKO o6 06LgHX 

pe3ynbTaTaX. CyLqeCTByIOT, TeM He McHCe, HeKOTOpble uaHHble o6 HX 

oCo60M BnHAHHH Ha 9pe3MepHO nbK)IWHX. 9TH pe3ynbTaTbI ABnAIOTCA 

HaCTOJIbKO BaACHbIMH jIJIA nOnHTHLIeCKHX BbIBOJjOB, LiTO MbI 

nOI1bITaeMCA B 3TOM pa3,IjeJle CBeCTH BOeJHHO BCe J[aHHble HMeHHO no 

197

3TOMy Bonpocy. H3ytlaA pAA Ha6n1oAeHHiï, KâxUjOe 143 KOTOpbIX B 

OTAenbHOCTH MO)KeT paCCMaTpHBaTbCA KaK Heo6blt-IHOe HRH 

3K30T144eCK0e, MbI MO)KCM BbICTpOHTb y6euMTenbHylo CHCTM 

A0Ka3aTenbCTB, noAAep)xl3Baloluylo yTBep)iCjjeHFie O TOM, zITO B 

061ueM KOHTpOnb C1)143HtieCKOrO AOCTyna, KaK npaBl-ino, 3Ha4HTenbHO 

H 0006biM o6pa30M BnHAeT Ha noTpe6neHHe y-Ipe3MepH0 nbioujHX. 

MbI 6yAeM CCbinaTbCA Ha HCCneuoBaHHA, KOTOpble LjHTHpOBanFiCb 

paHee, HO 6e3 nOBTOpCHHA HeHy)iCHbIX AeTâJIeIï. 

BO-nepBblX, COOTBeTCTByK)LUFie nOKa3aTenbcTBa MO)KHO H3B11e4b 

143 IiccnenOBaHHIi 3a6acTOBOK no npouaxce anxoronA. Osterberg H 

Saila B aHanH3e anKOrOnbHbIX 3a6acTOBOK 1972 Ii 1985 ronoB B 

C1)HHnAHu1414 o6HapyxcHnH coxpaiueHHe nbAHCTBa B O6L11eCTBeHHbIX 

MecTaX H nonanaHHii B HapKOnOrwIeCKFie KniiHllKii XenbCHHKFi B 

nepHou pe3KOro CHH)KeHHA AOCTynHOCTii anxoronA. LIpHBeueM 

ApyroH npFlMep, AByXMeCA4HaA 3a6aCTOBKa pa6OTHHKOB p03HH4HOii 

ToproBnH anxoroneM B LLIBeuHH B 1963 roua npHBena K naueHHlo 

nbAHCTBa B O6LIjeCTBeHHbIX McCTaX Ha 50% B CTOKrOnbMe H Ha 33% 

B reTe6Opre. r1pOL[eHTHOe KOniiLIeCTBO 3aHATbIX KOOK B yiipexcueHHAX 

n0 neLIeHHK) anKOrOn143Ma CHH3HnOCb C 92% RO 3a6aCTOBKH AO 68% B 

nepnoA 3a6acTOSKH (Medical Research Council, 1965). Pe3KHe 

cABHrH B AOCTynHOCTH anKOrOnA B 17onblIIe B 1980-x, KOTOpble MbI 

OniiCblBanu paHee He TOnbKO npHBenn K pe3KOMy CHFDKCHHiO o6Luer0 

nOTpe6neHFIA, HO H KOJIH4eCTBO nepBIii-IHbIX 06paLLjeHFii3 C 

anKOrOnbHbIMH nCNXo3aM13 H anKOrOnbHOi3 3aBFiCFIMOCT610 

yMexbLHHnocb 1104TH Ha uBe TpeTFI (Wald and Moskalewicz, 1986). 

O6LuHH pe3ynbTaT 3uecb COCTOHT B TOM, iiTO coxpaujeHHe 

KOnHLieCTBa HapyLUeHHi3 061ueCTBeHHOrO nopAAKa, HaCHnbCTBeHHbIX. 

npeCTynneHFiii, nonauaHFtli B 60nbHHL4y no BHHe anKOronA LIaCTO 

5IBn51eTCA 60nee 3HaLIFITenbHb1M, geM CHH)ICeHFie O6ujerO 

noTpe6neHHA. 

TaKHe pe3ynbTaTbI MoryT O6b51CHATbC31 TeM CliaKTOM, 74TO nK)uH, 

XpOHHLieCKH 3noynoTpe6nAK)ujHe anKOroneM H HMeiOLCjHe 6onee 

H143KHi-i 3KOHOMH4eCKHii CTaTyC, nonBepraK)TCA 6011bLneMy BJIHAHHK), 

geM Te nbHJLIjHe, KOTOpble o6nanaK)T 60nbIIIHMH pecypcaMH 14 MOryT 

06oiiTH 3TO COKpaLLjeHHe nOCTynHOCTH. l'1CKn104eH14eM 143 o6Luero 

npaBHna ABFinaCb 3a6aCTOBKa B(13HHnAHuHH B 1972 r., KOrua iiaCTOTa 

apeCTOB 3a nbAHCTBO 6e3A0MHbIX XpOHIiLieCKFiX ânKOrOnFiKOB 

COKpaTHJIOCb B MeHblHeii CTeneHH, geM McHee COljnanbHO 

H3OnHpOBaHHbIX nbiOlijHX (Osterberg and Saila 1991). B TO BpeMA 

198

HeneranbHblN anKOrOnb IIIHpOKO HCIIOn630BanCA cpeAH 6e3,4oMHbIX 

nbAHHij B CDHHnAHAHH, H, CneJ.tOBâTenbHO, OHH nojjBeprnHcb 

MeHb1IlcMy BnHAHHiO H3MeHeHHi%I ,I(OCTynHOCTH neranbHorO aJIKOronA. 

Bo BpeMA 3a6acTOBKH 1985 r., xOrAa HeneranbHblr%I anKOTOnb He 

noTpe6nxncA, pe3ynbTaTbI B (DHHJIAH,I;HH BHOBb COBnanH c o6lueFi 

KapTHHOf4: KOJIHTIeCTBO apeCTOB 6e3,I10MHbIX nbAHHLt COKpaTHJ1OCb 

HaMHOrO pe3LIe, gem KOJIHLIeCTBO apecTOB niOZ[eM, HMeioLL[HX )KHnbe 

(Osterberg and Saila 1991). 

Apyron pA,ii ,a0Ka3aTenbCTB nonyLieH IIpH 3xCnepHMeHTanbHOM 

3aKpbITHH BHHHO-BO,I;OLIHbIX Marâ3HH0B no Cy66oTaM B LIIBeLjHH B 

1981r., KOTOpoe noKa3ano, KaK Aaxce MHHHMaJIbHble H3MCHeHH51 

,I[OCTynHOCTH anKOrOnA MOryT OKâ3bIBaTb Bb160p0LIHbIFi 34xpeKT Ha 

nbAHHIX C OrpaHHLIeHHbIMIi pecypcaMH. 3aKpbITHe BHHHO-BOjjOLIHbIX 

Mara3HHOB no Cy66oTaM npHBeno K CHH)KeHH1O nbSIHCTBa B 

o61I(eCTBeHHbIX McCTaX, LIHCna ,ItOMau1HHX CKaH,ganOB H 

HaCHnbCTBeHHbIx npecTynneHHïl (Olsson and Wikstrom 1982; Lenke, 

1990). Bo3MomKHOe 06bACHeHHe COCTOHT B TOM, LITO COLjHanbHO- 

H30JIHpOBaHHble nbAHHLjbI HCnbITbIBaIOT CJIO)KHOCTH B nnaHHpOBaHHH 

CBOerO nOTpe6neHHA H B HaKOnJIeHHH cpe,gCTB, LiTO6bI CnpaBHTbCA c 

nepepblBaMH B npe,gJIO)KCHHH anKOTOnA. bOnee TOTo, Nordlund (1985) 

06Hapy)ICHn, TITO 3aKpbITHe CneljHanH3HpoBaHH6IX Marâ3HHOB 

p03HHLIHOM TOprOBnH B HopaerHH no Cy66oTaM B TeLieHHe roAa 

OKâ3an0 3HaTiHTenbHOe Bo3,IjelicTBHe Ha npo6neMHO nb10CgHX. 

KonHLIecTBO OTTIeTOB fIOnHLjHH O nbAHCTBe H,I;OMaLIIHHX cKaHljanaX 

no Cy66oTaM H B nepBOH nOJIOBHHe AHS1 BOCKpcCCHbA yMeHbuIHJIOcb. 

HCCne,qOBâHHA, KOTOpble OueHHBa1OT nOCne,IjCTBHA CHCTeMbI 

panHOHHpOBaHHA Hull eë OTMeHbI, npeAcTasnAiOT HaM cneAyfoluHH 

pA,q AOKa3aTenbCTB. OTMeHa paLjHOHHpOBaHHA CnHpTHOrO B 1955 r. B 

LIIBeL[HH COnpOBO)xZ[anaC6 LIeTbIpeXKpaTHbIM nOBbIIUeHHeM 

CMepTHOCTH B pe3ynbTaTe L(Hppo3a (Norstrom, 1987), B TO BpeMA KaK 

OTKa3 OT panHOHHpOBaHHA B I'peHnaHAHH npHBen K nOBbILIIeHH10 

ypoBHA 3ape1-HCTpHpOBaHHbIX HaCHJIbCTBeHHbIX npeCTylLfIeHHIi, 

,i[oMaulHHx ccop H cnyLlaeB OTCyTCTBHSI 3a6oTbI o ,i(eTAx (Schechter, 

1986). CneAyloluHri H OLlexb Bâ)KHbIiï pA,ij ROKâ3aTenbCTB 

npOHCXOjjHT 143 06CyKrteHHbIX BblLUe HCCne,loBaHHFi no 

MHHHMan6HOMy Bo3paCTHOMy npeAeny (6.3.8), r,ge pe3ynbTaTbI 

y6ej[HTen6H0 nOKa3bIBaiOT, LITO 3KOJIOCHLIeCKHe Mepb1 MOryT 

npej.jOTBpaTHTb cHTyanHOHHO-OnacHOe nOBe,1;eHHe MOJIOJibIX nK)Jje1i, 

KOTOpble CKJIOHHbI K 3nOynOTpe6neHHIO anKOroneM. H HaKOHeIj, 

199

HccnenosaHHSI o6yliexxx nepcoHana (6.3.9) H OTSeTCTBexxocTH 

nepcoxana (6.3.10) npenocTasnaloT Aoxa3aTenbCTBa no ApyroMy 

spiny cTpaTerHH, KOTOpbIIi MO)KeT BO3AeIiCTBOBaTb Ha nb5IHH11. 

B HTOre, TaKHM o6pa30M, MO)KHO CAenaTb O6OCHOBaHHbIN 

BbIBOA, LITO Ha6op 3KOJIOFHLIeCKHX Mep nOBnHSieT Ha noBeneHHe 

LIpe3MepHO HnH npo6neMH0 nbtOnjHX. B TOIi Him HHOIi (l)OpMe, 3TOT 

BbIBOA nOCTOSIHHO noATBep)KAaeTCSI. r1pOTHBOnOJIO)ICHble FHHOTe3bI o 

TOM, LITO KOHTpOnb AOCTyna B OCHOBHOM COCTaBHT HeyAO6CTBO AJISI 

TOit iiaCTH HaCeneHHSt, KOTOpaSI nbeT yMepeHHO, B TO BpeMSI KaK 

HaH60nee BpeAHOe nOTpe6neHHe LIpe3MepHO nbIOIIjHX OCTaHCTCSI 

He3aTpOHyTbIM, OCTanHCb HenOATBep)tCAëHHbIMH. 

6.4 TOPFOBbIE COF03b1 V1 ,gOCTYIIHOCTb AJ1KO1-OJ1S1 

KaK y)Ke roBOpHnocb, HcTOpHLIecKHe orpaHHLIeHHSI AOCTynHOCTH 

anKOFOna H HanHLIHSI ero B p03HHLIHOIi ToproBne SIBnSIiOTCSI 

BHyTpeHHHMH, a He MewnyHapOAHbIMH. B 60nbIIIHHCTBe CTpaH 

anKOronb, KOTOpbIÎ-t 11p0113BOAHTCSt B 3TON cTpaHe, TM we H 

noTpe6nsleTcsl, HO eCTb CTpaHbl BCCbMa 3aHHTepeCOBaHHbte B 

Me)K,IjyHapOAHOIi ToproBne, TaKHe KaK 1F..IOTnaHnHA (BHCKH), OpaHljHSI 

H I'ITanHSI (BHHO) H3-3a OFpOMHOFO MenC,IjyHapOAHOrO pblHKa AnsI 3THX 

npOAyKTOB. gaxce B cHTyaL[HH, KOrAa 6O1IbIIIHHCTBO BHyTpeHHeti 

nponyKIjHH nOTpe6nsleTCSi s npenenax CTpaHbI, pacHlHpeHHe 

TOprOBJIH C ApyrHMH cTpaxaMH LIaCTO npenCTaBnsleT 3HaLIHTCnbHblFi 

HHTepeC. Me)KAyHapOAHble TOprOBble COIO3bI, TaKHe KaK Cesepo- 

AMepHKaxcxoe CornalHeHHe o CBo6oAHoH Toprosne (NAFTA) 

Me)Kzry Kaxanoil, CHIA H McKCHKOii Him 3KOHOMHLICCKHe 

coo6H,[ecTBa, Taxüe KaK EBpOne17CKOe coo6wecTBo (EC) o6nanaiOT 

nOTeHI.IHânbHblM BnHSIHHCM Ha anKOFOnbHylo nonHTHxy. 3TH 

Bonpocbl o6cy)KAaloTcsl B pa6oTax Tigerstedt (1990) H Ferris et al. 

(1993). 

B pe3ynbTaTe yMeHblueHHS 6apbepOB HnH Hanoros Ha 

HMHOpTHble Tosapbl, BKJIIOLIax anxoronb, H Ao TOi%I CTeneHH, HpH 

xOTopoFi HMHOpTHpOBaHHbtH anKOFOnb He 3aMeLL[aeT anKOFOnb 

BHyTpeHHerO npO143BOACTBa, o6iuee noTpe6neHHe MO)KCT 6bITb 

nOBbIHleHO. I'IMHOpT anKOrOnSI 6e3 6apbepoB MO)KCT npHBeCTH K 

yMeHbLHCHHIO neHbl anKOFOJISI B pe3ynbTaTe KOHKypeHLjHH C 

BHyTpeHHHM npOH3BOACTBOM HJIH Ao6aBHTb K CyLL(eCTByIOLLjeMy 

200

Ha6opy npeAno4HTaeMblx norpe6HTenAMH CnHpTHbIX HanHTKOB 

HOBble THnbI cnHpTHOTo. 

TOprOBble C0103bI H 3KOHOMH4eCKHe C006LueCTBa MOT TaK)Ke 

OKa3aTb AaBneHHe Ha CyLueCTByiOn.[He MC)KAyHapOAHble OrpaHH4eHHA 

HO anKOrOnIO C uenbio HX H3MeHeHH51 HJIH Aa)Ke OTMeHbI. HanpHMep, 

B EC eCTb Tpe60BaHne, 4TO HH OAHH 143 npoAyKTOB CTpaH - 4neHOB 

EC He Mo)KeT noABeprHyTbcA AiicxpHMHHauHx ApyrHM rocyAapCTBoM, 

LIneHOM coo61uecrea. 3TO MO)KHO HHTepnpeTHpOBaTb TaK, 4TO 

HHKaKOe BHyTpeHHee OrpaHH4eHHe n0 AOCTynHOCTH anKOrOnA He 

MO)KeT npHMeHATbCA OTHOCHTenbHO anKOTOJIA, HMnOpTHpOBaHHOrO H3 

cTpaH - LUIeHOB EC. HanpHMep, 3Ta npo6neMa MO)KeT BCTaTb nepeA 

lllBeuHeii, HopserHel3 H 0HHn51HA14eii, KoTOpble co6HpaloTCA CTaTb 

LlneHaMH EC, HO y KOTOpbIX AaBHHe TpaAHuHH rOcyAapCTBeHHOI%I 

MOHOHOJIHH. OAHO 143 TOJIKOBaHHIi FIX nOTeHuHanbHOTO yLIacTI351 B EC 

MOrnO 6bI COCTOATb B OTMeHe 3T0Fi MOHOHOnHH (Tigerstedt 1990). B 

TOprOBbIX COi03aX ânKOTOnb HaH6onee 4aCT0 pacueHHBaeTCA TaK ACe, 

KaK H 11io60ii Apyroli TOBap, OCHOBHOii aKUeHT CTaBHTCA Ha 

3KOHOMH4eCKHe BOnpOCbl, He ypaBHOBeLHHBaA HX C BOnpOCaMn 

3ApaBOOXpaHeH4A H 6e3OnaCHOCTH. KOrAa 3KOHOMH'-IeCKHe HHTepeCbi 

ABnAIOTCA rnaBeHCTByIOLuHMH B TaKHX COI03aX, nOABJISIeTCA BeCOMaA 

npHLiHHa 06AyMaTb FIX nOTeHL(HanbHbIii 344eKT Ha nOTpe6neHHe 

ânKOTOJIA H ânKOTOnbHble npo6neMbl, KOTOpble MoryT noSIBHTbCA B 

pe3ynbTaTe. 

6.5 O6O6L1AEHVIE PE3Y11bTATOB 

Bn.lun et al (1975) npHIHnH K 3aK111o14eHHlo, iITO BHeLLIHHii 

KOHTpOnb 3a AOCTynHOCTbIO ânKOrOnA, KaK 4aCTb roCyAapCTBeHHOI-i 

nonHTHKH no 3ApaBOOXpaHeHHIO H 6e3onaCHOCTH, Mo)KeT nOBnHATb 

Ha nOTpe6neHHe anKOronA, H, TaKHM o6pa3oM, Ha anKOTOnbHble 

npo6neMbl. 3a 20 neT nocne 3TOii ny6nHKauHH 6bino npoBeAeno 

60nb1.11oe KOnH4eCTBO HCCneAOBaHHFi xis! nposepKH 3TOT0 

3aKniO4eHHA. MaCCa 3MHHpH4eCKHX AaHHbIX noATBepAHna 

nOJIO)KeHHe, 4TO OrpaHH4eHHe AOCTynHOCTH ânKOTOnA Mo)KeT 6bITb 

3(:1(111eKTHBHOii 4aCTbio noAXOAa 06LueCTBeHHOTO 3ApaBOOXpaHeHHA C 

uenblo COKpaTHTb noTpe6neHHe anKOronA H, TaKHM o6pa30M, 

CMAr4HTb CB5I3aHHble C anKOroneM npO6neM6I. B TO BpeMA, KaK 

MHOTHe BHAbI AaHHOIi nOnHTHKH yCTaHaBnHBaIOTCA Ha 

rOCyAapCTBeHHOM H HauHOHanbHOM ypOBHAX, ApyrHe Moryr 

201

yCTaHaBnHBaTbCA Ha McCTHOM ypOBHe. KOHTpapryMeHT no 

30eKTHBHOCTH OrpaHH'IeHHH JjOCTynHOCTH aJIKOrOJISi, LITO "JIIOAH 

6yJ>;yT nOKynaTb aJIKOrOnb He B3HpaA Ha CJIO)KHOCTH, OCO6eHHO 

nbAHHLjbI" ABJIAeTCA, KaK nOKâ3bIBaIOT 3MnHpHLTeCKHe JjaHHble, 

Heo60CHOBaHHbIM. gaBaHTe CyMMHpyeM HeKOTOpble BbIBOJjbI n0 3TOiï 

TeMe. 

1. DopMa J),OCTynHOCTH B pO3HIiiIHOFI TOprOBJIe - BHHO CTâHOBHTCA 

BCë 601Iee HOITynSIpHbIM HanHTKOM B HenpOH3BOJ131I.IZHX BHHO CTpaHaX 

H nOKa3aJTO ce6A JjOCTaTOtiHO 7-IyBCTBiiTeJIbHbIM Han1iTKOM 

OTHOCHTeJIbHO CpOpMbl JIOCTynHOCTH B pO3HHLIHOIi TOprOBne. KOrj[a, 

OTKpbIBaK)TCA Mara3HHbi, npoJialouiHe BHHO, HJI1i MOHOIIOJIHA no 

TOprOBne BHHOM OTMeHeHa, nOTpe6JIeHi3e BHHa pacTeT. B HeKOTOpbIX 

CTpaHaX 6bIJTa pa3pa60TaHa HaLji3OHâJIbHa51 HnH perNOHâJIbHaA 

nOJII3T13Ka, rIT06bI noBbICIiTb nOTpe6JTeH1ie BI-iHa C IjeJIbK) COKpaLI[eHHA 

nOTpe6neHHA KpenKHX CniipTHbIX HanHTKOB. TCM He McHce 

OKa3bIBâJI0Cb, 'TTO B 06LLjeM nOBbIIIIeHHaA jjOCTynHOCTb B p03HHLIHOH 

TOprOBne BHHa npHBena K o6LueMy 'IHCTOMy nOBbILLIeHHIO 

nOTpe6neHHA aJTKOrOJTA, Jraxce HeCMOTpA Ha TO, LITO HeKOTOpoe 

3aMeLIjeHFie HMenO MeCTO. 

H3MeHeHHe ,IZOCTynHOCT{i KpenKHX CIIHpTHbIX HanHTKOB B 

p03HH'IHOH TOprOBJIe Ha BbIHOC, JIH60 B pO3HFi9HOÎ-i TOprOBne AMA 

nOTpe6neHHA Ha McCTe nOBbILIIaeT nOTpe6neHHe. BBej(eHFIe TOprOBJIH 

CnHpTHbIM JUTA FiH,iZFiBH,IjyâJlbHOrO noTpe6neHHA B nFiTeHHbIX 

3aBeAeHHAX B CeBepH01i KaponHHe B nepsblii pa3 nocne OTMeHbI 

"CyXOrO 3aKOHa" nOBbICHJIO KOnIVIeCTBO ,IIopO)KHbIX KaTaCTpOIp, 

BO3HHKIIIHX B CBA311 C nOTpe6neHHeM aJIKOronA. 3TO He yJIHBHTenbHO, 

TaK KaK B CesepHOH AMepHKe 3Ha'THTenbHa5I 'iaCTb nOJ[Bep)KeHHbIX 

J),eHCTBHIO anKOronA BoJjliTeneH, J.J06HpaIOTCA J>O n0)106HbIX 

3aBeJjeHHH Ha aBTOMO6HJIAX. B 061neM, JjaHHble nOJrTBep)Kr(a1OT 

nOTeHuHaJI MOHOHOJIHH pO3HHLIHOH ToprOBnH, ecru,' oHa J[eHCTByeT B 

ueJIAX 06LLjeCTBeHHOrO 3J(OpOBb5I, iITO6bI COKpaTHTb nOTpe6neHHe H 

CBA3aHHble C âJIKOrOneM np06JIeMbI. 

2. COJ[ep)KaHHe aJIKOrOJIA B HanHTKaX. r1oABneHHe CpeJtHerO HJIH 

KpenKOrO uvula B TaKHX CTpaHaX, KaK II..IBeLjHA, HopBerHA H 

CIDHHJIAHJ);HA, KaK OKa3aJIOCb, CB513aHO C HOBbIIIIeHHeM nOTpe6neHHA 

nHBa. Han1iTKH C HH3KHM COJIep)KaHHeM aJIKOrOnA HJIH 

6e3äJlKOronbHble CHH)KaIOT BO3MO)KHOCTb J(OCTHrIIyTb BbICOKOH 

KOHILeHTpaIjHH ânKOrOJTA B KpOBH. 

202

3. I1nOTHOCTb TogeK npOAawH anKOrOJIA. PaHHHe HCCnejtOBaHHA 

LIJIOTHOCTH nOKa3anH, 'ITO 3TOT (kaKTOp HMeeT nHLHb He60nbIIIOn (HnH 

npoTHBopeLIHBbIii) 3(1)43eKT Ha nOTpe6neHHe anKOrOnA. TeM He McHee, 

6onee HejtasHHe HCCnetOBaHHA nOKa3anH, 'ITO reorpa(pHT-IecxaA 

nnOTHOCTb BCe xce 06naj[aeT 3HaiIHTen6HbIM n03HTHBHbIM 3(1)(beKTOM 

Ha npOjta)ICy anKOrOnA. 

4. MHHHManbHbIli BO3paCTHOIi npejten noTpe6neHHA anxoronA. 

006bir-IHO HCCne,itOBaHHA o6HappICHBaIOT, iiTO cHHDKeHHe 

BO3paCTHOTO npejtena npHBOjtHT K yBenHLIeHHIO KOnHHeCTBa 

aBTOKaTacTpO(icl, BO3HHKIIIHX 143-3a noTpe6neHHA anKOTOnA, B TOIi 

B03paCTHON rpynne, KOTOpaA nO,Ctna,ItaeT n0jt BnHAHHe H3MeHeHHIi. B 

TO )Ke BpeMA nOBbILLIeHHe BO3paCTHOTO npejtena yMexbLl.laeT 

KOnH'ieCTBO nO,406H6IX aBapHli. 

5. OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb c(kepbl 06C1Iy)KHBaHH51. TaKOe BOVIeICTBHe, KaK 

nOKa3ana npaKTHKa, cOKpantaeT ypOBeHb anKOron6HOrO O11651HeHHA 

KnHeHTOB, nOKH,AaIOLL[HX 6apbl H pecTopaHbl, H i-IHCJIO CB53aHH6IX C 

anKOTOneM aBTOKaTaCTp0c1). 

6. OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb nepcOHana. CyLLteCTByiOHtaA B HeKOTOpbIX 

CTpaHaX rpa)KjjaHCKaA OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb y'-Ipe]iCjteHHli p03HHLIHOH 

TOprOBnH anKOrOneM, 6bina B OCHOBHOM OTBeTHOIi, 'ITO 03Ha4ano 

He06X0jtHMOCTb BO3MeLueHH51 yuuep6a, ecnH o6cnyxcHBaHHe 

HeTpe3BOTO LIenOBeKa B pe3ynbTaTe npHBOjtHJIO K nHLiHOIl nOTepe Will 

TpaBMe. TeM He McHee, HejtaBHO npejtJIO)KHnH HCnonb30BaTb, KaK 

npeBCHTHBHyIO nOnHTHKy, 'ITO6bI nOOLIjpATb (H B03HarpaACjtaTb) 

6onee 6e3onacHylo npaKTHKy 06CnyACHBaHH5I CnHpTH6IM. B OjtHOM 

HCCnejtOBaHHH 6bIno o6HapyACeHo cHH)ICeHHe ypoBHA aBapHli nocne 

yCHneHHA OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH. 

7. i-laCbl H jtHH npojta)KH. BOJIbLIIHHCTBO HCCnetOBaHHI3 H3MeHeHHA 

'IaCOB npOJaa)KH H jtHeH pa6oTbl TOYeK npojta)KH ânKOronA nOKa3anH, 

'-ITO pOCT noTpe6neHHA anKOTOJIA CBA3aH C yBenH'-IeHHeM LIaCOB 

npojta)KH, a COKpaLLteHHe nOTpe6neHHA - C OTMeHON jtHeIi ToproBnH. 

COOTBeTCTByIOLLjHM o6pa3oM McHAiOTCA H anKOrOnbHble npo6neM6I. 

OTCTaBHB B CTOpOHy BCe 3TH ,aeTanH, KaKOe o6Luee 3aKnK)'IeHHe 

MO)KHO CjtenaTb? BbIBOjtbI HCCnetOBaHHIi n0 B3aHMOCBA3H Me)ICjty 

jtOCTynHOCTbIO anKOTOnA H ypOBHeM ânKOTOnbHbIX npo6neM, 

KOTOpble nojtTBep)IC,aaK)TCA He TOnbKO ,aJIA OjtHOii CTpaHbl, 

onpejteneHHO nojt,aep)KHBaK)T 3aKniOmeHHe, 'ITO TâKHe BbIBO,abI He 

ABnAIOTCA XapaKTepH6IMFi TOnbKO ASIA OjtHOli KynbTypbl - OHH HMeIOT 

203

06o6LgeHHbIN xapaKTep. C ,gpyroH CTOpOHbI HaM Hy)KHO npH3HaTb, 

LITO 3(14eKTHBHOCTb HJIH He3(TILI)eKTHBHOCTb JII060Ii CTpaTerHH, 

KOTOpaA MO)KeT nOBJIHATb Ha gOCTynHOCTb aJIKOrOJIA, CBA3aHa C 

HeCKOJIbKHMH B3aHMOCB513aHHbIMH IlaKTOpaMH. CK)Aa BXOZ[AT: 

06LL[eCTBeHHâA nO,iljjep)KKa H c06JIIO,aeHHe 3aKOHOB, a TaK)Ke HCTOpHA 

aJIKOTOJIbHOIi nOJIHTHKH B 3TOÎI CTpaHe. Be3 3HaLIHTeJIbHOIi 

1-1O,1E(ep)KKH HâCeJIeHHA BBegeHHe H COXpaHeHHe Jlio6orO 

OrpaHHLIeHHA ABJIAeTCA HenoJIHOLjeHHbIM, H, cKOpee BCerO, HaiIAyTCA 

CH0006bl ero 06oFiTH. MHorHe THnbI OrpaHHLIeHHN 6yuyr, TeM He 

McHee, nO1Ie3HbI ,IIJIA 06LLi,eCTBeHHOTo 3Aop0B651, eCJIH eCTb Tpa,ijHL(HA 

0611.1eCTBeHHOH nOnzep)KKH. gaJIbHeNLHHe OrpaHHLIeHHSI pO3HHLIHOrO 

npeaJ10)KeHHA aJIKOrOJIA B O6CTaHOBKe, KOma OHO yxce OrpaHHLieHO, 

MO)KeT OKâ3aTb MeHbLLIee Bo3,IjeF3CTBHe Ha âJIKOI'OJIbHble npO6JIeMbI, 

LIeM B CHTyaLiHH LnHpOKOii ZjOCTynHOCTH CHHpTHOTO B pO3HHLIHOii 

TOprOBJIe, npH yCJIOBHFi, LiTO MO)KeT 6b1Tb 06eCneLleHa 06LL[eCTBeHHaA 

nOpJ.],epACKa 3THM MepaM. 

B HTOre OKOHLiaTeJlbHbll3 BbIBOA ,gOJI)KeH, KOHeLIHO, COCTOATb B 

TOM, LITO CyLLjeCTByIOT HaAe)KHble H pa3HO06pa3Hble JOKa3aTeJIbCTBa, 

nO,i[TBep)IC,CjaEOLL(He nOJIO)KeHHe O TOM, LITO noJIFiTHKa, BJIHAIOLgaA Ha 

floc-Fyn K aJIKOrOJIIO Ha yJlHlje HO KOTOpOi7 H,ijeT HaLH B006paNCaeMblii 

nyTeLHeCTBeHHHK, MO)KeT noJJü[ep)KHBaTb HaMepeHHA O6LLjeCTBeHHOTO 

3,qpaBOOXpaHeHH2, npH ycJIOBHH, LITO 3Ta noJIHTHKa CO3ByLlHa 

HaCTpOIO HaCeJIeHHA< 

204

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219

nOJIONCeHHA 3TO1i TeOpHH 6b1nH BbIuBHHyTbI Gibbs (1975) H Beyleveld 

(1979a, 197913): ypOBeHb npeCTynneHn4t (3uecb - BOKLjeHHA B nbAHOM 

BIi,I)e) 3aBHCHT OT yBepeHHOCTH B 06Hapy)KeHHH H CypOBOCTH 

HaKa3aHFHA. 

O61.11a51 ueHCTBeHHOCTb 3TOii TeOpHH B OTHOLIIeHHH 3aKOHOB no 

aHTHanKOTOnbHO1i 6e3O11aCHOCTH 6b1na npOAeMOHCTpHpOBaHa B 

cepHH HccnejjoBaHHIi eCTeCTBeHHO BCTpei-Ia1oIIuxCA pa3nHT-IH1i 

3aKOHOB HAM CTeneHH FIX BbInOJIHeHHA, KOTOpble 6bInH H3yLieHbI Ross 

(1982) H Homel (1988). 3T11 HCCneuOBâHHA TaK)Ke 11OKa3anH, TITO 113 

TpeX 4JaKTopOB, ne)KaIImX B OCHOBe cJjep)KHBaHHA (yBepeHHocTb B 

06Hapy)FCeHHH, 6bICTpOTa HaKa3aHHA, CypOBOCTb HaKa3aHHA) 

yBepeHHOCTb B o6HapyxceHHH ABngeTCA HaH6onee 3C1341eKTHBHbIM 

ctlaKTopoM (Ross, 1982; Homel, 1988; Andenaes, 1983). 3-ro ABnAeTCA 

OCO6eHHO BepHbIM, eCnH 3Ta yBepeHHOCTb IIIHpOKO paCnpOCTpaHeHa 

CpeuN BOUHTeneti. Ce1iT-IaC B HanHYHH eCTb BeCKHe ,IIoxa3aTenbCTBa 

ycnelilHOCTH O61uerO c,i]ep)KHBaHHA B 3TO1i O6naCTH (3To 

cuep)KHBaHHe nloueii, LiT06bI OHH He HapyHlanH 3aKOH, uaxce ecnH 

OHH paHblIIe He 661nH nOiiMaH61) H HaH6onee 3C14eKTHBH6I1i nouxou 

BO3HHKaeT, KOrua nOJIHL[HA mac-ro, HIHpOKOMaCIIITa6HO H Ha rna3aX 

o61IlecTaa cOBepLUaeT npOBepKH Ha ,goporax, Bb16OpOLmO 

OCTaHaBnHBaA BOuHTeneli H npOBepAA HX u6IXaHHe Ha HanHliHe 

ânKOTOnA. He06X0uHMO OTMeTHTb, tiTO CJIHIIIKOM CypOBOe HaKâ3aHHe 

MO)KeT npHBeCTH K TOMy, TITO 4HHaHCOBO XOpOLIIO O6eCneLieHHble 

HapyLnHTenH npeunO,iTyT )ICeCTKy1O 3aLI(HTy B Cyue. 

B TO BpeMA, KaK Bb160pOT-IHaA nposepxa u61XaHHA (B1_1,A) 

HaxOUHna OrpaHHtfexxoe npHMexeHHe B HeCKOnbKHX eBponeFicKHx 

cTpaHax, H uOBOnbHO ycneIIIHO (HanpHMep, BO IrDpaHL[HH, KaK 

coo61ualoT Ross, McCleary and Epperlein, 1982), ABCTpanHA cTana 

nepBoli cTpaHoli, rue Bb16opoTmaA nposepxa npHMeHAnacb 

IIIHpoxoMaclllTa6HO (Homel, 1988; 1993). B pe3ynbTaTe 

06LL[eCTBeHHOTO uaBneHHSI B HOBOM lO)ICHOM Y3nbCe BIIg 6bina 

BBeueHa Ha BCe1i TeppHTOpHH IIITaTa B ueKa6pe 1982 r. IIOnHuHA 

uOn)ICHa 6bina nOCBALI[aTb no KpaNHeli Mepe OuHH mac e)KeuHeBHO 

Bb160pO9HOMy KOHTpOn10 ub1XaHHA BOuHTeneFi Ha HâJIHyHe anKOTonA. 

B pe3ynbTaTe 6bIJl0 npOSeueHO 60J1ee MHJ1nHOHa npOBepOK ubIXaHHA 

Ha aJIKOrOnb B nOuBeuOMCTBeHHOM oxpyre, rue HMeeTCA 3 Milli. 

BOUHTeneii. TaKO1i BbICOKHïi ypOBeHb npoBepKH, COBMeCTHO C 

OrpaHHLIeHHeM CAK uo 50 Mr% nOB6ICHn nOHHMaHHe pHCKa CpeuH 

nbIOLLuX BOuHTeJleii ABCTpanHH. Pe3yJIbTaTOM CTänO CHFi)KeHHe 

220

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KHaOd,t

pa6oTa 10 JjonOnHHTenbxblX nonHLjeHCKHx naTpynel no KoHTponIO 

BbIHOJIHeHHSI 3aKOHa no Be4epaM B BbIXOJ(Hble JjHH (10-KpaTHOe 

yBenI-IT-IeHHe), BCTyrIHna B JjeicTBHe C 1 slxaapsl 1976 r. C KOHua 1975 r. 

J[o KoHua 1976 ro HOBOBBeJjeHHSI nporpaMMbl xopomo oCBeIIjanHCb B 

MecTHOi3 npecce. B nepiioJ[ 3TOFi (1)a3bl "rnacxoCTH" yposexb 

KaTaCTpO(p CHH3HJICSI Ha 25%, TaK KaK B o6LLjecTSe HOBbICHJIOCb 

0003HaHHe pHCKa 6bITb apecTOBaHHbIM. B cneRylouleM roJjy 

OCBeujeHHe npOrpaMM6I COKpaTHnOCb H BOJjHTeneH npOBepAnH CBOH 

O)KHJjaHHSI B HenOCpeJjCTBeHHbIX KOHTaKTaX C nonHLjHeI%I Ha J[OporaX. 

B nepHOJj 3TOIi Cpa3bl "peaJIbHbIX npOBepOK" KOnH4eCTBO HO4HbIX 

aBapHFI ysenH4HJIOCb, HO He JjocTHrno JjonporpaMMHOro ypOBHSI. B 

nepHOJj (Pa3bI "npHBblKaHiisi", KoTOpasl JjnHnacb nocneJjHHe 18 

MecslLjeB nporpaMMbl, KOrJja Mepbl no ocBeujenxio 0o6bITHii 

OCTaBanHCb peJjKHMH, KOnHLieCTBO HO4HbIX aBTOKaTaCTpOc13 B 

BbIXOJjHble 6bIJIO Ha 10% mince J[OnpOrpaMMHOrO nepHOJja. HanH4He 

JjOHOJIHHTenbHbIX naTpyneH npHSeno K COKpaujeHHlo BO)K,LIeHHSI B 

HeTpe3BOM COCTOSIHHH He3aBHCHMO OT nepsoHa4ânbHOro OCBeujeHHSI 

(Voas and Hause, 1987). 

Oco3HaHne pHCKa 6bITb 06HapyxCeHHbIM He 3aBHCHT npOCTO OT 

KOnH4eCTBa cneJjslujHx 3a BbInonxeHHeM 3aKOHa noni4ueNCKHX, HO 

TaKNCe OT TeXHHKH, KOTOpyIO OHH HCHOnb3yIOT. r1pOBepKa CAK 

BOJjHTensl, C HCnonb30BaHNeM nOpTaTHBHOrO npH6opa nposepKH 

JIbIXaHHSI Ha HanH4He anKOrOnsi, nOKa3ana ce6x 344eKTHBHbIM 

CpeJjCTBOM 06Hapy)KeHHSI BOJjHTenSI B COCTOSIHHH OnbSIHeHHSi. KorJja 

nOnHLjHSI BO MHOrHX cTpaHaX onNpaeTCA Ha BHeIIlHHe npN3HaKH, 

TaKHe KaK Hepa360p4HSa5I pe4b, 6neCTSILIjHe rna3a HAM 3anaX 

anKOrOJIA, OnpeJjeneHHe MO)KeT 6bITb HeHaJje)KHbIM, a CJjep)ICHBaHHe, 

TaKHM 06pa3oM, He CTOnb 3(14eKTHBHbIM. Taubenslag H Taubenslag 

(1975) nHluyT O nonbITKaX ycHneHHSI BbIHOJIHeHHIO JjOpO)KHbIX 

3axox0s Ha Jjoporax nonHljel-ICKHMH BO CI:nopHJje, rJje nposepxa 

JjblxaHHSI nposoJjHnacb y BCeX soJjHTeneÎ3, KOTOpbIX naTpynb 

OCTaxaBnHBan, npOBOJjHn 06bI4HyI0 nposepxy (BOJjHTenbcxi3e npaBa, 

3anep)ICaHHe 3a BO)iCj(exxe B HeTpe3soM COCTOSIHHH HnH JjpyroH 

nepe4eub) H 3TM OTnyCKan BOJjHTenSI. OHH 06Hapy)ICHJIH, 4TO 

TOnbKO OJJHH H3 4eT6IpeX BOnHTeneIi C ypOBHeM CAK 60nee 100 Mr% 

6bInH JjeHCTBHTenbHO apeCTOBaHbI. gpyrHe 6bInH OTnyujeHbi nocne 

MHHHManbHOrO OnpOOa. 3TOT pe3ynbTaT nOJ[Jjep)KHBa1OT Vingilis, 

Adlaf H Chung (1982), KoTOpble o6Hapyx(HnH, 4TO B Kaxa,ge 95% 

BoJjHTeneii c yposxeM 6onee 80 Mr% (HpeJjen no 3aKO1-Iy) 6bInH 

222

OnpOUleHbl KpaTKO B npOBepo4HOM [IyHKTe H HX peanbHblli ypOBeHb 

O[1bAHeHMA He 6bin 06Hapy>KeH. 

"LIeulNpcxNH 611NTu" (Ross, 1977) npeAOCTasnsleT Aannble o6 

34)(l)exTe nOBCeAHeBHOTO HaA3opa noJINuNN. ,aelICTB[ie AKTa no 

6e3onacHocTH Aopor BeJINKO6pHTaHNN 1967 r. 6b1JIO BOCCTaxOBJIeHO 

B 3TOM OAHOM OKpyre rnaBHbIM KOHCTe6JIeM, KOTOpbI[i npMKâ3an 

CBOHM OCtNIJ;epaM npOBepATb AbIXaH11e BCeX BOA11TenefI - yl-IaCTHNKOB 

asapNli [HIN KorAa KTO-JIN60 6b[JI B11HOBHbIM B AOpOmKHOM 

HapyuIeHMM, H BbIS[CHATb eCTb Jill 3AeCb BO3Ae[iCTBMe aJIKOTOJIA. 3Ta 

nOJINTiiKa np11sena K HeMeAneHHOMy cOKpau(eHNK) Cepbe3HbIX H 

CMepTeJIbHbIX TpaBM, HO 6blJla npeKpauleHa 4epe3 MeCAu H3-3a 

AaBneH11A O6weCTBeHHOCTN. 3TOT cny4ali IiTIJI[OCTpNpyeT, LITO Mepbl 

nOnMu11M no BbInOJIHeHN[O 3aKOHa, 'mime KaK O6uINpHble 

Bb160p04Hble nposepKM BoANTeneïa, 3aBNCAT OT 06u1eCTBeHHOM 

noA,itep>KKN. IZOAsep>KaHNe MOTNBa111411 nOJINL[NN Tame BaXCHO, a 

nOnMueIiCKMe, KOTOpble ycneuIHO pa60TalOT 110 BbI110JIHeHMIO 3aKOHa 

B uenAX CAepXCNBaHNA HeTpe3BbIX BOA11Teneli, MOryT, TM He McHee, 

MCnbITblBaTb pa3o4apOBaHNe 113-3a yMeHbuIeHNA 4NCJIa BOAMTene{7, 

KOTOpbIX OHM apeCTOBbIBaIOT 3a BO>ICAeH11e B HeTpe3BOM COCTOAH11M 

(Homel, 1988). 

ypOBeHb aJIKOI'OJIbHOrO OnbAHCHNA npoCpeCC11OHanbHblX 

BOANTeJIeN ABJIAeTCA 0006oIi 3a6oTON BO MHOrMX NHAyCTpNâJIbHbIX 

CTpaHaX. r1OJIaraIOT, 4TO np0[kCCMOHanbHble BOANTeJIH AOJI>KHbI 

[111Th MaJ10, TaK KaK âJIKOrOJIb HeCOBMecTMM C BO>ICAeHMeM. B CILIA 

AOnyCTNMbIIi [1peAen CAK ARA npOCpecCNOHâJIbHbIX BOANTeJIeli 

rpy3OB11KOS ropa3Ao HH>Ke ypOBHA AJIA HenpOs4)ecCNOHâJIbHbIX 

BoA11Teneli (Committee on Benefits and Costs of Alternative Federal 

Blood Alcohol Concentration Standards for Commercial Vehicle 

Operators, 1987). 

AJIKoronb H 6e3onacHocTb Ha AOpOraX He OrpaH11411BaeTCA 

TOnbKO BOnpOCOM O BOAMTenAX. lZpOrynKa B HCTpe3BOM COCTOSIHMM 

Tame MO>KeT np11HeCTM BpeA. B 11ccneAOBaHM11, npOBeAeHHOM B 

AHrnNN, 6bIJ10 06Hapy>KeHO, LITO nonaBUl11e B aBap11[O neuleXOAbI, 

TaK xce KaK H TpaBMNpOBaHHble BOANTenM, NMenM B6ICOKMIi ypOBeHb 

anKOrOJIA B KpOBH, B COOTHOU1eHMM 5 K 7 (Everest, 1993; 

Holubowycz, McLean and Kloeden, 1993). B CLllA 50% cMepTeli 

B3pocnhlX neu[exoAos npHxOANTCA Ha neulexo,gos C yposueM CAK 

100 Mr% H Bhlule (Blomberg and Fell, 1979). B TO spew' KaK BO 

MHOFHX 4aCTAX MMpa nbAHCTBO B O6ujeCTBeHHOM MecTe MONCeT 

223

CLiHTaTbCM HapyLneHHeM 3aKOHa HRH nOBOAOM Z(JIA BMeIIIaTenbCTSa 

nOnHL(HH, OHO pe,Ijxo OnpeAenMeTCM B rUlaHe xaKOro-nH6o yposHSi 

CAK. ECnH nbHHbIIi He npHLIHHSieT 6ecnoxoFicTSa, ero HRH eë MOryT 

OCTaBHT B nOKOe. 3aKOHbI O nbMHCTBe B 06LLl;eCTBeHHOM MeCTe 

06bI4H0 cny)KaT ARM BHeIHHerO npHRHLIHSi, a He AnSi 6e30naCHOCTH. 

7.1.3 C,g@pHCNBaHN@ BO)K,g@HNA B H@Tp@3BOM COCTOSIHNN: 

HaKa3aHN@ 

gpyraM Ba>KHaSI T-IaCTb cTpaTeriiH c,Eiep)KHSaHHSI - 3TO cyposoCTb 

Haxa3aHHM. Bo MHOrHx cTpaxax 6onee 20 neT Ha3aA Haxa3aHHe 3a 

Bo)iCAeHHe B HeTpe3BOM coCTOSIHHH 6b1no CAenaHO 6onee CypoBblM H 

BepOMTHOCTb ocy)KAeHHSI 3a Bo)KAeHHe B HeTpe3BOM COCTOSIHHH 

nOBbICHnaCb. 3AeCb MbI rOBOpHM He TORbKO O nepBHLiHOii 

npOcIHRaKTHKe BO)KZIeHHM B HeTpC3BOM COCTOMHHH (Tax Hâ3bIBaeMOM 

o6HjeM cAepaCHBaHHH), HO TaK)Ke O TOM, r-iTO B KpHMHHOJIOrHH 

Ha3blsaeTCM CneuH(IHLixbIM c,ijep)KHSaHHeM - npoCiHMaKTHKe 

noBTOpeHHSI HapynleHHM. 

Kai( 6bino o6Hapy)ICeHO, CaMOIi 3CI(tleKTHBHOii cTpaTerHeii 

Haxa3aHHM MBnSICTCM noTepM npIisHnerHH BOXCAeHHM. Peck H Ap. 

(1985) B CBOeM o63ope AaHHbIX HCCneAOBaHHii no Haxa3aHHIo 

npHHInH K 3aKRIO'IeHHIO, 'ITO CpeAH 06bIT-IHO npHMeHMeMbIX CaHKL[HIi 

npHOCTaHOBKa AeiiCTBHSi BOAHTenbCKHX npas 6bina CaMOii 

3ci(tleKTHBHOii. Tashima H Peck (1986), Sadler H Perrine (1984), 

McKnight H Voas (1991) o6HapyxcHRH, HTO cpeAH BTOpHiIHo 

HapyLHHBLHHX 3aKOH O BO)KAeHHH B HeTpe3BOM COCTOMHHH, Te 

BOAHTenH, AeriCTBHe npas KOTOpbIX 6bIM0 npHOCTaHOBneHO, HMenH 

BHOCneACTBHH 6onee HH3KHÎ1 ypOBeHb HeC'IaCTHbIX Cny'-IaeB B HbMHOM 

BHAe, 'ieM Te, KOrO OTnpaBnMnH Ha Re'ieHHe OT aRKOrOMH3Ma. CMOTpH 

TaKxce o63op Waller (1985). 

Nichols H Ross (1988) s o61uHpHOM o63ope MexcAyxapoAHOii 

HCCneAosaTenbcxoii nHTepaTypbl npHHInH K BbIBOAy, 'ITO "nHLLIeHHe 

BOAHTenbCKHX npas o6naAaeT HaH60RbLHHM HHAHBHAyaJIbHbIM H 

06LqecTBeHHbIM nOTeHLjHânOM cAepMCHBaHHM" cpeAH BCeX 

npHMeHMeMbIX CaHKI(HIi. 3TOT BbIBOA OCHOBbIBâJICM Ha AaHHbIX H3 

ABCTpanHH (Homel, 1981), IIIBeHHH H HopserHH (Votey and Shapiro, 

1985) H CLLIA (Tashima and Peck, 1986; Zador et al., 1988). 

ECMH 06 3(IJ(IJeKTHBHOCTH npHOCTaHOBKH AeiiCTBHM 

BOAHTenbCKHX npas eCTb BeCKHe AOKa3aTenbCTBa, TO ouenxa 

3aKRI04eHHM B TIOpbMy, KaK CpeACTBa c,tiep)KHBaHHM, AaeT 6onee 

224

HeonpeJieneHHble pe3ynbTaTbl. Nichols x Ross (1988) x3yLlan14 

MeNCJryHapOAHylo xccnejjosaTenbcxyl0 nxTeparypy H He o6Hapy)Ki3nx 

y6eJ[xTenbHblX ,IjOKa3aTenbCTB TOrO, LITO TIOpeMHOe 3aKnloTieHxe 

CHx)KaeT ypOBeHb BTOpxLIHbIX apecTOB no 06BiiHeHxIO B BONCueHxx B 

HeTpe3BOM COCTOSIHNx. B CKaH,gHHaBCKxX CTpaHaX B TeLIeHxe 60nee 

50 neT npxcyNC,2lanxcb CypOBble CpOKx TiOpeMHOrO 3aKn101IeH451 3a 

BONC,aeHxe B HeTpe3BOM COCTOAHHx, OCO6eHHO 3a MHOfOKpaTHOe 

HapylueHxe. Snortum (1984) x Voas (1982) o6HapyNCxnx, HTO B 

CKaH,qxHaBCKxX CTpaHaX KOnxLIeCTBO CMepTenbHO TpaBMxpOBaHHbIX 

BoJ[xTeneH, a TaKNCe BOJ>,xTeneN C BbICOKHM ypOBHeM KOHIjeHTpaL(xH 

anKOrOJIA B KpOBH HxNCe no cpaBHeHNK) C 6OnbIIIxHCTBOM pa3BHTbIX 

cTpaH CO CpaBHHMbIM KOnxLIeCTBOM BOJIxTeneN Ha LIHCJIO HaCeneHxA. 

Votey (1978), xCIIOnb3y51 TeXHHKy 3KOHOMeTpHLIeCKHX BpeMCHHbIX 

cepxËr n0 gaHHbIM 111BeLjxx H Hopserxx, o6Hapyxcxn, LITO 

KonxLIecTBO cMepTenbHblx CJryTIaeB c BouxTenAMx coxpau.[anocb npx 

yBenxLleHxx KonxTIeCTBa OCyNCJjeHHbIX 3a BONCJreHxe B HeTpe3BOM 

cOCTOAHHx. Votey H Shapiro (1983, 1985) coo6LualoT o ,riaHHbIX, 

nOJtTBepNCJ(aioLljxX 3C1)(keKTNBHOCTb BCeX TpeX TxnOB CâHKL(xli, 

xCnOnb3yeMbIX B CKaH,qxHâBCKxX CTpaHaX (TlopeMHOe 3aKniOLleHxe, 

npxOCTaHOBKa AeiiCTB142 npaB H InTpaCpbl) B COKpaLI(eHxx BONCueHxA B 

HeTpe3BOM cOCTOAHHx. 

Zador et al. (1988) 143MepAJIx 3I141eKTIiBHOCTb TpeX THIIOB 

HaKâ3aHxA H npxlilnx K 3aKnI01IeHxIO, 'ITO npxOCTaHOBKa stieNCTBxA 

npaB 06naJ[aeT Hax6OnbLIIxM 34)(1)eKTOM. 3T0 xCCneJjOBaHxe, KOTOpOe 

OXBaTxnO HecKOnbKIiX IIITaTOB CHIA, npeJtCTaBxnO AâHHble 06 

344eKTI4BHOCTx C,itepNCHBaHHA c nOMOLI[bIO npxcyNCJ(eHNA KpaTKHX 

CpOKOB TiOpeMHOrO 3aKnIOLIeHxA 3a nepBblN cnyLlax BONCJjeHxA B 

HeTpe3BOM COCTOAHxH. 

Snortum et al. (1986) coo6LualoT, LITO npo6neMHO nbloluxx B 

HopBerxx yJlepNCxeanx OT BONCZ(eHxA B HeTpe3BOM COCTOAHxx 

yrpo3or4 TIOpeMHOrO 3aKnI011eHx51. CXO,IHble pe3ynbTaTbl 6binx 

nonyLleHbl B CllIA, nOCne BBe,iZeHxA 60nee cypOBbIX caxxLjlili 

(Nichols, 1988; Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, 1987a, 

1987b). 

Ross (1993) npxulen K 3aKnloilexxro, TITO Taxer() poAa 

HaKa3aHH51, oco6o CypoBble nOCneACTBHA XIS( OCyN(JjëHHbIX 

HeTpe3BbQ{ soAxTeneri, He ABnAIOTCSi 34:14)eKTIiBHOx ,izonrocpOTIHOH 

npeseHTxBHOIi cTpaTerxeli JjJIA 3TON rpynnbl HacenexxA, H LrrO 

34)(1)eKTHBHOe cJjepNCxBaHxe ABnAeTCA 60nee npe,anoLITHTenbxoli 

225

CTpaTerHeli. B o6LC[eM CAepxcHSaioivaA 3(1)CbeKTiiBHOCTb CypOBbIX 

HaKa3aHHii 3a BO)KAeHHe B HeTpe3BOM COCTOAHilH MO)KeT 6bITb 

cHI-vKeHa, ecnH CyAbH HnH npHCAxcxble 6yuyr pacCMaTpHBaTb 

HaKa3aHide, KaK LIpe3MepHOe H, TâKHM O6pa3OM, HeOXOTHO O6BHHATb 

H51H BbIHOCHTb npHrosop. ECTb OCHOBaHHA nonaraTb, vTo yrpo3a 

TIOpeMHOrO 3aKnlOiieHFi5I MO)KeT O6naAaTb 0006bIM CAep)KHBaK)IIjHM 

3(p(beKTOM, XOTA 3TOT 34)(tieKT, BII,TZHMO MeHbnIe nOTeHIjHanbH0r0 

3(14eKTa npHOCTaHOBKH j(eFiCTBHA npaB (Voas, 1986, Ross, 1985). 

7.1.4 Jl@4@HN@ 17FO,g@N, MHOrOKpaTHO HapyWNBWNX 3aKOH 

O BO)KA@HHH B H@Tp@3BOM COCTOAHHN, KaK np@B@HTNBHaA 

CTpaT@rIAA 

.1110Ai3, KoTOpbie nOABeprnHCb Haxa3aHFiIO 3a BO)KAeHHe B 

HeTpe3BOM COCTOAHHH 6onee TIeM OAHH pa3, oC06eHH0 3a KOpoTKNN 

nepllOA BpeMeHH, CKOpee BcerO, MHOrO nbK)T. B pe3ynbTaTe neTleHHe 

MO)KeT 6bITb Ha3Ha4eHO CyAOM KaK TIaCTb ilni! anbTepHaTHBa 

TiOpeMHOMy 3aKnIOTieHHIo. KpaTKHe 3aMeTlaHHA 06 3(14eKTHBHOCTH 

Ha3HaTMeHHOrO CyAOM neTIeHHA npHBOAATCA nO3)Ke B rnase 9 B 

KOHTeKCTe 6051ee HIHpOKOIi AHCKyCCHH 06 34)(beKTHBHOCTH neTleHliA. 

.11eTleHHe nK)Aeii, MHOëOKpaTHO HapyIIIFiBIIIi-iX 3aKOH O BO)K,TjeHHH 

B HeTpe3BOM COCTOAHilH ABnAeTCA npHMepOM napaAOKCa 

np0(pHnaKTHKH. TaKHe BOAHTenH, ilMeA BbICOKyK) CTeneHb nHTIHOrO 

pHCKa, He CO3AaK)T 60nbHIHHCTBa CB513aHHbIX C ânKOrOneM npo6neM 

(Perrine, Peck and Fell 1989). CAepxcHBaHHe 6yAymero so)iCAexHA B 

HeTpe3BOM COCTOAHHi! CpeAH BcerO HaCeneHilA, TaKilM O6pa3OM, 

ABnAeTCA HaH60nee 3(I(beKTHBHOii CTpaTerHeiï. 

7.2 HA3HA4EHVIE BO,gNTEJ1EM 

OAHOii H3 cTpaTerHii COKpameHHA CB513aHHbIX C anKOrOneM 

aBTOKaTaCTpo(l), ABnAeTCA Ha3HaTieHHe OnpeAenëHHOrO TlneHa AaHHOH 

rpynnbi nioAeH, KOTOpble co6HpaioTCA BMeCTe sbinHTb, BoAHTeneM, 

KOTOpbIÎ! He 6yAeT nHTb Hni! BbinbeT nHIIlb HeMHOrO. l'1CHOnb3OBaHHe 

"Ha3HaTleHHOrO BOAIiTenA" ABn51eTC5I nonynApHOi%I CTpaTerHeii BO 

MHOrHX cTpaHaX. AnbTepHaTHBOi%I ABnAeTCA CTpaTerHA 6e30naCHOiï 

e3AbI, KOrAa nblOn.[He HaHHMaIOT KOrO-51H60 N51H HM 06ecneTlHBaK)T 

HanHTIHe BO3MO)KHOCTH 6e3onaCHO AOeXaTb OT MecTa BbIHHBKH AO 

AoMa (Apsler, 1988). geMOHCTpauHOHHble npOrpaMMbl, HalueneHHble 

226

Ha yxpenneHHe noAxona "Ha3HaLtexne BonHTenA", noxa3anH 

nOBbILUeHHe LLHcna coo6LueHHil o6 yLiaCTHH B TaKHX nOnbITKaX 

>KHTeneli CHIA, HO 3T0 nOBbILUeHHe He MO>KeT 6bITb 6e30r0B0pOLIHO 

npunHcano oco6oH peKnaMe 3TOro nonxona (DeJong and Winsten, 

1989). KpHTHKH pelueHHA "Ha3HaLIeHI35I BoAi3TeneM" npeAnonaraloT, 

LITO 3T0 MO>KeT CnOCO6CTBOBaTb LIpe3MepHOMy H He6e30nacHOMy 

noTpe6neHnlo cpeAH npyrHx yLIaCTHiiKOB rpynnbl H MoxceT 

nOApbIBaTb aHTI-IâJIKOrOnbHble peKOMeHnaL[HH AnSI MOJIOne>iCH 

(DeJong and Wallack, 1992). KOHTpOnbHble OL(eHKÜ 34)(tieKTa 

cTpaTerHH "Ha3HaLIexxe BOAHTeneM" Ha coxpaH.teHHe CB5I3aHHbIX c 

anKOrOneM aBTOKaTaCTpO(I), OTCyrCTByIOT. 

7.3 AJIKOrO11b V1 BO)MEHV1E 11O,11KV1 

BWKAeHHe nOAKH H HoTpe6nenlie anKOrOnA TOnbxO B nOCnenHHe 

roAbl 6bino npli3HaHO npo6neMol3 o6LLrecTBexxoÎI 6e3onacxoCTii B 

cTpaHax, rAe KaTaHHe Ha nOAKe SIBJIAeTCSI OCHOBHbIM BHAOM OTAbIXa. 

B(13HHnAHAHH B 60nee nOJIOBHHbI, a B HeKOTOpbIX pai70HaX no 75% 

ncex CMepTenbHblX CnyLlaeB npH BO>KneH1-iFi nOAKH npOH3OIilnO npH 

5103HTHBHOM yposxe CAK y yLIaCTHHKOB (Pikkarainen and Penttila, 

1990). Ee30naCHOCTb BO>KneHHA MOTOpHbIX nOAOK SIBnSIeTCSI, TaKHM 

06pa30M, 065IaCTblo 06LLjeCTBeHHON O6eCIIOKOeHHOCTH B 0:13HHnSIHnHH. 

libIJIO 06Hapy>KeHO, LITO Cpenii ynpasnRloujl-Ix nOAKOIi nloneN, 

CTaBHIHX yLiaCTHHKaMH HeCLIaCTHbIX cnyLlaeB B CIllA, 50% nHnH 

cnllpTHble HanHTKH (National Transportation Safety Board, 1993), a B 

TeLIeHHe AByxneTHerO H3yLieHHA B LIITaTe KanH(tiOpHHSI 6bIJI0 

O6Hapy>KeHO, LITO ânKOrOnb ABnAeTCA (f)aKTOpOM aBapHI3HOCTH B 59 % 

HeCLIaCTHbIX CnylaeB npH KaTaHHH Ha MOTOpHOil nOAKe (California 

Department of Boating and Waterways). I'nasxOï-i npHLIHHoH cMepTH 

nloneH, yTOHyBLIIHX B pe3ynbTaTe HecLiacTHOro CnyL-IaA npH KaTaHHH 

Ha nOAKe, LI3CT0 ABnAETCA BbICOKHH ypOBEHb CAK. B-HHnAHAHH B 

70% BCeX HeCLIaCTHbIX cnyLlaes ripa BO>KneHHH nOAKH, yTOHyBII1He 

HMenH yposexb 6onee 10 Mr% (Pikkarainen and Penttila, 1991). 

Howland H Hingson (1988) npoBenH o6LLtHl3 o63op 

HCCneAOBaTenbcKHX naHHbIX no anKOrOnIO H yTOnneHHHKaM, 

BK1I011a5I nOAOLIHbIC KaTacTpO(Ibl. 

B HeKOTOpbIX HHAyCTpHanbHbIX cTpaHâX 3aKOHOM yCTaHaBnHBanCA 

npenenbHbll4 ypOBeHb CAK nJIA BOAHTeneH nOAKH, XOTA OH 06bILIHO 

BbILLIe, LIeM yCTaHOBneHHblli ypOBeHb nnA BO>KAeHHSI aBTOMO6Hn51 B 

227

Toil ?foe cTpaHe. HanpHMep, 3ax0H B cDHHnsIHAHH onpejjenAeT ypOBeHb 

CAK B 150 Mr% (no CpasHexHlo c 25 Mr% jjnA jjopor), a nposepxa 

.iZblxaxHSI Ha BOjjaX npoBOAHTCSI Ha o3ëpax B nepHOjj neTHHX MecSIueB. 

CxoAHasl nporpaMMa oCTaxOBKH H nposepKH npoBOjjnnacb B CiiiA 

npH6pexcxoli CJryxC6oii. OckleKT TaKHX 3aKOHOB o6 ypOBHe CAK Ha 

KOnHLIeCTBO nOj(OLIHbIX KaTaCTpOCl) HIM CMepTenbHblX HeCLIaCTHbIX 

CnyLlaeB CHCTeMHO He H3yLIanCA. 

7.4 AJIKOROJ1b M rPA)K,gAHCKASI ABV1AlAU1A 

Bo3jjeliCTBHe anxoronsl Ha HaBbIKH nHnoTHposaxxsl H BOxcjjeHHA 

caMoneTa ABnsIeTCSI 3HaLIHTenbxblM (Billings et al., 1991). Bbino 

nojjCLIHTaHO, LITO 30% CMepTenbHO TpaBMHpOBaHHbIX nHJIOTOB 

LIaCTHbIX CaMOneTOB 6b1nH B COCTOAHHH OnbAHeHHA (Holdener, 1993; 

Gunby, 1984). PHCK BO3HHKHOBeHHA CBA3aHHbIX C anKOrOneM 

KpynHblX KaTaCTpocli COCTaBJISIeT npejjMeT onaceHHA Ana 

KOMMepT-ieCKOli aBHauHH H, npejjnonaraeTCA, LITO nHJIOTbI jjonx

7.5 OfPAHV14EHV1A no MECTY f10TPE6J1EHVIA 

AJ1K0r011A 

11onNTNKa 3anpelljeHNSi noTpe6nSIT6 CniipTHOe B onpeAenexxblx 

MecTâX npMMeHAeTC51 B pa3nMt1HbIX liaCTAX MMpa. B CeBepHOH 

AMepHKe 3T0 O6bI1IHO 11pOBOANJ1OCb B paMKaX 3aKOHOB npOTHB 

ny6nNiiHOrO nbAHCTBa (NHOPAa, LITO6bI npeAOTBpaTNTb OnbAHeHMe Ha 

n1oAAx). He TaK j[aBHO, KaK LIaCTb nOnMTMKM 061ueCTBeHHOM 

6e3onacHocTN, 6bIJIO BBeAeHO 3anpeL[jeHNe 11oTpe6n51Tb anxoronb B 

napxax, MecTax OTu61Xa, TaxiiX KaK nnSDK, Ha pa6o9Nx MecTax HJIH B 

aBTOM06NnSIX. 

O6CyxcAeHMe OrpaHNLIeHHIi noTpe6neHHA CnHpTHOCO B 

06HtecTBeHHbIX McCTaX B KaHaAe 6bIna nposeuexo Giesbrecht M 

Douglas (1990), Murray H Douglas (1988), rue 3TH Mepbl 

paCCMaTpHBaIOTcSI, KaK CpeRCTBO COKpaTNTb KOHIIInMKT6I H HaCNnNe B 

061I1eCTBeHHbIX napKaX H CHH3HTb yXyAHIeHNe HaBbIKOB ynpaBneHNA 

y BoJZNTeneN, Bble3)KaK)Ii1NX 143 napKa, rAe BO3MMiCHbI BbIHNBKM. 

OUeHKa TaKON MyHHI.jNnanbHON 11OJ114TNKN B 3anaAHOM OHTapMO 

6bina nposeuena Gliksman et al. (1990). B noABeprHyroM 

3KCnepNMeHTy paHoHe cywecTBOBana noBblHlexnoe o6n.tecTBeHHOe 

noHNMaHNe 3THX orpaHNileHNH H noablLneHHOe )KenaHMe 

nOA11NHATbCA HM 6e3 KaKMX-11H60 N3MeHeHHH KOHTpOJ151. 3TH AâHHble 

rlpeJjCTaBNnN nepBOHaiIanbHble AOKa3aTenbCTSa, 7iTO 1110AM He 

06513aTenbH0 npOTNBOCTOAT MeCTHOH nOJINTHKe OrpaHNLIeHMA 

nOTpe6neHMA anKOrOnSI B MCCTaX 061I.AeCTBeHHOrO OTAbIXa. RO CMX 

nop He CyIIteCTByeT KOHTpOnbHOH OIjeHKM 343(tieKTOB 3T01'O pO.Ija 

OrpaHMHeHNH Ha CB513aHHble C anKOrOneM CO6bITN5I B 061HeCTBeHHbIX 

McCTaX NnM BJINAHNA Ha nocneuylolltNe CnyLIaM BO)KAeHNA B 

HeTpe3BOM COCTOAHMN. 

CTauNOHbI BcerO MNpa ABJIA1OTCA McCTOM HINpOKOMâcHITa6HOH 

CNOpTNBHOH AeATenbHOCTN n1oAeH. K TOMy )Ice, OHM ABnAIOTCA BCë 

6011ee Bâ)ICHbIM NCTOiiHHKOM AOXOAa, BKnK)LIaA npM66lnb OT npOAa)ICM 

anKOrOJIA. rOpAOCTb 3a KOMaHuy, KOrAa oHa COBMeH(aeTCA C 

nOTpe6neHMeM anKOrOJIA, MONCeT BpeMeHaMN BbInNTbCA B 6yHHOe, 

Bpaxcue6Hoe I11114 HaCNnbCTBeHHOe noBeueHMe. B CTpaHaX, rixe 

06H(enpNHATbIM CpeACTBOM e3A6I AO cTauNOHa SIBJISIeTCA nM4HbIH 

aBTOM061,111b, BO)Ic.ZjeHMe B HeTpe3BOM moue MO)KeT 6bITb u06aBneHO K 

BO3M0)KHbIM HenpNATHbIM nOCneuCTBMAM C4MTaiOn(erOCA npNATHbIM 

OTubIXa. B pe3ynbTaTe BO MHOI'NX CNOpTMBHbIX COOpy)KCHMAX 

3anpelueHO nOTpe6neHMe H npouaxca anxoronA, HAN npouaxca 

229

anxoronA 3asepUIaeTCA no xpaiiHeii Mepe 3a =lac go KoHlja 

CopeBHOBaHHii, LITO6bI COKpaTHTb ypOBeHb CAK nbiOnjil?C 3pliTenei1 

(Coleman, 1991; Fisher and Single,1987). 344eKTHBHOCTb 

n0Jj06HbIX OrpaHHLieHMii Ha CTaJjHOHaX He H3YLIanaCb. 

7.6 OT,gEJ1EHNE f1OTPE611EHV1A A11KOrOJIA OT 

OIIACHbIX C101TYALIVIN: YPOKIVI, KOTOPbIE 

HEO6XO,0,14MO YCBOATb 11 f1YT101 f1PO,gBU1)KEHVIA 

BIlEPE,q 

CeroJjHA BO MHOrHx CTpaHaX nonliTNKy npoTi3soCTOAHHA 

BO>KJgeHHTO B nbAHOM BHJje cLII3TaloT, no KpaIiHeÎ3 Mepe, LIaCTHLIHO 

ycneiIIHOii. Cni3IIIKOM MHOrO nK)Jgeli go CMX nop norn6aloT Ha 

JjopOraX, HO MaTepl-ianbl, paccMOTpeHHble B 3TOii rnaBe, 

npeJ.ZCTaBnAiOT y6e,IZ13Tenbxble JZOxa3aTenbcTBa, noKa3blsaloLljMe, LiTO 

3aKOHbI npOTHB BO>K,LjeHMA B HeTpe3BOM COCTOAHHH, KOrJga OHH 

3HeprHLiHO npeTBOpAIOTCA B>KH3Hb, ABnAIOTCA BbICOK03I1CpeKTHBHON 

rOCyJjapCTBeHHOM nOJIMTHKON B nnaHe npeJjOTSpaLLjeHHA TpaBM H 

cnaCeHHA >10H3HeN. OJgHaKO 3TH ycneXM rOCyJgapCTBeHHOii nonHTHKH 

H 06LuecTBeHHOe nOHHMaHFie He06XOJjHMOCTH eë BbIHOJIHeHMA He 

npHLLInH B OJgMH JjeHb, OHH nposOJjFUIHCb nOCTeneHHO, npH 

nOCTOAHHOM CTHMYnHpOBaHHH H nOJiJgep>KKe HCCneJjOBaTenbCKMX 

}CHJIHIi. 

r10X0>Ke 3JjeCb MbI MOACeM H3B1IeLIb HeCKOnbKO ypOKOB. OJgHH 

COCTOHT B TOM, LITO JjJIMTenbHaA pa6oTa Hag npo6neMOii, 

YCTaHOBneHMe npOiiHbIX CB5i3e11 Me>ICJZy HayKO4i H nOJIMTHKOii rUnOC 

TepneHMe MOryT npMBeCTH K 6naronpHATHbIM pe3ynbTaTaM. 

BBeJgeHHe 3aKOHOB n0 BO>iC,IjeHHiO B HeTpe3BOM COCTOAHHM MO>KeT 

6bITb Ha3BaHO "yMHOii nonHTHKOii": MbI 3HaeM, LITO OHa JgeiiCTByeT H 

nOHHMaeM, KaK yCHJIHTb eë JjeiiCTBHe. ApyrOii ypOK COCTOHT B TOM, 

LITO MbI MO>KeM yBMJgeTb 3JjeCb MHTepeCHbIFi npHMep npOBeJjeHHA Mep, 

JjeiiCTBYIOLLjMX B LjenAX HHTepeCOS o6LLjeCTBeHHOFO 3J[OpOBb5I, HO Ha 

OCHOBe 3aKOHa, KOTOpblli BbIHOJIHHM TOnbKO npn noJjgepxcxe 

o6LgecTBa H npH OCO3HaHHH pHCxa 6bITb 06Hapy>KeHHbIM H 

BO3MO>KHO apeCTOBaHHbIM. B 3aKJIK)LIeHHe MO>KHO yrBepxcJgaTb, LITO 

OnbIT n0 nonHTHKe npOTHBOCTOAHMA BO>KJgeHHIO B HeTpe3sOM 

COCTOAHHM YKa3bIBaeT HaM Ha TO, LiTO OnpeJjeneHHble B03JgeiicTBMA, 

HaLjeneHHble Ha OnpeJgeneHHble THnbI CBA3aHHbIX C nOTpe6neHHeM 

230

anKOCOnA npo6neM MoryT npxxecTH nOnb3y TaK )Ke, KaK H o6uH4e 

CTpaTeCHH THna TeX, KOTOpble MbI 06CyfflanH B JxpyrHx rnaBax. 

11To KaCaeTCA JjanbHeFiüIerO npOJjBH)KeHHA BnepeJ( no np06neMe 

BO)K,aeHHA B HeTpe3BOM BHJJe, TO 04eBHJLHa He06X0JjHMOCTb 

npOnOn)KeHHA HCCne,a0BaHHi7, JjaJIbHeNHIero pâ3BHTH51 nOnHTHKH H 

peulHTenbHOCO H IIIHpOKOMaCnITa6HOCO BbIHOJIHeHHA CynjeCTByIOmHX 

peuleHHli. CyaxeCTByIOT TaKACe HHTepeCHble BOnpOCbl Ha TeMy, KaK 

ypOKH, yCBOeHHble B CB5I3H C nOnHTHKOR npOTHBOJjeFICTBHA 

BO)KJjeHHIO B HeTpe3BOM COCTOAHHH, MOryT 6bITb pacnpoCTpaHeHbl Ha 

J(pyrHe THnbI npo6neM. MbI ynOMAHynH B 3TOII rnase HeCKOnbKo 

CXO)1HbIX 06nacTei7, r,IJe CymeCTByeT nepBblli OnbIT HOnHTHKH, XOTA 

3,4eCb JJO CHX nop HMeeTCA o4eHb MânO HCCneJjOBaTenbCKHX OL[eHOK: 

BO)KneHHe nOAKH, ynpaBneHHe CaMOneTOM H 3aKOHbI, HanpaBneHHble 

Ha perynNpoBaHHe nOTpe6neHHA anKOCOnA B o61ijecTBeHHbIX MecTaX - 

BOT HeCKOnbKO npHMepoB. Heo6XOJ(HMO ewe TBOp4CCKH nOJjyMaTb O 

upyrHx THnax npo6neM rJie, nOnb3y5lCb noJUiep)KKOÿ O61ueCTBa, 

MO)KHO pa3pa6oTaTb nonHTHKy H OTAenHTb nOTpe6neHHe anKOronA OT 

nOTeH1[HanbHON onaCHOCTH. 

231

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BOVENS R. (1987) Alcohol program: An educational program for 

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BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR 

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8 

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et al., 1988). 

242

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Kohn et al, 1984; Kohn and Smart, 1984; Sobell, et a1,1986; Kohn 

and Smart, 1987; Wilks et al, 1992). BTOT noAxoA noJiBeprancA 

KpHTHKe H Ha KOHmenTyanbHOM H Ha MeTOJjOJIOrHLICCKOM ypOBHAX 

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(Brown, 1978; Sobell et al, 1986), 51B51511OTCA JkaJIëKHMH OT peâJlbHbIX 

CHTyamtÎ4 BbInHBKH B )KH3HH. 

243

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aRKOronSl, XOTSr pe3ynbTaTbl 6bInH HeOAHO3HatIHbIMri (Kohn and 

Smart, 1984, 1987; Wilks et al, 1992). HanpHMep, B HenaBHeM 

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CyllieCTBeHHO KORHVeCTBO noTpe6n5leMOrO ânKOrOnSI (Wilks et al, 

1992). 170Ao6Hble AaHHble, cornaCHO KOTOpbIM 6011bllle My>KtrHH 

3aKâ3bIBâJIIi nFiBO HeMeAReHHO nOCne npocMOTpa peKJIaMbI, XOTSI 3T0 

pa3RHVne He COXpaHSIJIOCb ARHTCnbHOe BpeMSI, 6bInH 

FtHTepnpeTHpoeaxbl Atkin (B nevaTH) Ha OCHOBe TeopHH 

KOrHFITFiBHOro oTBeTa (Cacioppo and Petty, 1979). 3Ta Teopnsl 

rOBOpHT O TOM, tITO tlacTOe nOBTOpeHrie HHcigopMauHFr (KaK, 

HanpHMep, nOKa3 12 pORHKOB B TetreHHe 90 MFIHyT) npHBOAFiT K 

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BOCnpHHHMaeT ce. 

AHaRH3bI, KOTOpble 11bITBJ1HCb O6Hapy>KFiTb BO3AeriCTBrie 

peKlaMbl Ha noBeAeHne Ha o6o61IjëHHOM ypoBHe, 11p0BOAr3nHCb C 

nOMOIubrO 3anNceFr paCXOAOB nOTpe6HTeneN Ha peKnaMNpyeMbll-r 

TOBap KaK ItlyHKuHH BpeMeHn nOKa3a peKnaMbl. PAR 

McTOAOROrHtieCKHX npo6neM AenaeT COMHHTenbHbIMH ace 

3KOHOMeTpHtIeCKHe aHâRH3bI, KOTOpble npOBOAHnNCb n0 CHX Hop 

(Saffer, B nevaTH). B uenOM, HMeloujHecsl AaHHble npOTHBOpetrHBbI: 

HeKOTOpble nOKa3aRi4 B3aFiMOCBSI3b MexCAy 11OKa30M peKnaMbl H 

yposneM o6uiero noTpe6neHFlst, HO MHOrHe He 06Hapy>xFiJIFi TaKOBOri 

(Grabowski, 1976; McGuiness, 1980; Duffy, 1987, 1991; Franke and 

Wilcox, 1987; Selvanathan, 1989; Lee and Tremblay, 1992) 

Saffer (B nevaTH) npe,i[nono)rCFUI, trTO nono6Hble 3KOHOMeTp5ltreCKrie 

HCCneAOBaHHA HaBpSIn Till npOAeMOHCTpHpyIOT SICHyrO B3aFiMOCBSI3b 

MeKAy peKJlaMOr%I H noTpe6ReHHeM, nOTOMy trTO ypOBeHb KOnFrtieCTBa 

244

peKnaMbl anKOronA H ero noTpe6neHlie Ha ,aaHHbIN MOMeHT B 

HHAyCTpHa11bHbIX cTpaHaX ABnAeTCA TâKHM, TITO MOWHO OxCHJ[aTb 

TOnbKO BeCbMa He3HailHTenbHyiO npH6binb OT noKa3a peKnaMbl. 

EcJiH rHnoTe3a Saffer ABJIAeTCA BepHON, 6onee pe3Kne 

H3MeHeHHA B KOnHiieCTBe peKnaMbI, TaKHe KaK 3anpeT peKnaMbl, C 

6011buieN BepOATHOCTb10 nOKa3anH 6bI BnHAHHe Ha o6upN ypOBeHb 

noTpe6neHnA, LMeM KaKHe-111460 yMepeHHble H3MeHeHHA B KOnHi4eCTBe 

noKa3a peKnaMbl. B HeCKOnbKHX HCCneJjOBâHHAX H3y9anOCb BJIHAHHe 

TaKHX 3anpeTOB. gBa 143 HI4X npOBOR1inHCb B OTJjenbHbIX npOBHHiJIHAX 

KaHaAbI H 1iCI1Onb3OBaHHble MeTO,EHDI He nO3BOnAnH KOHTpO11Hp0BâTb 

BnHAHHe peKnaMbI H3BHe 3THX npOBHHIAHN. Hi4KaK0r0 3I1:14)eKTa 3TOrO 

3anpeTa o6Hapyxceno He 6bino (Smart and Cutler, 1976; Ogborne and 

Smart, 1980). TeM He Mexee, KpynHble MexCHagHOHanbHble 

HCCne,qOBaHHA BpeMeHHbIx CepHN no 3anpeTaM, KoTOpble BBOAH11HCb 

B CTpaHaX C006L1[ecTBa no 3KOHOMHLieCKOMy COTpygHHiieCTBy H 

pa3BHTHK) B 1970-e rO4bI, nOKâ3ann Hâni4il14e 3HailnTenbHOrO 

3I1-4eKTa. Pe3ynbTaTbi nOCTOAHHO AeMOHCTpnpOBanH 60nee HH3Kne 

ypOBHH nOTpe6neHNA a11Kor011A H CBA3aHHbIX C 3THM npO65IeM, TaKHX 

KaK ypOBeHb CMepTHOCTH B aBTOKaTaCTpOItiaX B TeX cTpaHaX, rAe 6bin 

BBe,gëH 3anpeT (Saffer, 1991). B cTpaHax, r,ae ,Ijei%ICTByeT 3anpeT 

peKnaMbI KpenKHX CnHpTHbIX HanHTKOB, ypOBeHb noTpe6neHHA 

anKOr011A nOi1TN Ha 16% HH)Ke, item B cTpaHax, rae TaKOrO 3anpeTa 

HeT; B TO BpeMA, KaK B CTpaHaX, r,ge ,aeNCTByeT 3anpeT Ha peKnaMy 

nHBa H BHHa, ypOBeHb nOTpe6neHHA aJIKOrOJTM 11011TH Ha 11% HHxCe, 

gem B cTpaHax, rJ(e cyn(eCTByeT 3anpeT TOnbKO Ha peKnaMy KpenKI4X 

CI1IipTHbIX HanHTKOB. ypOBeHb CMepTHOCTH B aBTOKaTaCTpO43aX 6bin 

Ha 10% HHxCe, KOrJ1a 6bina 3anpeliteHa peKnaMa KpenKHX CnHpTHbIX 

HanHTKOB, H Ha 23% HHxCe B CTpaHaX, me BMeCTe C 3anpeTOM Ha 

peKnaMy KpenKHX CnHpTHbIX HanHTKOB AeiiCTBOBan TaK)Ke 3anpeT Ha 

pexnaMy nHBa H BHHa. KOHeiiHO, BIIOJIHe BepOATHO, LiTO TaKHe 

pa3nWIHA TaiUKe oTpa)KaiOT Jtpyrne H3MexeHHA B o6n(ecTBe, 

npHBO,i1,AItuHe K TOMy, LiTO COIIHanbHblN KJIHMaT ,aOCTHraeT TON 

CTa,11HH, KOrAa 3anpeT peKJIaMbI CTaHOBHTCA npHeMneMON nOnHTHKOH 

(Young,1993; Saffer, 1993). 

B HeKOTOpbIX HCCJIeAOBaHHAX HCnOnb30BâJIHCb JjaHHble OnpOCOB 

H ,genanaCb nOnbITKa 06Hapy)KHTb B3aHMOCB513b Ha HHAHBHJjyanbHOM 

ypoBHe Mexc,gy CaMOOTLIëTOM O npoCMOTpe peKnaM6I H ApyrHMH 

COOTBeTCTByIOnIHMH nepeMeHHbIMH, BKniOilaA nOBeAeHHe H 

nO3HaHHA, O KOTOpbIX COO6HMeT CaM LIe110BeK. 3TOT 

245

HCCneAOBaTenbCKHIï nOAXOA He n03BOnSIeT H3MepHTb ,gonrocpOLIHbII%I 

HaKOIIHBIIIHIiCSI 3C1(1)eKT peKnaMbl aJIKOrOnSI, COrnaCHO 

TeopeTHLIeCKHM oCHOBaM rHnOTe3bI KynbTHBauHH (Gerbner et 

a1,1986) H TeopHH couHanbxorO o6ytIeHHSI (Bandura, 1977, 1986). 

TeM He McHee, CJIO)KHO, HCHOnb3y51 jjaHHble OnpOCOB pa3nHLIHbIX 

CeKTOpOB 061ijeCTBa, BbISiBHTb npHLIHHHOe HanpaBneHHe 

B3aHMOCBSI3H. 1libIJIO npOBeAeHO -rpm HCCne,ijOBaHHSI cpeAH 

nOApOCTKOB H MOJIOAbIX nIOAeï'r, H BO BCeX 6bina 06HapyxceHa 

He60nbulaSl, HO 3HaLIHMaSI B3aHMOCB5I3b Me)KAy npOCMOTpOM peKJIaMbI 

anKOrOJISI H 6onee BbICOKHM ypOBHeM noTpe6neHHSI, O KOT'OpOM 

C006ujaIOT yLIaCTHHKH, a TaK)ICe COOTBeTCTByiOIuHM OTHOUIeHHeM K 

anxoronlo (Strickland, 1982, 1983; Atkin, Hocking and Block, 1984; 

Atkin and Block, 1984). FibIJIO o6Hapyxcexo, LITO pexnaMa nHBa 

noBbluiaeT noTpe6neHHe rima cpe,ijH nOApoCTKOB H MonojjbIX niOljeli. 

Cornacno Strickland nSITHMHHyTHOe ysenHLieHHe npocMoTpa 

peKnaMbl anKOrOnSI COOTBeTCTByeT nOBbIUICHHIO noTpe6neHHSI Ha 

nSITb rpaMM 3TaHOna B AeHb. HanpHMep, B npOBeneHHOM cpe,tuH 

MOnOAbIX nloAerI HccneAosaHHH Atkin H Block (1984); Te, KTO 

coo6njan o LIacTOM npocMoTpe peKnaMbl nHBa H BHHa, BbInHBanH B 

cpeAHeM TpHAUaTb ßO3 nHBa 3a npeAbl,CjyIIjHFi MeCSIu no cpaBHeHHIO c 

rpynnoFi He CMOTpSIUjHX peKnaMy H noTpe6HBLUxx B cpeAHeM 

nSITHaAUaTb n03 nHBa. r10Tpe6neHHe KpenKHX CHHpTHbIX HanHTKOB 

TaK)iCe BapbHpOBanOCb B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT npocMoTpa neLIaTHOIi 

peKnaMbl KpenKHX CHHpTHbIX HanHTKOB B CpeACTBaX MaCCOBOIi 

HH(l)opMauHH. II03HTHBHOe COOTHOUleHHe, 06HapyNCeHHOe B 3T14X 

o63opax Me)KAy npOCMOTpOM peKnaMbl, nOTpe6neHHeM anKOI'OnSI H 

OTHOIIIeHHeM K anKOrOnIO npHCyTCTByeT Torna, KorAa ApyrHe, 

BHOCSIIijHe CBOI%I BKnaA nepeMeHHble, TaKHe KaK AeMOrpaCpHLIeCKHiâ 

CpaKTop, BnHSIHHe O6HjeCTBa H npOCMOTp MaTepHâTIOB cpeACTB 

MaCCOBON HH(flOpMaLjHH C HH6IM COnep)ICaHHeM HaXOASITCSI nOA 

KOHTpOneM. 

gaHHble OnpocOB Tax)ICe Co6HpanHCb AnSI H3yLleHH5I BnHSIHHSI 

peKnaMbl anKOrOnSI Ha TeX, KTO enje He nbeT. B HeAaBHeM 

HCCneAOBaHHH CpeAH AeTeri CHIA B03pacTa OT AecSITH Ao 

LIeTbIpHaAUaTH neT HCHOnb3OBanOCb HeBO3BpaTHOe MOAenHpOBaHHe 

CO CKpbITbIMH nepeMCHHbIMH AnSI OLjeHKH B3aHMOCB513H Me)ICAy 

AeTCKHM nOHHMaHHeM peKnaMbl anKOrOnSI H y6enCjjeHHSIMH o 

noTpe6neHHH H HaMepeHHH nHTb (Grube and Wallack B neLIaTH). 

gent, KOTOpble npaBHnbHO MOrnH nOHSITb 6011bLIIHHCTBO peKnaMHbIX 

246

MaTepi3anoB o nHSe, o6naj[anH 6onee n03HTHBHbIMH y6emKgeHHMMH o 

nOTpe6neHHH aRKOrOnA H rosopHnH, LITO OHH co6HpaioTcSi nHTb 

=tame, KaK B3pocnbie. 3TOT 3(1)(tleKT coxpaHSIncSI jjamKe Korga 

060IOJjHblii 34)(1)eKT 3HaHH5I H y6emKJ[eHHA HO OCO3HaHHK) peKnaMbl 

KOHTpOnHpOBânC5I. 

B OAHOM HeJjaBHeM JjRHTenbHOM HCCRe,i[OBaHHH H3yLIanaCb 

B3aHMOCB5i3b MemKJty KOnHIieCTBOM BCHOMHeHHOIi peKnaMbl anKOrOnSI 

H noTpe6neHHeM anKOrOnSi B 60nee n03J(HeM Bo3pacTe. 3Aecb 6bina 

06HapymKeHa 3Ha9HTenbHaA B3aHMOCB513b MemKgy KOnHLIeCTBOM 

peKnaMbI anKOrOnSi, KOTOpyIO BCIIOMHHnH TpHHagL[aTHneTHHe 

ManbLIHKH HOBOIi 3enaHA1114 H HX nOTpe6neHHeM nHBa, O KOTOpOM 

OHH C006njHnH CaMH B BOCCMHaJjI);aTb neT. L1aCTOTa noTpe6neHHSI 

ânKOronA B BOCCMHaJtIZaTb ReT He 6bina B3aHMOCBSI3aHa C 

KORHIIeCTBOM peKnaMbl, HO Te, KTO BCIIOMHHn 6Onbnle peKTIaMbI (B 

60nbuleii IiaCTH TeReBH3HOHHOii peKnaMbi nHBa) COO61IZHRH o 

noTpe6neHHH 6onbulero KOJIHIieCTBa nHBa BO speMA cnyHaeB 

BbInHBKH (Connolly et al, B neLiaTH). 

B HTOre, HCCneTIOBaHHA n0 peKnaMe anKOronA, KoTOpble LiacTo 

XapaKTepH3yK)T KaK npej[CTaBnAioütHe He,qOCTaTOIIHO ,ItaHHbIX H 

npOTHBOpeIiHBble pe3ynbTaTbl O BnHAHHH peKnaMbl Ha nOTpe6neHHe 

ânKOrOnA (Smart, 1988), 6binH yCHneHbl B nOCneAHHe rOgbI 

TüjaTenbHOi4 KOHIjenTyanbHOH H McTOJjOJIOrHIIecKOH KpHTHKOH 

(HanpHMep, Atkin, B nevaTH; Saffer, B neLIaTH). MemKHagHOHanbHble 

aHâRH3bI 3anpeTOB Ha peKJlaMy, HeCKOnbKO KOppenAHHOHHbIX 

aHanH3OB n0 BnHAHHIO AeNCTBHA peKnaMbl, HCKOTOpble MCTOgHIICCKH 

6onee 3HaIIHTenbHb[e 3KCnepHMCHTanbHble HCCRe,IZOBaHHA H OAHO 

gJIHTenbHOe HCCnegoBaHHe, KoTOpble HMeIOTCA CeliLIaC B HanHLIHH, - 

BCe OHH npegnonaralOT cyureCTSOBaHHe onpegenëxnoro BnHSIHHA. 

goxa3aTenbcTBa Toro, tITO BnHAHHe peKnaMbl HesenHKO, HO OHa 

BHOCHT CBOH BKRaJt B (bOpMHpOBaHHe nHTeiiHoro nOBeJjeHHM, TaKHM 

o6pa3OM, CTanH HeMHOrO cHnbHee, LieM paHbule. 

8.1.2 3cpcpeicT o6pa3oBarenbHbix KaMnaHHk cpe,gcTB 

MaCCOBON NHct3OpMaqNN 

CTpaTerHA, KoTOpaA LlacTo npHMeHSlnacb ceKTOpaMH 3ApasooxpaxeHHA 

H conHanbxoro o6ecnelleHHM - 3TO nepegaliH HRH 

ny6nHKauHH pexoMeiigal.iHH o6pa3osaTenbxoro nnaxa B Cpe,gcTBax 

Maccosoii HHItlopMaI.jHH. Ponti TenesHJZeHHA KaK cpeJjcTSa MaccoBOÎ-i 

HHcl)opMauHH H pa3BneLIeHHA, CTaxoBHnacb BCë 6onee 

247

BcenpoHlixa101ue{i, HCn0nb3OSaHne TenesHjjeHHSI cTaxoBHnocb BC 

6onee nonynSIpHbIM. r1epBOHaLIanbHble nOnbITKH npHMeHHTb 

TeneBH3HOHHble KaMnaHHH, iIT06bI nOBnHATb Ha nOBeJjeHne 

OTHOCHTenbHO BbIni3BKH H 143yiieHHe 3THX nOnbITOK, noxoxce 

I-iCXOAI-IJIN H3 TeOpeTHiieCKOii nepCneKTHSbI "npSIMOrO 3(liCpeKTa". rlpl-i 

3TOM O)iCH,11ânOCb, LITO MaCCOBaSI ay,gHTopMSI, KOTOpaH npocnyLUana 

y6eJjxTenbHble peKOMeHJlawin win HH(l)OpMaLjIiIO o6 anKorone, 6ygeT 

npAMO npocTxMynHpoBaxa K ,geHCTBHIO (Dorn and South, 1983). 

1ZOCneJjyIOLL[He KaMnaHHH cMOAenxpoBanH onpeAenenxble THnbI 

noBegeHHSI, Hcn0nb3ySI nogXOg TeopxH COnHanbHOrO 06yiieHHA 

(Bandura, 1977; 1986), H nOnblTanHCb C0o61LjHTb HHCIIopMauxlo B 

COOTBeTCTBHH C CHCTeMaMH L[eHHOCTeii pâ3nHiiHbIX CeKTOpOs 

ayAnTOpHH (Rubin, 1986; Ajzen and Fishbein 1975; Petty and 

Cacioppo, 1981). 

MHOrne KaMnaHHH CpeJjCTS MaCCOBOn nHt)OpMaLjnn BbICTynaRH 

3a "yMepeHHOe" nOTpe6neHHe anKOronSl. CiOJZa BXO,I1,HnH CTpaTeTHH 

no COKpaLL[eHHK1 KOnHileCTBa nOTpe6neHHSi, TaKHe KaK BBeJjeHHe B 

ynoTpe6neHHe 6e3a51K0ronbHblX HanHTKOB (Baber et al, 1989); 

OnnCaHHe HeraTHBHbIX 344eKTOB OnbSIHeHHSI HRH XpOHHifeCKOFO 

nOTpe6neHnA, TaKHX KaK yXy,IjLneHne CeKCyanbHblX - ilTo 

6bIR0 06-beKTOM KaMnaHHH BO CDpaHLjHH (COmltl, 1990), H onncaxne 

11O3HTHBHbIX nocneJtCTBHIi 6onee yMepeHHOFO nOTpe6neHHSi, TaKHX 

KaK BO3MO>iCHOCTH CHOpTHBHOFO nnaHa HIM ynyilLIIeHHe CeKCyanbHOii 

npHBneKaTenbHOCTn. HnnIOCTpaL[neii nOCneZ[HerO noAxoAa 6bina 

'caw-lam-1A B KanH4IOpHHH, B KOTOpOIi nnaTHaSI TeneBH3HOHHa5I 

peKnaMa, cnoc06cTByK)LLlaSI MeHbLIIeMy nOTpe6neHHK1 anKOFORA 

Hcnonb3osana TeMy " IIo6egHTenn" (Wallack and Barrows, 1983). 

ABTOpbI 3T0rO HccneAOBaHHA C0o6LL[HnH, iITO B yCROBHAX 

Coe,E(HHëxxbIx 111TaTOB, r,lIe MCTM iiacTaA TeneBH3HOHHaA peKJlaMa 

nnsa, cno)cxo 6bIR0 CO3JLaTb pexnaNMy yMepexnoMy noTpe6neHnio, 

KOTOpaA 6bl ACHO BOCnpHHHMânaCb 3pHTen51MH 

B BenHKO6pHTaHHH H HeJjaBHO B ABCTpanHH CpeJjCTSa MaCCOBOii 

HHgiOpMaLjHH nCHORb3OBanHCb JVIA peKnaMbI OnpegenëHHOrO ypOBHA 

nOTpe6neHHA anKOronA, KOTOpble Hâ3bIBânHCb pa3yMHbIMH, 

nOJIXOJjALIjnMH HRH Aaxce 6e30nacHblMH. Ha CeBepO-BOCTOKe AHFRHH, 

HanpHMep, B paMKax KaMRaHHH 1981 roJta cpeJtcTSa MaccosOH 

mutlOpMaIiHH HCn0nb30BanFiCb, iITO6bI AaTb peKOMeHaaLjHIO n0 

noTpe6neHHIo aJlKOronA. Tam CnpalunBanOCb: "IlATb nHHT mum 

KaKEiblii geHb - 3T0 CnHLIIKOM MHOFO JIM BaIIIerO 6nara. r1paBHnbHO 

248

HnH HeT?" H peKOMeHAOBanOCb nHTb Ase HnH TpH nHHTbI, ABa HnH 

TpH pa3a B HeAenIO. 3TOT peKOMeHAaTenbHbni nOAXOA npeAHa3HaLIeH 

He TOnbKO Ana cTpaH, rj(e nOTpe6nSIIOT KpenKHe CHHpTHble HanHTKH H 

nHBO H rAe 6o11biuylo TpeBory BbI3bIBaIOT oCTpble nOCneACTBH5l 

nepenoeB BO BpeMA KyTe)Keii, HO TaK)Ke npHMeHHM B O61ileCTBaX, rAe 

B TpaAHLIHH BbI3biBalOII.lee 03a60TIeHHOCTb BHHOnHTHe, 3(I4eKT 

KOTOpOrO OTpaaCaeTCSI Ha yposne XpoHHT-IeCKHX 3a6onesaHHii. 

HanpHMep, nepBasi TeneBH3HOHHa51 KaMnaHH51 BO OpaHI4HH, KOTOpa51 

npoxoAHna s 1984-1986 roAax, Aasana coo6nleHHe : "Un verre, ça va, 

trois verres, bonjour les degats" (OAHH cTaxaH - xopomo, TpH cTaxaxa 

- yTpenHHe npo6neMbl) H "pensez au deuxieme verre.... pour l'eau" 

(HaLIHHaIiTe jlyMaTb, BbIHHBa51 BTOpOIi cTaxaH - H AyMaiiTe O BoAe) 

(Ministere des Affaires Sociales et de l'Integration 1991). 

Apyroii pacnpocTpanenxoii TeMOii 6bina He06X0AHMOCTb 

H36eraTb BO)iCAeHHSI B HeTpe3BOM COCTOSIHHH (Hewitt and Blane, 

1984). K cepeAHHe BocbMHAecSITbIx rOAOB peKOMeHAaLIHH npoTHB 

BO)KIleHH5I B HeTpe3BOM COCTOSIHHH CTaJIH npeBanHpyK)IIIHM BHAOM 

pexnaMbl o6ulecTBeHHoii cny)K6b1 npasHTenbc-rsa CHIA (Atkin, 

1989), H 6bInH TaK)Ke pacnpocTpaxeHHoii TeMoii A5151 peKnaMbl 

yMepeHHoro noTpe6neHHU, KoTOpylo Cy6cHAHpoBana npoMblLUneLIHOCTb. 

TeM He Mexee, HecMOTpSI Ha nonynslpnocTb KaMnaHHii cpeAcTB 

MaccoBOli HH(popMaLIHH KaK npeseHTHBHOIi cTpaTerHH, 3aTpaTbl Ha 

HHX 6bInH HeCpaBHHMbI C 3aTpaTaMH Ha KOMMep9eCKylO peKnaMy 

anKOrOJISi. B HaH60nee qacTO ny6nHKyeMbIX HCcneAOBaHHSIX He 

H3ylIanHCb npSlMble 344eKTbI o6pa30BaTenbHblX KaMnaHHN cpeACTs 

MaCCOBON HHCtOpMaLIHH Ha nOBeAeHHe nbiOHIHX C HCHOnb30BaHHeM 

3KOHOMeTpHi-IeCKOr0 aHanH3a no AaHHbIM o6iuero noTpe6neHHSI, He 

6bIJI0 nOnbITOK O6Hapy)KHTb no AaHHbIM CaMOOTLIeTOB KoppenSlmHlo 

Me)KAy npoCMOTpoM H nOTpe6neHHeM anKOrOJTSI H OTHOIIteHHeM K 

HeMy, XOT5I B OAHOM HeAaBHeM AJIHTeJ1bHOM HCCneAOBaHHH He 6bIJI0 

o6Hapy)KeHo HHKaKOii B3aHMOCB513H MexcAy KOnHi-IeCTBOM 

BCIIOMHeHHOH yLIaCTHHKaMH onpoca peKnaMbl Ha TM "yMepeHHorO 

nOTpe6neHH51" H KOnH4eCTBOM BbInHTOCO HMH anKoronSl (Connelly et 

al, B neLIaTH). 

B 60nbLHHHCTBe oLIeHO,IHb1X HCCneAOBaHHIi BnHSIHHS1 KaMnaHHN 

CpeACTS MaCCOBOIi HH(icopMaInHH BMeCTO 3TOr0 O6bIiIHO HCIIOnb3yeTC51 

KBa3H-3KCnepHMeHTanbHa4I (PopMa, LIT06bI H3yLIHTb OTHOCHTCnbHO 

KpaTKOCpOT-IHblli 34)ctleKT KaMnaHHÎ-i Ha 3pHTen5I. FibIJIO npoBeAeHO 

HeCKOnbKO 0630pOS no OLIeHKe KaMnaHHii CpeACTS MaCCOBOii 

249

HHCtlopMauRR, xoTOpbfe nposoAHnHCb B 1970-x ro,gax H B 1980-x 

roAax. Bce OHR COBnanR BO MHeHHH, 'ITO 6onbHIHHCTBO KaMnaHHIi 

npOAeMOHCTpHpOBanH OrpaHHLIeHHblii 34)CbeKT Ha y6excAeHHA R 

n03RuHIO 3pHTeneli H HHKaKOTO BnHAHHA Ha c006LZaeMOe 

yHacTHHxaMH onpocoB nOTpe6neHHe aJlKOronA (Wallack, 1980; Blane 

and Hewitt, 1980; Dorn and South, 1983 ; Moskowitz, 1989). 

3TOT BbIBOA 614n CAenaH BHe 3aBRCHMOCTH OT HCLOnb30BaHHOTO 

noAxoAa. HanpHMep, xaMnaHHA CHIA "IIo6eAHTenH" He 

npoAeMOHCTpHpOBana HHKaKOTO BnHAHHA Ha o6eCHOKOeHHOCTb no 

nOBOAy anKOTOnA, HH KaKHX-111460 143MeHeHHIi B noTpe6neHHR, no 

c0o6LjeHHSIM CaMHX y'iaCTHHKOB. C nOMOLL[bI0 KaMnaHRIi CpeACTB 

MaCCOBOLi HH(i)OpMaLtHH CTeneHb nOHHMaHHA yposxefi BbIHHBOK 

nOBbICHnaCb, HO 6e3 KaKoro-nH6o BHAHMOTO B03AeiïCTBHA Ha 

noTpe6nexne (Budd, Gray and McCron, 1983; Lefler and Clark, 

1990). 

CynIecTByeT Hecxonbx0 HCKniOLIeHHIi 143 3T01-0 O6LLjerO BbIBOAa 

o6 OTCyTCTBHH Bo3AeIiCTBH51 Ha noBeAeHHe. HaH6onee 

pacnpocTpaHexnble R3 HHx Ha6n1oAanFicb, KorAa HaL(enexxble Ha 

npociRnaKTHKy BOKAeHRA B HeTpe3BOM COCTOAHHH TeneB143140HHble 

KaMnaHRH, CO'IeTanHCb C ApyrHMH MepaMH, TaKHMH KaK 

HHARBHAyaJlbHble HHCTpyKL(HH n0 HCHOnb30BaHHIO npH6opa arm 

H3MepeHHA ypOBHA aJIKOronA B KpoBH (Worden et al, 1989), H 

Bb160pOLIHa51 npOBepKa AbIXaHHA (Homel, 1988). KaMnaHHH npOTHB 

BoKAeHHA B HeTpe3BOM COCTOAHHH '-IaCTO AafOT ACHbIO peKOMeHAaL(RR 

B OTnH'iRe OT KaMnaHHFi no yMepCHHOMy RAR pa3yMHOMy 

nOTpe6neHHio, R 3T0, B03MO>KHO, BHeCJIO CBOIi BKnaA B HX 

OTHOCHTenbxblli ycnex (Moskowitz, 1989). 

CoHeTaHRe KaMnaHHIi CpeAcTS Maccosoii HHctoopMaLtHH c 

ApyrHMH 6onee HHAHBHAyanbHO HanpaBneHHbIMH B03AeNCTB4IAM14 

Taxxce AanO HeKOTOpble npH3HaKH BO3MO)KHOCTH BbI3BATb 

OnpeAeneHHble H3MeHeHHA. HanpHMep, Ha H3MeHeHHe nOTpe6neHHA, 

O KOTOpOM C006LganH CaMH y'IaCTHHKH, TeneBH314OHHaA KaMnaHHA, 

KOTOpaA peKnaMHposana TeXHHKy noBeAeHHA CHHxcafoLi[yIo 

nOTpe6neHHe, nOBnHAna TOnbKO TOrAa, Koma 3Ta KaMnaHHA 

COnpOBOxKAanaCb nHCbMOM, HOCnaHHbIM AO Ha.'iana KaMnaHHH 

(Barber et al, 1989). Taxxce CTOHT 3aMeTHTb, 'ITO 3Ta KaMnaHHA 

6onbLne Mo,iZenHpoBana oco6blli THn noBeAeHHA, 'IeM nblTânacb 

H3MCHHTb oTHOL1eHHe. TaKxce HMeIOTCA HeKOTOpble AaHHble O 

He6011bLHOM 34L1 leKTe Ha nOTpe6neHHe anKOTOAA CpeAH noApOCTKOB 

250

IllKOnbHHKOB, KOr,i[a peKOMeHAaL(HH CpcACTB MaCCOBOii HHpOpMaLuHH 

KOM6HHHp0BanHCb CO CneLjHanbHOli IIIKOnbHOIi nporpaMMOIi, 

KOTOpaA BKniOLIana B ce6A AOMaIIIHioIO pa6oTy, L[enbi0 KOTOpOii 6bIJI0 

npHBneveHHe poAHTeneH (Pentz et al, 1989). TaxHM we o6pa3oM, 

KaMnaHHH CpeACTS MaCCOBOH HHCPOpMaI(HH, KOTOpble ABnAnHCb 

LIaCTbIO BCeCTOpOHHeIi npOrpaMMbl AeriCTBHIi Ha McCTHOM ypoBHe, 

npHBOAHJIH K COKpaLIteHH10 TpaBMaTH3Ma Ha AOpOraX (Hingson, et al 

1993). 

KaMnaHHH cpenCTB Maccosol4 HH(popMaIjHH MOT Tax)Ke 

BHOCHTb CBOI4 BKna,T; B Co3,I[aHHe COLjHanbHOrO KJIHMaTa BOKpyr 

nOTpe6neHliA anKOrOnSI, Rance KOr,Tja KaMnaHHA nepBOHaLIanbHO 6bina 

COpHeHTHpOBaHa Ha HH,I1HBH,ayyanbHOe nOBeAeHHe OTHOCHTCnbHo 

BbInHBKH r1pH OueHKe npOBeAeHHOH B HOSOH 3enaHAHH KaMnaHHH, 

KOTOpa3I 6bIJIa HaL(eneHa Ha "yMepeHHoe nOTpe6neHHe" cpeAH 

MOJIOA6IX n6I0II.1HX My)KLIHH, 6bIJIO 06Hapy)iCeHO, LITO niOAH, 

nouseprulHecx B03AeFiCTBHI0 xaMnaHHH cHnbnee noJlnep)KHBanH 

aHTHanKOTOnbHyK) nOnHTHKy B cd)epe AOCTynHOCTH, LjeH H peKnaM6I 

no CpaBHeHHIO C )KHTenAMH ropouos, He nOABepraBlIIHxCA 

BO3AeIiCTBHIO KaMnaHHH (Casswell et al, 1989). KaMnaHHA cpeACTB 

MaCCOBOii HHCpopMauHH ycneLQHO nOBbICHna OCO3HaHHe H CTeneHb 

nOAAep)KKH nonHTHKH no AOCTynHOCTH anKOronA B McCTaX OTAbIXa B 

OHTapHo (Douglas, 1990; Glicksman, 1986). KaMnaHHH cpeAcTs 

MaCCOBOH HH(pOpMaIjHH MOryT CO3JjaBaTb npaBosoe OCHOBaHHe ,I[JIA 

AeiïCTBHH Ha McCTHOM ypoBHe, HaLjeneHHbIX Ha npO(pHnaKTHKy 

anKOronbxblx npo6neM (Grant and Room, 1983). 

IIoABOAA HTOrH, MO)KHO CKa3aTb, LITO Te nOnbITKH OgeHHTb 

344exT KaMnaHml cpeAcTB MaccosOï-i HH(1)opMaLjHH Ha noBeAeHHe 

n610ujHX, rAe HCIIOnb30BânaCb KBa3H-3KCnepHMeHTanbHaA (pOpMa, B 

061I(eM, He CMOrnH yCTaHOBHTb 3HaLIHTen1,HOTO B03AeNCTBHA 3THX 

KaMnaHHN Ha noTpe6nenxe. KorAa KaMnaHHH COnpOBONCAanHCb 

HH6IMH Me)KnHLIHOCTH6IMH H C(pOKyCHpOBaHHbIMH Ha nOJIHTHKy 

B03AeIiCTBH5IMH, HM yAaBanOCb BHeCTH CBOI%I BKnaA B H3M0H0HHe 

nOBeneHHA. 

8.1.3 OpraHH3a4NSi iQ@NCTBNN Ha M@CTHOM ypOBH@ 

ACxCTBHA Ha McCTHOM ypoBHe ABnAiOTCA L[eneHanpaBneHHbIMH 

yCHnHAMH, KOTOpble rlpeAnpHHHMaiOTCA B McCTHbIX yCJIOBHAX AnA 

TOTO, LIT06bI nOBnHSITb Ha TO, KaK nK)AH nbiOT HJIH LITO AyMaIOT O 

noTpe6neHHM anKOTOnA. OHM LuMpe, LIeM AeiïCTBMA, HCXOAAII.jHe H3 

251

oAHOrO HCTOLIHHKa, -mime KaK npeAnpliHiiMaeM6Ie B ytlpexC,IjeHFISIx 

o6pa3oBaxi35i HRH upasooxpaxeHHSI. BMeCTO 3TOro co3,IIaIOTCSI 

aJIbSIHCbI Ha McCTHOM ypOBHe MexCAy HeCKOJIbKiiMli CeKTOpaMi3, TITO 

TIacTo npHBOAHT B pe3yJlbTaTe K MHOrOCTOpOHHeMy nOAXOAy. 

r1oAo6Hble nporpaMMbl LracTO COLIeTafOTCA C KaMnaHHAMH CpeACTB 

MaCCOBOii HH(bOpMaL[HH, LITO6bI BOCHOJ1b3OBaTbC51 AOHOJIHHTeJIbHbIMH 

npeHMyLueCTBaMH, KOTOpble MOryT 6bITb nOJIyLIeHbI 6JiarojiapA 

(tlyHKuHH TeJIeBIineHIiSI CTâBHTb BOnpOC Ha nOBeCTKy AHA (McCombs 

and Shaw, 1972) H B3aHMOAeHCTBHIO MexcAy peKOMeHAauHSIMH 

cpencTB MacCOBOii HHPopMaluii H MexCJIHLIHOCTHbIMH BJIHAHHeM 

(Rogers and Shoemaker, 1971). OHH TaioKe HcnoJIb3yIOT cTpaTerHH 

nOzuiepxcKH Llepe3 cpeAcTBa Maccosoii HHIl)opMagHH, LITO6bI 

npOABHHyTb HHHLiHaTHBb1 O611ieCTBeHHOii nOJIHTHKH (Wallack, 1990). 

CyluecrsyKrr HeCKOJIbKO 0ny6JIHKOBaHHbIX OLieHOLIHbIX HCCJIeAOBaHHii 

TaKHX McCTHbIX yCHJIHN. OjiHOFi H3 HIiX 6bIJIa OLieHKa npOBe,lieHHOFi B 

1980-x roAax B HOBON 3eJIaHAHH KaMnaHHH, rjie npNMeHSIJIaC6 

cPopMa KBa3H-3Kcnepi-iMeHTa. Emma nocTaBJIeHa 3aAaLIa nOJIyTiHTb 

noAAep)KKy AIN KJIIOTIeBbIx Mep rocyjiapCTBeHHON noJIHTHKH, 

BKJIIOLIaIOH(HX orpaHi3TieH1IA AOCTynHOCTH H pCKJIaMbI aJlKoroJlSi, a 

TaK)Ke nOJIHTHKy ueH. gelicTBHA Ha MecTHOM ypoBHe BKJIIOTIaJIH B 

ce6A nponaraHAy B cpeAcTBax MaccoBori HH(loopMauHH, 

061ueCTBeHHble MeponpHATHSt H co3AaHHe MexCCeKTOpaJIbHbIX 

aJI65IHCOB, TITO6bI 06eCneLiHTb pa3BHTHe MeCTHOH nOJIHTHKH B 

HHTepecaX O6LueCTBeHHOrO 3.ApaBOOXpaHeHH2 (Stewart and Casswell, 

1993). TaioKe npOBOAHJIHCb KaMnaHHH noA,Iepx

TOM, HTO6bI Onpe,ÿenHTb, MO)KHO Bit nOBnHATb Ha o6ulee 

paCnpeneneHHe nOTpe6neHHA anKOrOnA B ropojje nyTëM H3MeH8HHA 

npHBbILieK B nOTpe6neHHH anKOronA y 3Ha'-IHTenbHOTO 'iliCna 

3nOynOTpe6nAioIIIHX anKOrOneM nHIj C nOMOIIIbio npOBOZIHMbIX OJaH 

Ha OjIHH 06y'IeHHA H KOHCynbTHpOBaHHSI. ApyTHe aCneKTbl COCTOAJIH 

B CTI-IMynAIIHH ZIOIIOJIHHTenbHOH nporpaMMbl H nOnHTHLIeCKHX 

HHHLIHaTHB nyTëM M0614JIH3aLIaH H OpraHH3aIIHH McCTHOTO 

HaCeneHHA. Pe3ynbTâTbl noKa3anH, tiro nOTpe6neHHe aJIKOronA, O 

KOTOpOM C006njanH CaMH y'iaCTHHKH ,IIaHHOii KOHCynbTaljHOHHOii 

nporpaMMbl, 3Ha9HTenbHO COKpaTHJIOCb. TeM He McHee, He 

Ha6niOjlanOCb 3HaLiHTenbHOTO CHIDiCeHHA B O61lIeM KOnHLIeCTBe 

anKOTOnA, npojlaHHOrO B npejjenaX pIaHHOTO ropolla. Kax noxa3an 

onpoc HaCeneHHA, He Ha6nI0Aan0Cb H CyIIIeCTBOHHOTO cjlsHra B 

pacnpeJ.IeneHHH nOTpe6neHHA anKOronA. 

OAHHM H3 npOCKTOB ,IIeIiCTBHii Ha MCCTHOM yposxe, KOTOpbIH 

npO,qcMOHCTpHpOBan 34CI)eKTHBHOCTb B COKpaIIIeHHH HaHOCHMOTO 

anKOTOneM Bpe,ila, 6bin npOeKT, HaueneHHblli Ha: BOAC,rIeHHe B 

HeTpe3BOM COCTOAHHH, BeCbMa pHCKOBaHHOe nOBejleHHe ripa 

BO)K,aeHHH, CMepTb H TpaBMaTH3M B aBTOKaTaCTpOCliaX (Hingson et al, 

1993). 3ToT npOeKT BKn10'Iân B ce62 IIIKOnbHOe o6pasoBaHHe; 

KaMnaHHH no HHC1)opMHposaHHlo HaceneHaA; oco6o Tpe6osaTenbaoe 

BbIIIOJIHeHHe 3aKOHa O BOACneHHH B HeTpe3BOM COCTOSIHaH H 

Co6nI0,aeHHA HHbIX npaaHn IIOpOxCHOTO ,aBa)KeHHA; npOrpaMMbI 

o6yLIeHHA OTnyCKaioüler0 anKOTOnb nepCOHana. B LIenOM, B IJ1CTM 

ropo.qaX paiiOHa, rAe ocyI.gecTBnAncA npoeKT, CHHJKeHHe KonHLIecTSa 

asapHli CO CMepTenbHblM HCXO,IIOM 66IJIO Ha nBa,gIjaTb npOgeHTOB 

6onbnle, 'ieM Ha OCTânbHOii TcppHTOpHH IIITaTa. 

OIjeHKa noJjXOjIOB jIeHCTBHiI Ha McCTHOM ypOBHe ABnSIeTCA 

OTHOCHTenbHO HOBbIM, HO paCTynjHM noneM npHJlo)ICeHIiSI yCHnHii 

ânKOTOnbHbIX HCCnejIOBaHHN. Ha jlaHHblil MOMeHT gOKâ3aTenbCTBa HX 

BnHAHHA Ha anKOTOnbHble rip06neMbl OrpaHaHeHbl, HO 3Ta CTpaTerHA 

jIOCTOIiHa ZlânbHeliLIIaX HCCne,IIOBaHHii. 

8.1.4 ÎlpOrpaMMbl 06pa30BaTeJlbHblX r4pe)KgeHNM 

O6pa3oBaTenbHble npOrpaMMbl B IIIKOnaX 6bIn4 IIIHpOKO 

paCnpOCTpaHeHHbIM H nOnynApHbIM nojlXOjIOM. PaHHHe nOnbITKH 

6bIJIH nepBOHa4anbHO OCHOBaHbI Ha MOjIenH "3HaHHe - OTHOIUeHHe - 

nOBejleHHe", HCCMOTpA Ha oTCyTCTBHe 3MnHpaHeCKOi4 nO,a)TepxcKH 

3TON KOHIjenLIHH (Moskowitz, 1989). Ilocne,rzyiolgae nOnXoAbI 

253

B1(nI04âJIH B ce6A 06y4eHHe pa311H4HbIM COUHanbHblM HaBbIKaM, C 

npeAOCTâsneHHeM TeXHHLieCKOH HHCliOpMauHH no aJIKOronIO H 

nOCne,gCTBIiAM ero nOTpe6neHHA. IIOAXOA COuHaJIbHOrO BJIHSIHHSI 

BKJIiOLiaeT B Ce6A B03AeFiCTBHA, HaueneHHble Ha npez(nonaraeMble 

CpaKTOpbI BnHAHHA Ha nOTpe6ReHHe âJlKoronA: noBeAeHHe 

cBepCTHHKOS; nOSeAeHHe poAHTeneli; cpeAcTSa MaCCOBON 

HH(lOpMauHH; o6y4eHHe HaBbIKaM npOTHBOCTOAHHA, noMoraioiuHM 

COnpOTHBJIATbCA AaBneHH10 npHHHMâTb HapKOTHKH; CHRbHble KOHTpapryMeHT6I 

HnH 1303M0)KHOCTb nonpaKTNKOBaTbCA B ânbTepHaTHBHOM 

nOBeAeHHH; 06y4eHHe )K143HeHHbIM HaBbIKaM, KOTOpble MOryT 

nOMOT-Ib CTyAeHTaM B npOTHBOCTOAHHH nOTpe6neHHIO HapKOTHKOB 

(Botvin, 1987; Hansen et al, 1988; Gerstein and Green,1993). Apyroii 

nOAXOA MeHee copi3eHTHposaH Ha BnHAHHe couxaJI6HOro oxppiCeHHA, 

a 6onee Ha BnHAHHe Ha R144HOCTb 4epe3 yny4HieHHe caMooueHKH, 

pa3BHTHe yMeHHA cnpaBHTbcA co cTpeccoM, 4epe3 npoACxeHHe 

CHCTeMbI ueHHOCTeii H pa3BHTHe yMeHHA npHHHMaTb peLUeHHA 

(Hansen et al, 1988: Gerstein and Green, 1993). 

HecMOTpA Ha 6on61tloe KO11144eCTSO Ouex04HbIX HCCneAOBaHHIi 

nporpaMM nepsH4HOii npO41HnaKTHKH B y4peKAeHHAx o6pa3osaHNA, 

AO CerOAHAIIIHerO AHA pe3yJlbTaTbl He Aa1OT nOBOAa ARA oIITHMH3Ma. 

B csoxx o63opax Staulcup et al. (1979), Goodstadt (1978, 1980, 

1989) H 3aTeM Moskowitz (1989) npHLIIRH K CXOAHOMy 3aKJII04eHIiIO. 

Ho MaTepHanaM nHTepaTypbl, KOTOpaA oueHHSaeT Ha4âR6Hyi0 H 

CpeAHIOIO CTyneHb o6pa3oBaTenbHblX nporpaMM CepeAHHb1 1980-x 

ro,gOB, Moskowitz cAenan cneAyloLuiie BbIBOA61. BO-nepBblX, 

06pa30BaTenbHble npOrpaMMbl B OCHOBHOM 6bI11H He344eKTHBHbI B 

npOCpHnaKTHKe noTpe6neHHA anKorORA; XOTA MHOrHe npOrpaMMbl 

6bInH yCneiHHbIMH B nnaHe nOBbILIIeHHA 3HaHHii, TOR6K0 HeKOTOpble 

nOBnHAnH Ha OTHoLHeHHe, H eH(C MeHbHlee HX 4HC110 nOBnHARO Ha 

nOTpe6neHHe. BO-BTOp6IX, 60116LHHHCTBO HCCneAOBaHHii CTpaAaIOT 

Cepbe3HbIMH MeTOA0110rH4eCKHMH HeAOCTaTKaMH, 4TO nOApblBaeT 

1303MO)iCHOCTb AenaTb BbIBOAbI 06 344eKTHBHOCTH npOrpaMMbi. B- 

TpeT6HX, B 60nbHIHHCTBe OueHOK He OnpeAenAIOTCA uenH H 3aAa414 

nporpaMMbl, He OnHCblsaeTCA HaCeneHHe, H36paHHOe o6'beKTOM 

AeiiCTBHA. l'iOnee TOrO, A0KJIaAbI coo6LuâJIH TOnbKO O BHeIIIHeM 

OniicaHHH nporpaMM H HccneAoBaHHA He oueHlisaJlH 11011HOTy 

BbIHORHeHH51 nporpaMMbl (Moskowitz, 1989). 

CaMble nOCneAHHe HCCneAOBaHHA BKJII04a1oT HeKOTOpble 

pa60TbI, KOTOpble o6pautaloTCA KO MHOrHM yKâ3aHH6IM 

254

MeTOAonorwiecKHM npo6neMaM. OHH cTapaioTCA OueHHBaTb 

nporpaMMbl, xoTOpbie sxniotIaioT onHcaHHbie paHee noAxo,q 

COL[HanbHbIX HaBbIKOB H noAXOA BJIHAHHA Ha nHLIHOCTb. EbIJI0 

npOBeAeHO HeCKOnbKO meTa-aHanH30B aHTHHapKOTHLIeCKOTO 

o6pa3osaHHA (Tobler, 1986; 1989; Bangert - Drowns, 1988; Bruvold 

and Rundall 1988). 3TH, a TaKxce HeCKOnbKO OpHrHHanbHblX 

HCCneAOBaHHFi 6bInH npoaxânH3HpoBaHbl Gerstein H Green (1993). 

3-ro nocneAHee HccneAosaHHe noAAepxcHBaeT c,i>;enaxxbie Moskowitz 

BbIBOAbI O TOM, 9TO He CyLLjeCTByeT nOCTOAHHOrO H3MepHMOTO 

BJIHAHHA 06pa3oBâTenbHblX nporpaMM Ha nOTpe6neHHe anKOronA, 

Aaxce 'coma TLItaTenbHO4i OLLeHKe nOAsepranHCb nporpaMMbI 

LuHpOKOMaciuTa6HOT0 COL(HanbHOTO BO3AeiiCTBH51 (Gerstein and 

Green, 1993). 

CTyAeHTbI KonneANCei7 H yHHBepCHTeTOS Cny>iCHnH 06-beKTOM BCë 

60nbIHerO LIHCna KaMnaHHN. 9TH BO3AeNCTBHA BbIpOCnH OT 3aH5ITHii B 

ManblX rpynnax, rAe Aasanacb HH(l)OpMaL[HA H npoBOAHnocb 

o6yLieHHe HnH KOHCynbTHpoBaHHe, ;Jo 6onee BCeCTOpOHHHX, 

Me)KAHCIjHnnHHapxbIX nporpaMM (Bloch and Ungerlieder, 1988; 

Caleekal-John and Pletscht, 1984), BlcnioLlaioLgHx ynpasneHHe 

yCJIOBHAMH H npOIJ;eAypOii nOAa9H anxoronbHbIX HanHTKOB (Mills et 

al., 1983). Goodstadt H Caleekal-John (1984) cAenanH o63op 

HeCKOnbKHX HCCneAOBaHHN BO3AeÎ-ICTBHN, npOBeAëHHbIX Ha 6a3e 

KonneANCa, H COO6LL[HnH O nO3HTHBHbIX 34I(1)eKTaX B nATH H3 HHX. TeM 

He McHee, Moskowitz (1989) noAllepKHBaeT, LITO BO MHOTHX 

npoeKTaX OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a ynpaBneHHe nporpaMMOFi B03naranaCb 

Ha CTyAeHTOB-Ao6pOBOnbI(eB, KOTOpble MOrnH OKa3aTbCA aTHHH7IHbIMH, 

H npHpoAa KypCa MOrna He COOTBeTCTBOBaTb ero ycneXy. 

8.1.5 3TNK@TKN Ha 6yT61J1KaX C a11KOrO17bHbIMN 

Ha11NTK8MN 

C nOMOIi[bIO AaHHbIX onpoca OLrCHHBanOCb BnHAHHe 

npeAnpHHATOii B CHIA HHHHHaTHBbI nOMeli[aTb Ha 6yTbIJIKaX 

3THKeTKH C npeAynpe>KAeHHeM O B03AeiïCTBHH anKorOnA Ha 

3AOpoBbe. 1-lepe3 IueCTb MecAL(eB nocne BBeAeHHA 3THKeTOK 

npH6nH3HTenbHO 25% OnpauIHBaeMbIX COO6LL[HnH, LITO BHAenH 

3THKeTKy, H 3Ta Iw(Ppa 6bina BbILUe cpeAH MHOrOnbiOLLIHX (KOTOpbie 

game noAsepranHCb B03AeiiCTBHK) npeAynpexcAeHHA Ha 3THKeTKe). 

Te H3 MHOronbIOLLHIX, xoTOpble BOAAT mammy nocne BbInHBKH, ewe 

vaLge BCHOMHHanH O npeAynpexcueHHH o6 onacxocTH BoxcAeHHSI B 

HeTpe3BOM COCTOAHHH H COO61IZanH O npeAnpHHATbIX HMH ivarax, 

255

tITO66l I-136eXKaTb BO)K,IIeHHA B HeTpe3BOM coCTOAxxH (Greenfield et al, 

1992). IloBblluexHe KonHVecTSa coo6tueHHH o noAo6xblx LHarax 

6bIJI0 npOTHBOHOJIO)KHO CHI-I)iCCHHK) TaKOBbIX B OHTapHO, KaHaAa, rAe 

3TI-IKeTKH BBeAeHbl He 6bIn4. 

BepeMeHHble )KeHLuHHbI 0006njIUIH O HeKOTOpOM CHH)KeHHH 

noTpe6nellxA ceMb MecAues cnycrA nocne BBe,geHHA npe,nynpexcAaloLuHx 

3THKeTOK, H 3T0 OTHOCHJIOCb K ManOnbIOLL[HM, rUIOA KOTOpbIX He 

CTOnb noABeprancA pHCKy (Hankin et al., 1993). Apyrxe 

HCCneAOBaHHA TaKxce H3yilanM: 00O3HaHHe CyLqeCTBOBaHMA 3THKeTOK, 

BOCnpHATHe pHCKa 06LueCTBOM H H3MeHeHHA B nOBeAeHMH (Mazis et 

al, 1991; Mayer et al, 1991; Mayer and Smith; 1991, Graves, 1992). B 

csoeM o63ope 3THX HccneAosaHHH Hilton (1992) npeAnonaraeT, iiTO 

AOCTHrHyTb TOTO, LIT06bI 3THKeTKH 6bInH 3aMeileHbl, 6bIn0 He nerKO, 

XOTA ypOBeHb 3TOr0 paCTeT CO BpeMeHeM, H noxoxce, LITO 3THKeTKH 

60nbIHe 3aMexaIOT B rpynnax pncxa, HaMeileHHbIX B KaveCTBe 

0fteKTa B03AeFICTBIi51. bOnbIIIHHCTBO AaHHbIX rOBOpHT o6 

OTCyTCTBHH H3MeHeHH11 B 00O3HaHHM pHCKa, H TOnbKO HeKOTOpble 

pe3ynbTaTbl rOBOpAT o6 H3MeHeHHH nOBeAeHHA, KOTOpOe MO)KHO 

OTHeCTH K AeNCTBH10 npeAynpexcAaK)IueH 3THKeTKH. 

8.2 BJIVIAHVIE HA COLIV1AJ1bHbIVI KJ1VIMAT 

COL[HanbHbIM KnHMaTOM OTHOCHTen6HO anKOrOJISI MbI Ha3bIBaeM 

Ha6op pa3nHLiH6IX MHeHMH 0 nOTpe6neH4H anKOPOJIA, OTHOIIIeHHe K 

anKOrOnbH6IM np06neMaM H OnpeAenexMe nOAXOAALuHX ARA HX 

peLneHHA Mep, KOTOpble CyIL[eCTByIOT B 061ueCTBe Ha AaHHbIÎ-1 MOMeHT 

BpeMeHli H KOTOpbIeI MO)KeT McHATbCA CO BpeMeHeM (Partanen and 

Montonen, 1988). HeneHanpaBneHHble BO3AeliCTBH51, KOTOpb1e 

noABepraloTCA oueHKe B 3TOii rna6e, H Apyriie acneKTbl o6cy)iCAexHA 

o61I4ecTBOM TeMbI anxorOnA, BepoATHO, nOMOI'yT onpeAenHTb 3TOT 

COuHanbHbIi%I KnHMaT, HO HOAO6Hble Bo3AeiiCTBHA C TpyAOM 

nOAAaiOTCA 3KCnepHMeHTânbHOMy axai-1143y. 

1lOAXOAbI, KOTOpble OHHCbIBaIOTCA B 3TOÎ-i rna6e, nepBOHailanbHo 

6bInM HanpaBneHbI Ha H3MCHeHHe HHAHBHAyânbHOrO nOBeAeHHA 

OTHOCHTenbHO BbInHBKH H OueHHBanHCb C 3THX n03HuHI4. TeM He 

McHee, He 3aBHCHMO OT TOrO, BnHAIOT JIM OHH Ha nIOAeH, iibe 

nOTpe6neHHe ABnAeTCA uenbi0 H3MeHeHHIi, OHM MOryT, TM He McHee, 

BJIHATb Ha 06LueCTBeHHOe o6Cy)KAeHHe H, TaKHM 06pa3oM, Ha 

256

COL[HanbHbIli KJIHMaT OTHOCHTenbHO anKOrOnSI. Hanpi3Mep, 

06pa30BaTenbHble KaMnaHHH CpeACTB MaCCOBOii HHCpopMaLjHH HnH 

LIIKOnbHble KaMnaHHH, ecnH OHH aAeKBaTHO cy6cHAHpyloTcx H 

npo(pecCHOHanbHO npOBOASITCS1, MOryT 6bITb CHI'HâJIOM TOFO, 1-1TO 

anKOrOnbHble npo6neMbl SIBJIAIOTCSI npeAMeTOM TpeBOrH o6mecTBa. 

TaKHM xce O6pa3OM, BO3M0)KHO, 6onee 3HaLIHMbIM 3C1(11eKTOM 

peKJIaMbI ânK0001151 SIBnSIeTCSI ee BnHSIHHe Ha COLjHâJIbHbIiI KJIHMaT 

(XOTSI npeAnonaraeTcsi onpe,genexxblil npSIMOiI 34)IpeKT). IibIJIO 

BbICKâ3aHO npeAnOJIO)ICeHHe, LITO peKnaMa aJIKOrOnSI CO3AaeT 

npeACTaBneHHe o pOnH aJIKOrOnSI B 06LI[eCTBe (Postman et al, 1988) H 

B CBOiO ovepeAb, coxpaivaeT BO3MO)KHOCTb BOnnoLL[eHHSI 

aHTHanKOrOnbHOM nOnHTHKH 06L11eCTBeHHOI'O 3ApaBOOXpaHeHHSI (van 

Iwaarden, 1983; Farrell, 1985). JIH6epanH3agHx HopM xoHTponx 3a 

pexnaMoii anKOrOJISi no TeneBHAeHHIO, xoTOpaSI 11O3BO115IeT 

H306pa)KaTb HCHO51b30BaHHe aJIKOCOnSI B CBSI3aHHbIM C 

CHnbHOAeiiCTBy10L14HMH MHCpaMH AaHHOii KynbTypbl, Cny)KHT 

CHrHânOM 60nbLUeli npHeMneMOCTH noTpe6neHHSI anKOrOn51; 

o6paTHoe yTBep)ICAeHHe COCTOHT B TOM, 9TO AeIiCTBHSI, 

HanpaBneHHble Ha ycHneHHe KOHTpOnSI HaA peKnaMOM, rOBOpSIT o 

nOBbILneHHH 03a609eHHOCTH 3THM BOnpOCOM. BnHSIHHe 3anpeTOB Ha 

pexnaMy, cornacxo AaHHbIM Saffer (1991) H Km yxce OTMevanOCb, 

MO)KeT T-iacTH7-IHO oTpaNCaTb Ae6aTbl 06H(ecTBa Boxpyr BBeJteHHSi 

nOAO6HbIX OrpaHHi-IeHHii H TOT CpaKT, LiTO COL[HanbHbIli KnHMaT 

AOCTHr cTaAHH, KOrAa BO3M0)KH6I nOA06Hble AeiiCTBHSI. 

BnHSIHHe 1-1OA06HbIX B03AeliCTBHii H ApyrHx aCneKTOB 

o61uecTBeHHOTO o6cyxcAeHHx Ha COL(HanbHbIN KnHMaT 14 

nocneAyiolnHe nonHTHLIecxHe AeiiCTBHSI He TaK npOCTO OL(eI-IHTb. 

Henb3SI Tax)ICe AenaTb npeAnonoxceHHSi o xapaxTepe BnHSIHHSI Ha 

COljHanbHblii KnHMaT HCXOASI 143 3aAaLI BO3AeIiCTBH51. HanpHMep, 

KaMnaHHH CpeACTB MaCCOBOii HHCpOpManHH H nIKOn, KOTOpb1e 6bInH 

CCpOKyCHpOBaHbI Ha AOnyCTHMbIX ypOBHSIX noTpe6neHHSI, 

noABeprnHCb KpHTHKe KaK ycHnHBaIoLLjHe O)KHAaHIie TOFO, i-ITO 

noTpe6neHHe anKOronx 6yAeT npoH3oiIAeT (Moskowitz, 1989). 

TaKHM )Ice o6pa3oM, xaK yxce o6cy)ICAanocb B rnase 7, xaMnaHHH 

cpeAcTB MaccOBOii HH4)opMaLjHH "Ha3HaLIeHHe BoAHTeneM" B 

Cesepxoii AMepiixe H B ApyrHx MecTax 6bInH pacneHexbl KaK 

BpeAHble AnSI COL1HânbHOrO KnHMaTa, TaK KaK OHH OTBneKaIOT 

BHHMaHHe OT ApyrHx n0604HbIX nocneACTBHii noTpe6neHHSI 

anKOrOJI31, He CB5I3aHHbIX C aBTOKaTaCTpOCpaMH (Divers & Zipursky, 

1993) H yBOASIT OT anbTepHaTHBHbIX, 601Iee 3414)eKTHBHbIX CTpaTerHii 

257

npoliHnaKTHKH npo6neM (DeJong and Wallack, 1992). 3aTpaT6I Ha 

aHTHanKOCOnbHOe o6pa3osaHHe B ulKOnaX MOIyT 6bITb CHrnaROM 

o3a6oLieHHOCTH 06LueCTBa anKOTORbHbIMH npo6neMaMH, HO MOryT 

TaK)ICe npHBeCTH HaC K BbIBOAy, LITO H3MeHeHHli MO)KHO AOCTHTHyTb 

cxopee Llepe3 HH,gHBH,Ijyanbxble ycHnHA, LIeM LIepe3 rocy,riapcTsexrrylo 

nonHTHxy. 

CpeTicTBa. MaccoBOli NH(loopMaL[HH, no HaIIIeMy y6e)KAeHHK), 

HrpaloT BawHylo ponb B IIOCTaxosxe Ha noBeCTKy AHA nio6OTO 

Bonpoca KaK AJIA nonHTHKOB, TaK H ARA o6ujecTSexxocTH, He 

06A3aTenbH0 rosopA nIO,IIAM, LITO HMeHHO OHH AOn)ICHbI AyMaT6, a 

cKOpee O LIëM noj[yMaTb; OCBeu[eHHe B HOBOCTAX MO)KeT 

cnoco6cTBOSaTb o6cymujeHHio Bonpoca H onpeAenATb npasoMOLIHOCTb 

BapHaHTOB nORHTHKH (Atkin, 1989; Milio, 1986). IIpH3HaHHe 3TOTO 

CtiaKTa npHSeno K TOMy, LITO rpynnbI 06eCnOKoeHHbIX rpa)K,iiaH, a 

Tax)Ke npOnaraHAHCTbI 113 o61necTBeHHOCO 3ApaBOOXpaHeHHA 

IieneHanpaBneHHO H CO3HaTenbHO nOCTOAHHO A06HBaIOTCA 

OCSeujeHHA LIepe3 cpegCTSa MaCCOBOIi HH(llOpMaLiHH OCHOBHbIX 

Bonpocos anxoronbxoii nonHTHKH. rlponaraH,Lja LIepe3 CpeACTBa 

MaCCOBOii HH(liopMauHH - 3TO "cTpaTerHLlecKoe Hcnonb3osaHHe 

cpeACTB MaCCOBOii HH(bOpMauHH AnA npOABH)KeHHA COL[NanbHblX HRH 

o6Ll(ecTBeHHO-nonHTH4ecKlix HHHL[HaTHS" (Wallack, 1990). 

Y7Ke ony6nHKOSaxO OHO HRH Asa HCCne,gosaHHA 

nponaraH,t>;HcTcxHx xaMnaHNii cpeAcTs Maccosoii HHtlopMauHH no 

ânKOTOnIO, xOTOpble npeAnonaralOT cABHr B COLIHanbHOM KJIHMaTe 

Boxpyr ânKOTORbHbIX sonpocOS, HO He MOryT HanpAMyio CBA3aTb 

AaHHble H3MexeHHA C npose,IieHHeM KaMnaHHFi. HanpHMep, 

6naroAapA HHTexcHBHO1i xaMnaHHH no nOBOAy peKnaMbl anKOrOnA B 

llIBeiivapHH, KoTOpaA s pe3yn6TaTe He npHSena K sseAeHHlo 

orpaHHLIeHHii, cpeAcTSa MaccoBOFi HHCkopMaLIHH, TM He Menee, 

CO3,ganH noHHMaHHe TODD, LITO HeB03M0)KHO 3aHHMaTbCA npo6neMaMH 

3aBHCHMOCTH, He o6pauxaxeb npH 3TOM K Ba)KHOMy BOnpOCy o 

pexnaMe (Muster, 1985). IIocneAoBasLUaA 3a npeAno)KeHHAMH o6 

H3MeHeHHH HaJIOCOB B KâRNI13OpHHH, KOTOpble 6bIRH B6IABHHyTbI B 

1990 r., 06LLINpHaA npOnaraHAHCTCKaA KaMnaHHA cpeAcTs MaCCOBOH 

HH4:lOpMaL[HH BHecna, KaK 6bIR0 nOKa3aH0, CBOii BKnaA B npOLIHbIii 

CABHr B 06LuecTSeHHOM MHeHHH no HOBO aKLjH3HOTO c6opa 

(Advocacy Institiue, 1992), 

I1OA06Hble B03AeIiCTBNA MOryT, TaKHM 06pa3OM, BRHAT6 Ha 

cOuHanbHblli KRHMaT BOKpyT nOTpe6neHHA anKOrORA, pacnpocTpaHAA 

258

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CpeACTB MaCCOBOIi HH(flOpMaL[HH HO yMepeHHOMy HOTpe6neHHKI He 

6bInH HOnyt-IeHbI jjUKa3aTenbCTSa HX 344eKTHBHOCTH. 

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paCCMaTpHBânHCb B 3TOIi rnase, oCO6eHHO XopoHlo BHAHMble H 

CHMBOnHLIHble, TaKHe KaK orpaHHLIeHHA no peKnaMe aJIKOTOnA H 

06pa30BâTenbHble HporpaMMbl CpeACTB MaCCOBOii HH(tlopMawHH 

MOryT OKâ3aTb CBOë HaH6onee 3HaLiHTenbHOe BnHAHHe CKopee Ha 

COIIHânbHblN KJIHMaT BOKpyr noTpe6neHHA anKOTOnA, HpAMOIi 

3(p(peKT Ha nOBeAeHHe nHLIHOCTH. 3TH IjenenanpasneHHble yCHnHA, 

nOALIepKHBaiOHwe BOHpOCbI 3A0pOBb31 npH o6cy>KAeHHH TeMbI 

aJIKOTOnA 06HjeCTBOM, HOKa3bIBaiOT 03a60'-IeHHOCTb o6weCTBa no 

noBOAY CB5I3aHHbIX C anKOroneM Hp06neM. 3TO 3TM CTaHOBHTCA 

IMaCTbKI COL[HanbHOTO H HOJIHTmeCKOro KOHTeKCTa, B KOTOpOM 

npHHHMafOTCA peLHeHHA o pa3pa60TKe H BOHJIOHjeHHH pa31IH4HbIX 

THHOB rOCYAapCTBeHHOIi HOJIHTHKH, MHOrHe H3 KOTOpbIX o6naAaloT 

CHnbHbIM, HpAMbIM BnHAHHeM Ha nOBeAeHHe HbIOII(HX. 

260

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274

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COKpaLLjeHHe nOTpe6neHHA 110314Ti3BHO COOTHOCFUIOCb C KOnHLIeCTBOM 

nOcen(eHNii KOHCynbTaIjHH. 

Anderson H Scott (1992) npOBenH Bb160pOLIHbIFi 3KCnCpHMeHT no 

KpaTKHM HHTepBeHi(HAM C My>iCLiHHâMH, 3nOynOTpe6nAiOn4HMH 

aJIKOroneM, BbIABneHHbIMH B BOCbMH rpynnaX npaKTHLIeCKHX 3aHATHFI 

nepBFiLIHOFt MeAHLjHHCKOii nommai,' B BenHKO6p14TâHHH. IIbAHHLtbI H 

Te, KOTO y>Ke npeAynpexcAanH O He06X0AnMOCTii COKpaTFITb 

nOTpe6neHHe, 6bIn14 FICKniOLIeHbI, LITO OnpeAenNJIo 3TO HCcneAOSaHne, 

KaK 3KCnepHMeHT no paHHeMy B03AeACTBF1o. I'IiITepBeHLjHA 

npeAcraBnAna CO6OFI AecATFIMFIHyrHylo KoHcynbTaL[FUO, coAepxcan[yIo 

COBeTbI no noTpe6neHFIlo, HHCpOpMaljHlo OTHOCHTenbHO pe3ynbTaTOB 

11I'T-TecTa H NHCpOpMaL(FIIO o pi3cKe 3noynOTpe6neHFIA anKOroneM. 

Buna mafia peKOMeHAaIjNA nOTpe6nATb He 60nee 24 r 3TaHOna B AeHb 

KIM 168 r B HeAenH). no CpasHCHH10 C He noABepraBnleNCA 

BO3AeIiCTB1410 KOHTpOnbHOH rpynnoFl, rpynna, B KOTOpoH 

npOBOAHnHCb IiHTepBeHLjHH, nOKa3ana B TeLIeHHe nocneuyloutero 

roua He6onbmoe, HO CTaTHCTHLiCCKii 3HaLI14MOC cOKpaLgeHHe 

KonligecTBa noTpe6nSIeMoro anKOrOnA Ii KOnFIMecTBa AHeiI 

3noynoTpe6neHF[A, TaK xce KaK H 13-npo14eHT140e coxpanieHFie 

KonliLlecTBa nloAeFl, 3noynoTpe6nAlOn[FIx anKoroneM. 1-lapannenbxoe 

HCCneAOBaHFie npoSOAHJIOCb c rpynnoH mKeHLgFIH (Scott and Anderson 

1990). CnyCTA 12 MecALjeB 6b1n0 06Hapy)ICeHO 3HaLIHTenbHOe 

cOKpan(eHNe B nOTpe6neHHH anKOrOnA B o6eHx rpynnax, KaK 

nOAsepraBmeFiCA B03AeFiCTBHIO, TaK H KOHTpOnbHOii. ABTOpbI 

npeunonaraloT, LITO MHOrHe ACeHLI.1HHbI H3 KOHTpOnbHOF1 rpynnbl, 

BO3MOACHO, nonyLlFlnH COBeT 143 ApyrFlx HCTOLIHHKOB OTHOCHTenbHO 

cOKpaLL[eHHA cBoerO noTpe6neHHA. 

EIL[é OAHO FiCcneAOBaHNe KpaTKHX iiHTepBeHL[Fiii 6bIJl0 

npOBeAeHO B II1BeLj4n. Kristenson FI ero KOnnerH HCCneAOBanH 

rpynny MyxcLIHH cpeuHHx neT, KOTOpbIX B xoue o6iuero npoeKTa 

nposepKH 3AOpOBbA B coo6uiecTBe onpeuenFUlFi KaK 

"3noynoTpe6nAloluxx anKoroneM" (Kristenson et al 1982; 1983). 

MyxcLIHH, y KOTOpbIX onpeuenAnH HanFILIFIe HCHOpManbHOCO 

noKa3aTenA ITT, pacnpeAenAnH nH6O B KOHCynbTaLtlioHHylO rpynny, 

nH60 B KOHTponbHylo. XOTA OL[CHKa nOKâ3aTenA ITT B o6eFlx 

rpynnax 3HaLIUTenbHO yMeHbmHnaCb B TeLIeHHe mecTHneTHero 

neplioua B rpynne, noABeprmeFicA Bo3AeIicTBHio, COCTOAHHe nloAeFl 

ynyLImFUIOCb npH OIjeHKe Koni3LIeC:TBa nporynoB Ha pa6oTe, 

npOnyCKOB no 6One3HH H KOnHLIeCTBa AHeIi, npOBeAeHHbIX B 

277

60116HHLle. tlepe3 IlleCTb neT nocne BoVIerICTBHA Ha6nlo,AâJlacb 

He6011buIaA, HO CyLLIeCTBeHHaA pâ3HHL[a B ypOBHAX CMepTHOCTH. 

l'lCCne,gOBaHHe nOKa3aJIO, 'ITO npOCTOe peKOMeHAaTenbHOe 

Co6ecejjOBaHHe, OCHOBaHHOe Ha perynApHbIX C006LLIeH14AX O 

6HOXHMHLIecKi-iX nOKa3aTenAX, OKâ3aJ1O 110n0)KHTe11bHbIii 344eKT Ha 

11p14Bbl'iKy n0Tpe6n51Tb anKOrOnb H(l14314HeCKOe 3nopOSbe HaCeneH145l, 

HâXO,ijHBLIIerOCA B 3OHe pHCKa. 

Taxxce B npej(enax napajjHrMbl KpaTKOFI HHTepBeHL[HH B 

6O11b1HOM Me)KHau140HanbHOM HCCne,gOBaHHH, KOTOpOe CnOHCHpOBâJI 

B03 (Babor and Grant 1992), B o6LgeM 1661 'Ie11osex, He 

cTpa,rjalOLgHx 3aBHCHMOCTbIO, HO nblonjHx MHOro, 6bI11H 

KOM614H14p0BaH0 Ha6paHbl 143 6011bHHLIHbIX yvpexcgeH14li, KJIHH14K 

nepB14'iHOii Men14LI14HCKO1i nOMOLqH, ment-lac-mil n0 MecTy pa6OTbI H 

06pa30saTenbHbIX HHCTHTyTOB B roposax ABCTpa11H14, lïonrap1414, 

KOCTa-PHKH, KeH1414, IVIeKCHKH, HopBer1414, CCCP, BenHK06pHTaHHH, 

CLIIA H 3HM6a6Be. 1'13 HHX 73% HaXOAFUIIiCb HOn Ha6nIOneHHeM 

npH6nH3HTenbH0 neBATb noC11enyiOLg14X MecAues, pacnpenene14nbie 

111460 B KOHTponbHyiO rpynrly, 111460 B rpynriy npoCTblx COBeTOB 141114 

rpynny KpaTKHX 14HTepBeHuH14. Pe3ynbTaTbi nOKa3ân14 3Ha'-IHTe11bHblli 

3(I(I/eKT B03neÎiCTBHIi Ha cpenHee nOTpe6neHHe a11KOT0n51 14 Ha 

HHTeHCHBHOCTb nOTpe6neHHA B rpynne My)K414H naxce C y'IeTOM 

neMorpa(t14LIecKoro (l3aKTOpa n C01114aJIbHO-KynbTypHbIX pa3nH'I14ii. 

ARA )KeHIuHH 3Ha4HTenbx0e coxpanjeH14e Ha611I0na110cb H B 

KOHTpOnbHOli, H B nO,ilBeprLHei4CA BO3ne14CTBHIO rpynnaX. Pe3y11bTaTbl 

Tax)Ke nOKa3aJlH, 'ITO HHTeHC14BHOCTb HHTepBeHljHii He CBA3aHa C 

Ben14'114H0Ii H3MeHeHHii B ânKOrOnbHOM nOBeneHHH, a {Toc-roi-1 

nATFiMHHyTHbliï COBeT TaKXCe 3(1)(1)eKT14BeH, KaK H KpaTKâA KOHCynbTaL11451. 

06LLI14M 3aKnK)T1eH14eM, KOTOpOe BbITCKaeT 143 3T0rO pa3nena, 

MO)KeT 6bITb ysepeHHOe yTBep)Ic,rjeH14e O TOM, 'ITO KpaTKaA 

14HTepseHLI14A, HanpasneHHaA npOTHB 'Ipe3MepHOrO HOTpe6JIeHHA 

anKOronA 141I14 paHHHX CTanHii anKO1-011bHbIX npo6neM, npHBOnHT K 

3Ha'iHTenbHOMy yJIy'ILHeHHIO nOJIO)KeH14A gen y My)K'iHH. CHTyaLIHA 

OTHOCHTenbHO NCeHUI14H Ha naHHblFi MOMeHT He HaCTOnbKO ACHa, HO 

TpynHO nosepHTb B BepOSITHOCTb a6conloTHOro pa3nH'iHA OTBeTHOH 

peaxuHH Ha KoHCynbTHposaHHe nono6Horo posa no nonosoMy 

np143HâKy. 

CyujeCTSyIOT TaIOKe coo6nleHnA o npHMeHeHHH ropa3no 60nee 

CJIO)KHbIX HHIjHBHnyaJIbHO OpHeHTHpOBaHHbIX nCHXOTeXHHK C 

pa3n14'iHbIMH rpynnaM14 HaCe11eHnA, a TaK)Ke O nonb3C pa3naYH 

278

natmeHTaM nevaTHblx MaTepHanoB no CaMOnoMOUIH (Miller and 

Munoz, 1976; Miller and Taylor, 1980; Miller and Hester, 1986). 

ECTb TaroKe fOJIO)KHTenbHa5l HH4)opMaLIH5l 06 34)4)eKTHBHOCTH 

KpaTKOÎ-i KOHCynbTaLIHH B 6o11bHHHe o6ulero npoclmnsi (Chick et al 

1985). 

9.2.2 ,40Ka3aT@l1bCTBa NH,4NBN,C7,)/a1lbHOH 11OJlb3bl 

Cll@gNaJ1N3NpOBaHH0r0 f1pOCi3@CCNOHaJ7bHOP0 Jl@4EHNSi 

aJ1KOrOJ1bHOÎ1 3aBNCNMOCTN 

HccneAOBaTenbCKHe BOnpOcbl, KOTOpble CTaBHT AaHHOe 

3arnaBHe, MH0rOLIHCneHHbI H pa3H0o6pa3Hbl, H MbI He 6yjjeM 3,1eCb 

paccMaTpHBaTb FIX OLIeHb nojjpo6H0. HOcneAHHe 0630pbI 

npeAcTaBHnH Miller H Hester (1986), Institute of Medicine (1990), H 

Holder H Parker (1992). IIoHHMaHHe Toro, vTO BxOAHT B 

CooTBeTCTByIOH.jee ne4eHHe H, cnejiOBaTeJlbxo, Bb16op HCXOAHbIX 

Mep, 6yAeT 3aBHCeTb LIaCTHLIHO OT KynbTypbl o6ujecTBa (Babor 1988). 

143 3TOrO CJIO>iCHOrO Ha6opa AOKa3aTenbCTB H MOryT 6bITb BbIHeCeHbl 

CneAyloülHe 06L1He BbIBOjIbI: 

1. Cy6beKTb1, KOTOpble HaLranH npOXOjIHTb 11106o11 Kypc neLIeHHSI, 

Llepe3 12 MecSIileB, BepOSITHO, npOAeMOHCTpNpyrOT 3HaLIHTenbHOe 

ynyLlllIeHHe no cpaBHeHHiO c AOneLIe6HblM ypOBHeM noTpe6neHH5I 

aJIKOrOnSI H CBSI3aHHbIX C 3THM HapyHleHHii, HO C 3HaLIHTenbHO11 

BapHaTNBHOCTbIO pe3ynbTaTOB B pa311HLIHbIX rpynnax. Hp5IMO11 

npHLiHHHblii 3(I4eKT He 065I3aTenbH0 OTHOCHTCSf Ha CLIeT 

Bo3jIeNCTB115I neveHHSI (Orford and Edwards 1977; Miller and 

Hester 1986). 

2. KOHTpOnbHble OnbITbl /Tatar pa3nH4Hbre pe3ynbTaTbl, HO HeT 

noCTOSIHCTBa CBHAeTenbcTB, LITO HHTeHCHBHOe HRH CTaLIHOHapHOe 

neLIeHHe npHHOCHT 60nbure 11011b3b1, LIeM McHee HHTCHCHBHOe 

aM6ynaTOpxoe neLleHHe (Orford and Edwards 1977; Chick 1988; 

Cook 1988 a, b; Howden-Chapman and Huygens 1988; 

Postamianos et al 1988; Miller and Hester 1986; Drummond et al 

1990). 

3. CyLllecTByeT 061uHpHblii Kpyr nHTepaTypbl no OTHOCHTenbHOH 

344eKTHBHOCTH OTAenbHblX cnellHanH3HpOBaHHbIX BHAOB 

ne9eHH51. He06X0AHMa 0006aSi OCTOpOKCHOCTb B 11I06bIX 

yHHBepCanbHblX 3aKnI04eHH5IX, yLIHTbIBaSI pa3HOpOAHOCTb 

HaceneHHSI, noABepraloü.lerocSI neLieHHIo, HanHLIHe MHOrHX 

McTOAOJIorHLIecKHX npo6neM H BO3MO>KHOCTb TOrO, LITO 

279

pa3nHLIHble (kaKTopbl MOryT BnHATb Ha BbI3JioposneHHe 3a 6onee 

KOpOTKHn HJIH CpOK (Moos, Finney and Cronkite 1990; 

Vaillant 1983; Edwards, Oppenheimer and Taylor 1992). Macca 

cBH,IkeTenbCTB, TeM He Mexee, y6eAHTenbxo yTBepiCZjaeT, LITO no 

KpaNHeN Mepe B KopOTKHfi HJIH CpejjHHi7 CpOK SHWA neLIeHHA n0 

BOnpOCaM nOBe,geHHA BepOATHO ABnAK)TCSI 6onee 

344eKTHBHbIMH, LIeM OpHeHTHpOBaHHble Ha nHLIHOCTb 

HH,EjHBKriyyMa, rpynnOBble HJIH CeMeIiHble BHZ[bI TepanHH (Miller 

and Hester 1986; Saunders 1989). 

4. BO3MOXCHOCTH pa3yMHbIX B3aHMOOTHOHIeHHN "ne4eHHe/naL[HeHT" 

npOAOn)iCaiOT npHBneKaTb HHTepeC, H CyLI(eCTByIOT HeKOTOpble 

nOKa3aTenbcTBa, nO3BOJ15110LgHe npeAnoJlo)KHTb, LIT° 6onee 

HHTeHCHBHOe BO32-.(eI%ICTBHe MO)KCT B 6onbLHeli cTeneHH 

COOTBeTCTBOBaTb 6onee 3aBHCHMbIM flLHHTM (Institute of 

Medicine 1990), XOTSi HenaBHHIi ZjOKJIag He nOJ.jJjep)ICHBaeT 3TOr0 

3aKJIloLIeHHA (Edwards and Taylor 1994). 

5. CyILteCTBOBaHHe pa3nHLIHbIX THHOB HapylHeHHIi nCHXHKH MO)KeT 

3HaLIHTenbHO BnHSiTb Ha Heo6XOJ1;HMoe neLleHHe H BOCnpH- 

HMLIHBOCTb nbiOH.[erO K 3TOMy neLIeHHK) (Meyer, 1986), TaK x(e 

KaK 3T0 MO)KeT 6bITb B cnyLlae npo6neM c ApyrHMH 

HapKOTHLIeCKHMH BeLIjeCTBaMH (Galanter 1992). 

B o6L1(eM, HMelowHecA B HâJIHLIHH J7aHHble no 

CneL(HânH3HpOBaHHOMy ne4eHHl0, j[aIOT HeKOTOpble nOne3Hble 

OnpeJ>;eneHHA o BepOATHOM 06LL[eM npeHMyLL[ecTBe BeCbMa 

pa31IHL1HbIX no,qXOJJ;OB neLIeHHA, HO, KaK y)Ke nOJjLIepKHBanocb, 3TH 

pe3ynbTaTbl He06XO,LiHM0 HHTepnpeTHpOBaTb B npe,genax 

COLjHâJIbHOrO KOHTCKCTa H C nOHHMaHHeM OTHOCHTenbHOlï 

BpeMeHHON KpaTKOCTH 6OnbLHHHCTBa Ha6nIO,IjeHHÎd B HCCne,I(OBaHHAX. 

9.2.3 AHOHNMHbl@ aJ1KOrOJ1Nm H ,gaHHbl@ o6 MX 

BJ1HAHHiH Ha HH,cimBN,qyaJ1bHOM )/pOBH@ 

HeCMOTpA Ha nOnbITKH OL[eHHTb 34pCbeKTHBHOCTb AA Llepe3 

npHMeHeHHe (bOpMbI KOHTpOnA (Walsh et al., 1991), oT6op H gpyrl-te 

MeTO,IiOJ10rHLIecKHe TpyAHOCTH CO3,qaiOT npO6neMbI HHTepnpeTaLIHH 

pe3ynbTaTOB. AA ABnACTCIi H "neLICHHeM" H LIeM-TO ropa3Ao 

6o1IbLHHM: ClHJIOCOCiIHeï-1, 061uecTBeHHbIM ZjBH)ICeHHCM, npe,ijn0)ICeHHeM 

,qpyACeCKOrO 06LqeCTBa, TaK )Ice KaK H neLie6HbIM yLlpexCAeHHeM 

Ao6p0B01IbH0ro THna unpHMH 3T0 - HJIH - OCTaBb 3T0" (McCrady and 

Miller 1993). llo3ToMy Hey,LiHBHTenbHO, LITO TpajjHljHOHHbte 

280

nCCneAOBaTenbCKne napaAnrMbl, KOTOpbMe npnMeHSinnCb AnSI OL(eHKn 

er0 344eKTHBHOCTH Ha nHAHBnAyanbHOM yposHe He ,ganli 

nOJIHOLIeHHbIX pe3ynbTaTOB. HeKOTOpbie MOryT Aaxce Bo3pa3nTb, LITO 

npNpOAHaSi CyLL[HOCTb rpynn B3aHMOHOMOLLtH C HX CHOHTaHHbIM, 

He(l)OpManbHblM Ha6opOM He nOAAaeTCSI Bb160pKe H KOHTpOniO, LITO 

OTHOCHTCSI H K AA KaK OpraHI-i3aLjHH CaMOnOMOn[H. 

9.2.4 flporpaMMbi pea6NnHTaL.4NN "Inn BopNTeneH, 

3apepNCaHHbAx 3a ynpaeneHNe TpaHCnopTOM B HeTpe3BOM 

COCTOIH Il II 

14c110n63OBaHHe 06pa30BaHnsl H pea6HnHTaL[HH B xaLiecTSe 

anbTepHaTnBbI Ha3HaLlaeMbIX CyAOM nerânbHblX CaHKL[HN nIOASIM, 

OCy)KAeHHbIM 3a BO)KAeHne B HeTpe3BOM COCTOSIHnH, CTa614nbH0 

noBblLnaeTCSI Bo MHOrHX cTpai-iax c 1970-x roAos (Mäkelä et al 1981). 

B HeKOTOpbIX CTpaHaX 3Tn nporpaMMbI HCHOnb3yIOTC5I BMeCTO 

TpaAnLWOHHbIX KapaTenbH6IX CaHKIjHN, TaKHX KaK 3aKnIOLIeHHe, 

LnTpa(ibI HAN aHHynnpOBaHHe BOAHTenbCKHX npaB. B 06LLjeM, OL[eHKa 

npOBeAeHHOrO B COeAHHëHHbIX 111TaTaX HCCneAOBaHHSI, nOKa3bIBaeT 

B nyLILIIeM CnyLlae He6onblHoH 3(1(:PeKT HeKOTOpbIX Bo3AeiiCTBHIi Ha 

BO3HHKHOBeHHe peLIHAHBOB H CB5I3aHHOe C anKOrOneM nOBeAeHne 

(Wells - Parker et al 1989). 3HaH o nOAo6HOM CKpOMHOM 344eKTe, 

MbI MO)KeM npeAnono)KnTb, LITO HCH0n630BaHHe o6pa3osaHHx H 

pea6HnnTaL[nn BO3MO)KHO nyLILUe, LIeM OTCyTCTBHe KaKHX-nH60 

AeiïCTBHiï, HO OHO He SIBnSIeTCSI nOAXOASIILteii 3aMeHOii CaHKnnii n0 

BOAHTenbCKHM npaBaM (Hagen 1985). OAHO HccneAosanne, TeM He 

McHee, yrsepxcAaeT, LITO A06aBneHHe pea6HnnTaLtnOHHOIi npOrpaMMbI K 

CaHKLjHSiM AaëT nOJIO)KHTenbHbIFi 34)43eKT (Mann et al 1994). 

9.3 AOKA3ATEJ1bCTBA BJ111AHVIA HA YPOBHE 

HACEJIEHVIA 11H,gV1BVI,gYAJ1bHO HAf1PABJ1EHHbIX 

BO3,qEVICTB1,I0, HAL.IEJ1EHHbIX HA 3J1OYflOTPE6J1EHVIE 

AJIKOt-OJ1EM 

3Aecb MbI Bo3BpaüjaeMCSI K BOHpOCy, MO)KHO nH nyTeM 

CyMMnpOBaHnSI HHAHBHAyanbHbIX HHTepBeHLIHIi y3HaTb 06 FIX 

H3MepSIeMOM HOJIO)KHTenbHOM BnHSIHHH Ha HaCeneHne. Pa60Ta B 3TOM 

HanpaBneHHH pa3BHBaeTC5I, HO AO cnX nop HaXOAHTCSI Ha 

OTHOCHTen6H0 paHHeil CTâAHH. 11p14 3KCTpanOnHpOBaHHH pe3ynbTaTOB 

HCCneAOBaHHii Ha HHAHBHAyanbHOM yposHe MO)KHO O)KHAaTb, LITO 

281

KpaTKaA HHTepBCHLjnA B yLlpe)KAeHiiAX nepBHLIHON MeJjHKO- 

CâHnTapHOIi nOMOnjH npeJjcTâBnAeT oco6o 06HaJje)KHBatOIIjHN 

cnyLlaH C TO'IHI3 3peHI351 34:I(keKTHBHO1-O BO3JjeIiCTBHA Ha HaceneHl3e, 

HO Ha JjaHHbII3 MOMeHT CyIIjeCTByIOT TOnbKO KOCBCHHble 

cBnJjeTenbCTBa, CneLlHanbHO KaCatOLgHeCA 3Toro Bonpoca (Holder et 

al 1991). gaHHbte, HMeIOLIjHeCA B HanFli-IIiH, KaCaIOTCA CneLjHanFI31ipoBaHHOro 

neLteHHA H AA. B HCKOTOpbIX pa6oTax paccMaTpi-IBaeTCA 

BnHAHI3e Ha HaCeneHHe 3THX J(ByX BO30EjeIiCTBHÎ3 OTJjenbHO, B TO BpeMA 

KaK B JjpyrHx OHH 6epyTcA BMeCTe. 3HaA o6 yBenii'iHBatoLLjeMCA 

KOnH4eCTBe np06neMHbIX nbtOLLjHX, npOXOJjALLjHX CnelJi-ianl-i3HpOBaHHOe 

neLleHlie B CILIA H B HeKOTOpbIX ApyriiX cTpaHax, 6binO 6bI 

JjeFiCTBHTenbHO pa3yMHbIM npe,gnono>iCHTb, LITO 3TH nporpaMMbl 

MOryT OKa3aTb 3HaiIHTenbHOe BnnAHHe Ha nOKâ3aTent3 o6njero 

ypOBHA HaHOCHMOro anKOTOneM BpeJja. Hanpl3Mep, B HCJjaBHeM 

o63ope nporpaMMbl Cnel.jHann3HpoBaHHOrO neYeHHA B COeJjHHCHHbIX 

IIITaTax (Weisner and Morgan 1992) 6buio onpeJjenexo 

npH6nH3nTenbxo 6000 yzipexuieHHH, rJje npoxoJ(HnI3 neHeHHe oxono 

350 000 naWHeHTOB Ha MoMeHT onpoca. 

CyLljecTByIOT npeJjBapHTenbxbie cBHJteTenbcTBa O TOM, 'ITO 

neHeHHe o6na,tJaeT noTeHljHanoM o6[ijero B03JOCTBH5I. HecKOnbKO 

nccneJ[osaTeneii onpejjenHni3 HaniiLlHe B3aHMOCB513H MexcJjy 

naJ(eHI3eM ypoBHA 3a6onesaeMocTn, Hppo3oM neHeHli H pocTOM 

cnenHanH3HpoBaHHOro ne'teHHA. Mann et al. (1988) o6HappKHnH, 

s-ITO CHHDKeHHe KOnH'teCTBa sum, BbInHCbIBaeMbIX H3 6OnbHHIjbI C 

JjHarHO3oM L[i3ppo3a neT-IeHH, 6bino CBA3aHO c pacLHHpeHI3eM 

npoTi3BOanKOrOnbHOro neiieHHA B OHTapHo, KaHaJja npH cpasxeHHH 

Jjanxbtx 1975 H 1982 roJjoB. Romelsjo (1987) npeJjnonoxcHn, LiTO B 

JjonOJIHCHne K cHli)KeHiitO ypoBHA nOTpe6neHHA anKOronA Ha JryLLIy 

HaceneHi3A, Ha c'-IeT aM6ynaTopHoro ne4eHI3A MO)KHO OTHCCTH 

cHiniCeHHe ypoBHA 3a6onesaeMocTH LjHppo3oM ne'ieHH B CTOKrOnbMe, 

II.IBeLjHA. CBHJjeTenbCTBa 3THX HCCneJjosaTeneli ABnAIOTCA 

KOppenATHBHbIMH H He OCO6eHHO HeOTpa3HMbIMH B matte BenHLIHHbI 

3(14eKTOB. TeM He McHee, B 6onee HeJjaBHeM HCCneJjOBaHHH Holder H 

Parker (1992) HCnOnb30BâJIH aHânH3 MHOI'oBapHaHTHbIX BpeMeHHbIX 

cepHil 20-neTHero nepHoJja 1968-1987 rr. B CeBepxoI KaponHHe H 

06HappiCHJIH CTâTnCTHLIeCKH 3Ha4HTenbHOe COKpaLIjeHHe CMepTHOCTH 

B p03ynbTaTe LjHppo3a, KOTOpOe MO)KHO OTHCCTH K nOBbILIICHHIO 

KOnH'3eCTBa npOLneJjnlHX ne'-IeHI3e no nOBOJJy anKOrOnA (KaK 

cTaLjHOHapHO, TaK H aM6ynaTOpHO). 9TH TpH HCCneJjOBaHHA 143 TpeX 

pa3nH'IHbIX cTpaH npeJjCTaBnAIOT MHor006eLgaIOLLjyto nOJjJjepmKKy B 

282

110nb3y HâJIi44I451 BnHAHHA Ha o6uii3I7 ypoBeHb. CBid,aeTe.TIbCTBa o 

BniiAHHH MOrnH 6bI 6bITb yCHneHbl HX nOBTOpeHlieM OTHOCHTenbHO 

ApyrHx cTpaH. 

EcnH ABNxceHiie AA ABnAeTCA 3(14eKTI4BHbIM B HeKOTOpbIX 

cTpaHaX, TOrAa ero BnIiAHHe Ha 3a60neBaeMOCTb H CMepTHOCTb 6yAeT 

3aBIiCeTb OT KOnHLIeCTBa T-IJIeHOB, aKTHBHO BOBneT-IeHHbIX B ero 

nporpaMMbl. Cornacxo AA World Headquarters (1990) 

cynzecTBOSano 46 400 rpynn B CHIA B 1989 roAy. KonH4ecTBo 

T{neHOB npii6nH3HTenbno oLjeHFIBaeTCA B OAnH MHnnHOH. B KaxaAe 

KOnHT-IecTBO 4nexoB AA B 1983 ro,gy oIueHi3Ban0cb, KaK 75% OT 

O6uierO =II-term naul3eHToB, o6palIjaBIIIHxCA no nOBOAy anxoronbxbIx 

npo6neM B y4pexcAeHHA 3ApasooxpaxeHliA (Smart, Mann and Arglin 

1989). ECJIH rpynnbl AA ABnAIOTCA 6onee MHOroTilicneHHbIMH, LIeM 

ypOBeHb aM6ynaTOpHOro ne4eHliA, 0H14 MOryT HpeACTaBJ1ATb 

3Ha4I-iTenbHble BO3MO]KHOCTIi AnA nbIOIuHX, KOTOpble nbITaIOTCA 

COKpaTHTb 14.11 14 npeKpaTFiTb nOTpe6neHile anKOronA. 

l'iccneAosaTenH H3 Addiction Research Foundation B OHTapHo 

(Smart et al 1989; Smart and Mann 1990; Mann et al 1991) 

o6HapyxcHnH B3aHMOCBA3b MexcAy KOnFi4eCTBOM 4nexos AA H 

ypOBHeM aJIKOrOnbHbIX npo6neM, BKnIO4a51 ypoBexb uHppo3a B CHIA, 

KaxaAe H Apyrm cTpaxax. Smart H Mann (1991) yTBepxcAaloT, 4TO B 

CLUA H KanaAe KpynHOe coxpauieHHe ypoBHA 3a6onesaeMocTH 

uHppo3oM ne9eHH MOnCHO 4aCTl44H0 OTHeCTH K yBenii4eHi410 

4HCneHHOCTI4 AA. Smart ii Mann (1990) CAenanH BbIBOA, 4TO Ha C4CT 

pacmlipeHiiA nOMOH.(N H yBenli4eHUA KOnI44eCTBa 4neHOB AA MOnKHO 

OTHeCTH 3Ha4HTenbHy1O 4aCTb COKpaHjeHNA CMepTHOCTH B pe3yJIbTaTe 

uHppo3a H CHHxceHlle KOnnTieCTBa BbInHCaHHbIX 143 60nbHI-iL[ B 

OHTapHO H CllIA MexcAy 1975 H 1982 roAaMH. Mann et al (1991) 

nOAc4HTan, 4TO noablIIlexiie Konli4eCTBa 4neHOB AA Ha 1% 

CooTBeTCTByeT CHFüKeHIiIO Ha 0,06% CMepTHOCTH B pe3ynbTaTe 

uNppo3a. OH H ero Konnerii 3aKniO4HnIi, 4TO "napannenbHo c 

KpynxblM ysenH4eHHeM KOnH4eCTBa 4neHOB AA Aon)KHO o>KHAaTb 

3Ha4I4TenbHOTO COKpauleHi3A CMepTHOCTH B pe3ynbTaTe uHppo3a". 

3Tii TpH HCCneAOBaHUA H3 CeBepHOI3 AMepHKH He yCTaHaBJIHBaioT 

npii4idHHOl7 CBA3H, HO npeACTaBnAIOT KOppenATHBHble CBiiAeTenbCTBa, 

npeAnonaralou(41e noTexulian BnHAHHSI 4HCneHHOCTH AA Ha 

3a6onesaeMocTb uHppo3oM Ha o6o6utëHHoM yposHe. ECnH Bee we, 

3TH B3aHMOCB513H ABnAiOTCA B OnpeAeneHHOii CTeneHH npH4HHHbIMH, 

TO BbIB0A 6yAeT COCTOATb B TOM, 4TO npH 60nbüIeI%I AOCTynHOCTH 

283

neLieHHA H AA 4HCJIO Cny9aeB anxoronbxoro unppo3a MOrnO 6bI 

6bITb 3HaHHTenbHO COKpaLueHO. 

B CHIA 6bina npOBeAeHa cepHA HCCneAosaHHIi, KOTOpaA 

npeACTaBHna AOKa3aTenbCTBa TOrO, LITO neLleHHe niOAeii C 

anKOrOnbHbIMH npO6neMaMH npHBOAHT K COKpaLueHHIO 06Luxx 

3aTpaT 3ApaBOOxpaHeHHA. OrH BbIBOAbI HCCneAOBaHHiï, B KOTOpbIX 

aHanH3HpOBâJIOCb HaCeneHHA B pa3nH'-IHbIX CTpaHaX 3a 20 

neT, nOAAep)KHBaIOT nOTCHuHan nOJIO)KHTenbHOrO 43HHaHCOBOrO 

34)(1)exTa noAo6Hbix HHTepseHuHi4 (Longabaugh et al., 1983; Holder, 

1987; Holder and Blose, 1992; Holder et al., 1992). 

IIOABOAA HTOrH, MOJiCHO CKa3aTb, LITO HCCneAOBaHHA BnHAHHA Ha 

ypOBHe HaCeneHHA HHAHBHAyânbHO OpHeHTHpOBaHHbIX HHTepBeHuHii, 

eLuË He AanH 3aKnIOLiHTenbHOrO oTBeTa, H K 3TOMy BOnpOCy TOnbKO 

HaLiaJIH 06paLuaTbCA. 

9.4 YKA3ATEJIVI ,gJ1A f1OJ1ViTV1KV1: J1E4EHVIE M 

f1POOVIJIAKTVIKA, KAK E,qVIHAA OTBETHAA I1O11VITVIKA 

B HaLiane 3TOii rnaBbl ynOMHHanOCb O TOM, i-ITO MexCAy 

nOnHTHKOii np0(1314naKTHKH H HOnHTHKOii neLIeHHA 20 neT Ha3aA 

CyH(eCTBOBânO 3HaT-IHTenbHOe pa3AeneHHe. Ha OCHOBe paCCMOTpeHHbIX 

BbIIIIe HCCneAOBaHHii, noxo)Ke, nOJIHOCTbiO nOATBepNCAaeTCA MbICnb O 

TOM, LITO 3TOT THII pa3AeneHHA no MHOrHM 1-103HuHAM He MO)KeT 

OTBei-IaTb HaCTOAIuHM peaJIHAM H Hy)iCAaM. rIOHHMaHHe np06neM KaK 

cneKTpa, npeAnonaraeT, no ero nOrHiieCKOii CHMMeTpHH, CneKTp 

nOnHTHLIeCKHX Mep, rAe npOlIHnaKTHKa H netleHHe BHOCAT CBOii 

HaCTHLiHO COBnaAaIOLuHFi H B3aHMH0 nOAKpennAfOLuNN BxnaA. 

3ApasooxpalleHHe OCHOBaHO Ha 06313aTenbCTBe nOMOraTb LIenOBeKy, 

H, O4eBHAHO, LiTO pa6OTHHKH H yilpe)ICAeHHA 3ApaBOOXpaHeHHA MOryT 

BHeCTH none3HbIii BKnaA nyTeM HHTepBeHuHii, HanpaBneHHbIX Ha 

pHCKOBaHHOe nOTpe6neHHe anKOrOnA, LITO COCTaBHT npOCTON H 

ACHbIN BHA npOCpHnaKTHKH H nCpBH4HyK) npOCpHnaKTHKy B paMKaX ee 

TpaAHuHOHHOrO onpeAeneHHA. B TO)Ke BpeMA HHTepsexuHH, 

opHeHTHpOBaHHbie Ha BOJIIO HHAHBHAyyMa, 6yAyT, KOHVIHO, 

COCTaBnATb BTOpHLIHyK) HnH TpeTHiiHYK) npodHnaKTHKy. MbI TaK)Ke 

O6CyAHJiH HenOCpeACTBeHble npeHMymeCTBa Anil TeX, KTO HaXOAHTCA 

nOA BnHAHHeM nOBeAeHHA nbionjer0, H BepOATHOCTb TOrO, HTO 

neme6HaA AeATenbHOCTb MO)KeT nOBbICHTb YpOBeHb O61ueCTBeHHOrO 

284

HOHi3MaHI15I anxoronbxbIX Ilpo6neM. Hani3iilie cny)ic6 neileHHH H 

CBHAeTenbCTBa, HCXOASILLjHe H3 yCT BbI3AOpOBCBLHHX HbIOLIiHX, MOryT 

BHeCTH Ba)KHbIIi BKJIaA B HOBbILIIeHHe O61LjeCTBeHHOI'O HOHHMaHHSI H 

xcenaHHSI HOAAep>KHBaTb ApyrHe HOJIHTHLIeCKHe AeIiCTBHSi. JletieHHe 

AOn)KHO TBepAo Aep)KaTbCSi Ha oHpeAeneHHOM 06513aTenbCTBe 

HOMOraTb tienOBeKy, HO HCCneAOBaHHSI Bce Maine CBHAeTenbCTByIOT, 

LITO HOMOiAb OTAenbHOMy tienOBeKy MO)KeT HpO5IBn5ITbC5I H Ha ypOBHe 

3a60neBaeMOCTH H CMepTHOCTH H cKa3blBaeTCSi, TaKHM O6pa3oM, 

TaK)Ke Ha COL[HanbHbIX 3aTpaTaX. 

)15I51 TOTO, 11TO6bI neLieHHe MOrnO OKa3bIBaTb 3Ha9HTenbHbiii 

HOJIO)ICHTenbHbIli 344eKT Ha HaCeneHHe, OHO AOJI)ICHO 6bITb 

nerKOAOCTyHHbIM AnSI HaCeneHHSI, H ero 3aTpaTbl, CJIO)ICHOCTb H 

HpHeMneMOCTb AOnnCH6I 6bITb TaKHMH, 1IT06bI cAenaTb ero 

paCHpOCTpaHeHHe BO3M0)KHbIM. Cny)IC6bI AOn)ICHbI 6ynyT HMeTb AeJIO 

H C OCTpbIMH, H C AOJITOCpOLIHbIMH Hpo6neMaMH. lJonee HHTeHCHBHOe 

H AopOrOe neLieHHe He 065I3aTenbH0 03HaLIaeT nyLiLHHe pe3ynbTaTbl; 

HeAOpOrHe anbTepHaTHBbI MOryT 3HaLIHTenbHO HOMOLIb B paHHeii 

HAeHTH(pHKaL[HH, BTOpHLIHOH HpOqHnaKTHKe H AOnrOCpOLIHON 

HOAAep)KKe. 3TH anbTepHaTHBbI BKpaTL(e BKJIiOYaIOT B Ce65I 

HHTepBeH1[HH HepBHLIHOIi MeAHLjHHCKOIi HOMOLIAH H OpraHH3aHHH 

B3aHMOHOMOIAH, O KOTOpbIX Lima pet-lb B 3TOli rnaBe. 

285

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nOnHT41Ka ,gOn)KHbI onpe,genATbCA WNpOKo 

LICHE. HOJ1HTHKH He AOn)KHa 6bITb CBeAeHa K"anKoronH3My", 

3noynoTpe6neHHio anxoroneM HnH cepbe3HOli 4)H3HLIeCKOi3 60ne3HH. 

OnpeAeneHHe nenn, xoTopoe o6ecneLIHT HaHJryLIIIIee pa3BHTHe 

nonHTHKH, AOJDKHO yLIHTbIBaTb KaK csA3aHHble c anxoroneM IIpo6neMbl, 

TaK H anKOrOnbHyK) 3aBHCHMOCTb; yCTaHOBHTb BbICOKHFI npHOpHTeT, 

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naTOJIOrHIi; - LITO 1103BOnHT 3aHHMaTbC51 COL[HanbHbIMH, nCHxoJIOrH- 

LIeCKHMH H C1)H3HLIeCKHMH np06neMaMH (Paver! 1.3). Mox(Ho 6yAeT 

3aHHMaTbC31, KaK He6051bLLmMH, HO paCnpOCTpaHeHHbIMH 

np06neMaMH, TaK H KpynHblMH, HO MeHee pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIMH. 

1-lOnHTHKa AOn)fCHa yLiHTbIBaTb nary6HOe BnHSIHHe noTpe6neHHA 

anKOTOnA Ha CeMbio H ApyrHx nioAeH, Tax xce KaK H Ha CaMorO 

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aCnexTbi npeCTynneHHii, CBA3aHHbIX C anKOrOneM, BXOAAT B paMKH 

OnpeAeneHHOH HaMH nenn. 

l'lCCneAOBaHHA BCë 6onbLHe H 6onbffie noKa3bIBaIOT, LITO HpH 

onpeAenexnH Cg:lepbl AeiiCTBHii B HHTepecax 3AOp0Bb51 O6II[eCTBa, 

nonHTHxa AOn)KHa 6bITb Haljenexa Ha Bce nbioLl[ee HaceneHHe. Ho 

6onbuloMy cuemy 900exmu6no 3anuMambcSl COZfUCUIbublMu 

npo6neMa.nau nompe6nenuR anxozonst MoJlCUO monbxo uepe3 

nonun-laxue u enustxue ua eceo6ufylo dunaasuttxylo cucmeMy, 

xomopylo o6pa3yem o6ufecmeo npu nompe6neuuu anxozonn. 

300exmuexax nonumuxa ue Moolcem 6blmb cModenupoeana nymeM 

6blpbleaUUSI He6Onbusux yiracmxoe 113 o6ufezo afenozo, unit 

nonblmxaMU eo36eücnleo6amb ua xpaünue OopMbl noeedenust. 

,Ijoxa3aTenbcTBa, KOTOpble noATBepiKAaloT 3TH npe,anonoMKeHHA 

AenATCA Ha Asa BHAa, HX Mo)KHO cyMMHpoBaTb cneAyionjHM o6pa3oM 

1. 17pe6eHmuenble Mepbl, xomopble enufllom ua 6o11bucuncmeo 

nbloufux, maxJlce oxa9tcym enusixue u Ha 3noynompe6n5lloufux 

anxozoneM unu npo6neMnblx nbxJUfux (Pa3denbl 4.2.3, 4.2.4, 4.3, 

6.3.1). llbioLl;

H 6yAeT OKa31,IBaTb BnHSIHHe Ha 3nOynOTpe6nslloLuHx anKOroneM, 

KOTOpble pKe HCnbITbIBaIOT np06neMbl, HnH HaXOJ[SITCSI B oco6o 

ySI3BHMOFi 1103HuHH B CB5I3H C pHCKOM HX BO3HHKHOBeHH5I. 

2. jionbuluxcmeo pacc>I,rampueae.mbix npo6ne.n,i urupoKo 

pacnpedensuomcsz cpedu ecezo nbioufezo xacenexusc, a ne 

xoxtfexmpuppomcsz cpedu 3noynompe6nsuoufux anxozoneM. Ta 

HonHTHKa, KoTOpaSI HaueneHa Ha 60nbLHHii ceKTOp HaceneHHSi, nue 

npOSIBnSIeTCSI MCHbLnaA CTeneHb HHAHBHAyânbHOrO pHCKa, HO B 

CyMMe COJ(ep)KHTCSI MHOrO npo6neM, MO)KeT n0 HeKOTOpbIM 

BOnpOCaM npHHeCTH 6on6Hlyio non 63y B marie 061LjeCTBeHHOro 

3,IjOpOBb5I, LIeM nonHTHKa, C(POKyCHpOBaHHaSI Ha McHbLIIeM 

KOnHLieCTBe HaCeneHHSI C BbICOKOI-I CTeneHbiO pHCKa, HO KOTOpaSI B 

CyMMe, COCTaBnSIeT 6onee HH3KOe KOnHLIeCTBO npo6neM. Ha 3TO 

066I4HO CCbInaIOTCSI, KaK Ha "napa,aOKC np041H11aKTHKH", HO 3TOT 

apryMeHT He SIBJISIeTCSI JjeNCTBHTe111,H6IM anSi BCex THHOB 

CB513aHHbIX C aJIKOrOneM npo6neM, He06XO,aHMo TaK)Ke 

npHHHMaTb BO BHHMaHHe ipOpMy KpHBON pHCKa (Pa3JJen 4.1.1). 

10.2 BbIBO,gbI V1CC11E,gOBAHVIVI M IlOJ1VITV14ECKVIE 

PbI4ArVl 

B 3TOM pa3Jjene 6yJIeT CBeJtexo BoeJ[HHo, KaK HCCneJjOBaHHH, 

KOTOp6Ie MbI paCCMaTpHBânH B npeJ[6IJ[yCuHX rnasax, 14 npHHLjHnbI, 

KOTOpble 6bI1114 npHBeJjeHbl BbllHe, MOryT J[aT6 npaKTHLIeCKyiO 

HH(PopMaljHlo JjJISI Bbl6opa BapHaHTa nOnHTHKH. Ilenb COCTOHT He B 

TOM, IIT0661 BbIgaTb npe,anHCaHHe, a OTBeLIaSI Ha HaMepeHHSI, 

0603HaIieHHble B Hallane KHHrH, npeaJIO)KHTb pyKOBOJ[CTBO, KaK 

HCCne);OBaHHSI MOryT yCHnHT6 HOnHTHLIeCKHi%I npouecc. Hanle 

HaMepeHHe 3J(eCb COCTOHT B TOM, IITO6bI nOMOIib OnpeaenHTb 

nOTeHuHan6Hble nOnHTHLIeCKHe pblllarH H gaTb HCKOTOpble 

nOKa3aTenH TOrO, KâKHe 143 HIdX, CKOpee BCerO, SIBnSIIOTCSI HaH60nee 

MOHZH6IMH. 

10.2.1 Ltenb npOBO,gNMON anKOI'On6H01!1 nOJ1NTNKN, 

ponNCHa COCTOATb B CHN)KeHNN paCnpOCTpaHeHHOCTN 

npo6neM 

Ami JJOCTH)KeHHSI Taxoi3 0611iHpHOii L[enH Heo6xoAHMO ABa 'aima 

nonHTHKH, KOTOpble B3aHMOJteiiCTByIOT Me)KJjy C06oii H 

299

no,tuuepxcHSaloT Apyr Apyra. Bo nepsbix, Heo6xoAHMo 6yneT 

npOBOAHTb Mepbl, KOTOpble OTpâ)KaTIHCb 66I Ha nOTpe6neHHH. To, 'ITO 

npeAnaraeTCA 3AeCb - 3T0 cpencTBa nnA AOCTIDKeHHA uenH, HO He 

cama uenb. O61uaA cTpaTerHA Aonxcxa CO3AaBaTb oxpy)KeHHe, 

KOTOpOe nOMOxCeT nIOAAM nenaTb 3AOpOBbIÏ-i Bb160p H CAenaeT 

He3AOpOBbIÎI B616Op HaH60nee TpyAHbIM HJIH AoporHM. Ho ecnu 

n038011umb nompe6nenu10 alIK020l1fl pa38ueambcsl Ceo6oduo u 

nodHflmbcfl do 8bZCOK020 ypoBXR, mo 6oRbuluncm8o nIIRHupyemblX 

8o3deucin8uu cdellalolnCfl 6eccunaHblMU. BTOpOii THn nOnHTHIieCKHX 

Mep - 3TO Mepbl, HaueneHHble Ha oco6oe nOBeAeHHe HnH ycJIOBHA, 

CBA3aHHble C nOBbILneHHbIM pHCKOM. 

,J1106b1e MepbI, KOTOpble nOTeHuHâJIbHO nOBbICAT AOCTynHOCTb 

anKOrOnA B npenenax CTpaHbI, 6yAeT nH 3T0 pe3ynbTaT TOprOBbIX 

COrnaLIIeHHIi, CHHxCCHHe peaTIbHOI%I ueHbl Ha âTIKOrOn6Hble HanHTKH 

HAM COKpaLueHHe HnH OTMeHa OrpaHH'-IeHHN nOCTyna B pO3HH4HOIi 

TOprOBne, AOnxCHbI, HOMHMO BCerO npOerO, paCueHHBaTbCA C TOr-IKH 

3peHHA 06njecTBeHHOrO 3nOpOBbA H 06HjeCTBeHHOTO 6JlarononrIHA. 

Ha AaHHbliï MOMeHT 3T0 nOnOxCCHHe ABnACTCA OCO6eHHO Bâ)KHbIM AJISI 

MeHee HHAyCTpHanH30BaHHbIX cTpaH, 'corna COuHâTIbHOe H 

3KOHOM147-IeCKOe pâ3BHTHe MOxCeT nerKO HpHBeCTH K KpynHOMy H 

pe3KOMy nOBbIIHeHHIO AOCTyHHOCTH anKOrOnA. 3TO We o6Hjee 

nOJloxCeHHe TaKxCe Aei-1CTBHTenbH0 AnA CTpaH, rAe KOHTpOnb 3a 

64IBIIIHMH npaBHTenbCTBCHHbIMH OrpaHHLieHHAMH p03HHT4HOi%I 

TOprOBnH OCyLueCTBnAeTCA C nOMOHjbiO rOCyAapCTBeHHOÎ-i 

MOHOHOnHH 11.11 14 CHCTeM6I 111411eH3HpOBaHHA, H HMeeTCA TeHAeHLjHA K 

ocna6neHHIO OrpaHHLieHHI%I. KaK yxce rOBOpHJIOCb, Ta TO'-IKa 3peHHA, 

KOTOpyIO MbI 3AeCb pa3BHBaeM, nonLIepKHBaeT He06X0AHMOCTb 

6anaHCa: B03Aei%ICTBHe Ha AOCTynHOCTb anKOrOnA H Ha o611[Hii 

ypOBeHb noTpe6neHHA He MOI'y'r 6bITb eAHHCTBeHHOII uen6io; 6onee 

y3KOHanpaBneHHble MepbI He ABJIAIOTCA CaMH n0 ce6e AOCTaT04H6IMH; 

HO KOrAa OHH pa3yMHO CKOMnOHOBaH6I, 3T14 ABa nonxona 6yAyT 

COBMCCTHO H, CTHMynHpyA Apyr Apyra, npOnBHraTbCA K uenH 

COKpalijeHHA anKOrOnbHbIX npO6neM. MbI BepHCMCA K BOnpOCy O 

COCTasnAIOIIjHx nonHTHKH B pa3Aene 10.3. 

10.2.2 Hanoroo6noweHl7e anKoronsi slBnAeTcA 

31441eKTHBHbIM M@XâHIA3MOM COKpall{eHNA WNpOKOrO 

Kpyra anKOrOnbHbIX rlpO6neM 

CynjeCTByeT OrpOMHOe MHOxCeCTBO AOKa3aTenbCTB, LITO 

nOTpe6neHHe anKOrOnA HaCeneHHeM CBA3aHO C ypOBHCM ueH CrnaBa 

300

5). YLIHTbIBaA B3aHMOCBA3b McKay nOTpe6neHHeM, C OAHOII CTOpOHbI, 

H ypOBHeM npo6neM nHLEHOCTH H BCerO HaCeneHHA, c npyrOii (I'naBbl 

3 H 4), Han00006n0)xeHHe aJIKOrOnA ABnAOTCA rOCy,gapCTBeHHbIM 

pblLlarOM 3ApasOOXpaHeHHA IIIHpOKOI%I nOTeHIlHanbHOli 

3(141eKTHBHOCTH. 3aABnATb O TOM, LITO 3noynOTpe6nAI0II(He HnH 

3aBHCHMble OT ânKOCOnA nEOAH He 6yAyT nOA,IjaBaTbCA BnHAHHIO L[eH, 

3HaLIHT npOTHBOPeLIHTb (paKTaM. KpoMe TOCO, AOKa3aTenbCTBa, 

npenCTasneHHble B pa3nene 10.2, Ami. OCHOBaHHe AnA TOrO, LiT06bI 

paCCMaTpHBaTb LIIHPOKHN CJIOI%[ nbEOlgerO HaCeneHHA, KaK 06'beKT AnA 

np0(pNnaKTHKH. b'b1J10 dona3aHO npocmo, HO C nOJ1HOU HayYnol[ 

docmoBepHOcmb1o, umo Hanozoo6nodlcenue anKO2oJlR xenslemcsl 

300eKmu6HbIM u a6conlomno docmynnblM nonumuilecxwil 

uHcmpyMenmoM, Komopblu Mo3lcem npuMenslmbcsl, umo6bl cnacmu 

31cu3HU u u36e31camb CBR3aHHblX C anKO2oJ1eM cmpadanuü. JIIo6aA 

cTpaHa, KOTOpaA Cepbe3H0 HaMepeBaeTCA npOBOAHTb np0(tHnaKTHKy 

ânKOCOnbHbIX npo6neM, Aona

o npHLIHHaX AAA TOrO, '-IT06bI BBO,gIiTb 3TH Mepbl B IIepByK) Oyepejjb 

(I"naBa 6). 

10.2.4 Mepbl I1pOTNB BO)K,geHNA aBTOM0641JISl B F1bSIHOM 

BN,ge SiB11AFOTCSI 304)4)eFRNBHbIM41, eC11N OHL1 CTpOfO 

C06flF0,(>,aFOTCA N NM I1pMAaHO BbICOKOe rOC)/,gapCTBeHHOe 

3Ha4eHNe 

rlpo6neMa BOWAeHHSi aBTOM0611.TISi B HbSIHOM BHAe SIBMSIeTCSI 

o6oApsltoumM npHMepoM pauHOxanbxoro, nocTeneHHoro 

npHMeHeHHS1 HCCneAOBaTenbCKHX AaHHbIX ripa pâ3BHTHH HOnHTHKH 

(FnaBa 7). 3Ta TeMa TaK)Ke HJUIiOCTpHpyeT )KH3HeHHyto He06XOAHMOCrb 

TOI'O, 4T06bI HOnHTHL1eCKHe HaMepeHH51 6bInH nOAAepxcaHbl 

AonrOBpeMeHHbIMH 06SI3aTeJIbCTBâMH 3aCTaBHTb FIX pa6OTaTb. liTepbl 

npomue eoNcdeHUSI e 11bsIHOM eude He dadym pe3yJlbmamoe mO11bKO 

6nazodapsi Eu61244b1M HaMepeHIIRM, no emu npoeecmu ux e 3/CU3Hb u 

o6ufecmeeuuocmb noddepolcum ux, ouu Mozym npedomepall.iamb 

aeapuu u cnacamb OlCU3HU. O6ruHIi ypoBexb noTpe6neHHSI 6yAeT 

oTpa.)KaTbCSI Ha KOnHi1eCTBe CMyLIaeB BO)ICAeHH51 B nbSIHOM BHAe, H, 

CneZ[oBaTenbxo Mepbl no Hanoroo6no)KeHHIO H AOCTyny BHOBb 

oKaacyTCSI AeiicTBeHHbIMH. 

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McHee BepOSITHbIM TO, LITO nIOAFI B HeTpe3BOM COCTOSIHHH 6yAyT 

CaAHTbCSI 3a pynb. MepbI CAepxcHBaHHSI H cTporoe BbInOJIHeHHe 

3aKOHOB no so)KAeHHIO B HeTpe3BOM COCTOSIHHH (7.1) 5IBM5IIOTC5I 

(IciyHAaMeHTanbHO Ba)KHbIMH. B LIHCJIO ApyrHx Mep BXOASIT: 

COOTBeTCTByIOHjee o6yLIeHIIe nepCOHana nHTeiiHblX 3aBeAeHHIH, 

BBeAeHHe OnpeAeneHHOii 3aKOHOM OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a npoAaxcy 

ânKOrOn51 KJIHeHTy, HâXOAS1uleMyC51 B COCTOAHHH Onb51HeHHSI 

(Pa3Aenbl 6.3.9 H 6.3.10); HIM cxeMbl, KorAa OnpeAeneHHblli LienoseK 

B couHanbHOtâ rpynne CornamaeTCx He [MTh (Pa3Aen 7.2). He 

noXO)Ke, LITO6bI HpHHyAHTenbHOe neLIeHHe HpOBHHHBInHXCSI 

BOAHTeMeH HJIH HanpaBneHHe FIX B O6HjeCTBO AA HMenH 

3HaLIHTeMbHOe BMHSIHHe Ha B03HHKHOBeHHe peuHAHSa (Pa3AeM 7.1.4). 

10.2.5 ,gpyrNe CNTyaIpNOHHO HaI1paBJleHHble MepbI 

HoMHTHLIecKH1i OrIbIT pa3BHBaeTCSI H B OTHOIIIeHHH ApyrHX 

CHTyauiiOHHO HanpaBneHHbIX npeBeHTHBHbIX Mep - HaHpHMep, KOHTpOJISi 

3a npOAaxceti anKOrOMSI Ha (byT60nbHbIX. MaTLIaX (Pa3Aen 7.5). 

302

10.2.6 06pa3osaHHe B wKonax, npoceeu{eHHe 

06111eCTBeHHOCTLI, npe,qynpe)K,qaFoiwNe 3TNKeTK41 N 

OrpaHi!14eHNn peKnaMbl 

lId 3neMeHTbI HOnHTidKH B 061IjeM HMeK)T HaMepeHHe nOBnHSITb 

Ha 1103HaHH5l HHJjHBHJjyyMa, ero OTHOIIIeHHe H nOBejjeHHe (rnaBa 8). 

3rH B03JjeiiCTBH3I SIBnSIIOTCSI n0 CBOeii npHpoJje CKJIOHHbIMH K 

B3aHMOJjeIiCTBHIO CO MHOrHMH JjpyrHMH BnHSIHHSIMH CpeJjbI, H eCnH 

OHH OKâ3bIBaK)T B03JIeiiCTBHe, TO, BepOSITHO, B Te''eHHH 6onee 

gJIHTenbxoro nepHo,ga (Pa3Jjen 8.1). Mx J(onrocpo'IHyio 

3(1)(1)eKTHBHOCTb CJIOJKHO HCCneJjOBaTb, HO eCnH OHH npidHOCHT 

nO11b3y, TO OHa, cKOpee BCerO, HOCHT HenpSlMoi%I XapaKTep H 

AeFiCTByeT nyTeM HOBbIIIIeHH5I HOnHTH'IeCKOii H 0611jeCTBeHHOii 

CO3HaTenbHOCTid (Pa3Jjen 8.2). Rannble co6peMennblX uccnedo6anuü 

ne n036o11SUOm noddepolcu6amb Mnenue o pa36opa'lu6anut[ 3muX Mep, 

KQK ocno6no2o cpedcm6a nonumuxu unu onpa6damb pacXodo6anue 

3HQYUmenbnb[X cpedcm6 na ulKOnbnoe o6pa3o6anue wiu KaMnanuu no 

npoc6euSenulo o6ufecm6ennocmu 'repe3 cpedcm6a Macco6oü 

unChopMalfuu, ecnH OHH He 51snSIIOTC5I CocTasxbIM 3neMeHTOM 6o.nee 

ulHpoxoro KoMnnexca JjeiicTSHIi. 

10.2.7 Ilpe,genbHan Ao3a norpe6neHlin anKoronn 

4enOBeKOM, KaK CrpaTerNn 06pa30BaHNn B ItennX 

)/KpenneHNn 3,gOp0Bbn 

)1O CHX nop HeT JjOKa3aTenbCTS, nOJjTBep)IujaioüjHX 3(14eKTHBHOCTb 

KaMnaHHN, KOTOpble B paMKaX cTpaTerHH o6lljecTBeHHOro 

3JjpaBOOXpaHeHHSI 11bITaK)TC5I Hay'IHTb HaCeneHHe C'-IIiTaTb BbInHTOe 

KOnH'ieCTBO eJjHHHL( anKOrO115I (Pa3Jjen 8.1.2). KpoMe TOro, MO)KeT 

CyüjeCTBOBaTb OnpeJjeneHHaSI OnaCHOCTb, 'iTO pa3rOBOpbI O 

"6e30nacHOii J.[03e" MoryT npHBeCTH K pOCTy noTpe6neHHSI anKoronSl 

HaCeneHHeM H n06yJjHTb nbIOIIjHX B ManblX ,i[o3aX nHTb 60nbnle - AO 

peKOMeHJjyeMOrO ypOBHSI. KaK B pa3BHBaK)njHXCSI, TaK H B pâ3BHTbIX 

CTpaHax Z[JISI 6OnbHIHHCTBa HaCeneHHSI nyYlHe HHTb anKOrOnb MeHbllde 

nIO60Ii npOBO3rnaLIIeHHOii "6e3OnaCHOIi jjO3bI". gaHHble, KOTOpble 

06CyXCJjanHCb B rnaBe 3, n0Ka3bIBaIOT, TITO TIJI5I HeCKOnbKHX 

oTpHgaTenbHblX nocne,gcTBHiI He cylljecTByeT 6e3onacxoii jjo3bI, a 

TOnbKO OnpeZjeneHHaSI CTeneHb pidCKa. TeM He McHee, 6bin CJjenaH 

BbIBOjj, 'iTO PUCK He Bo3paCTaeT go TeX nop, nOKa He ,IjOCTHrHyT 

ypOBeHb 3-x Zj03 (1 ,gO3a - 10 r'IHCTOro anK000n4I) B jjeHb KaK z[JISI 

My)K'IHH, TaK H Jj115l )KeHHjiiH, HO 143-3a BO3MO)KHOI'O pHCKa 

303

BO3HHKHOBeHHA paKa MOJIOLIHOii )ICene3bl nfo6a51 npeAenbHaA A03a AIM 

)KeHIIjHH AOn)ICHa yCTaHaBJIHBaTbCA HH)Ke, CKâ)KeM go 2-x A03 B AeHb. 

Heo6xoAHMO OTMeTHTb HHble HeAOCTaTKH KOHLjengHH npe,genbxoli 

Ao3bI: HeBO3MO)KHOCTb yLIeCTb Bec Tema Ka)iCAOrO HHAHBHAyyMa H 

ApyrHe aCneKTbl nHT-IHOH noABepxcexxocTH; HeBO3MO)KHOCTb 

noAHepKHyTb Bâ)ICHOCTb CTIinA, npHBblifeK H TeMna noTpe6neHHA 

anKOronA; HeB03MO)KHOCTb yea Ba)KHOCTH yCJIOBIiIi noTpe6neHHA. 

KpoMe TOrO, B pa3Aene 4.1.3 AaeTcA Oi-IeHb Ba)KHOe nono)KeHHe 

nonHTHKH, MTO H3-3a x0ne6aHHli Boxpyr cpeAHero LIHcna. 

onTHManbxaA Ao3a noTpe6neHHA anK000n5I AnA HaceneHHA ABnAeTCA, 

3HaLIHTenbHO 6onee H143KOIi, LIeM nIo6OIi npeAnonaraeMbli-i 

HHAHBHAyanbHbIti ypOBeHb. 

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tru3KO2O pucxa'; item o "6e3onacuoü do3e" (Pa3den 3.10). Xomsz 

KOHZfenzfusl xenxemcx none3xoü dim o6cy3zcdenun Medlcdy epairoM u 

naifueumoM u dix Onpedeneuux u KOHmpoisr uHdueudyanbHblx zfeneü 6 

nompe6nenuu anxozonx; 3mom nodxod naepxd nu oKaorcemcx 

none3xbrM Kan OCHOBa dix Kahrnanuü zfenbzo KOmopblx xenxemcx 

OopMupoeanue unu enuxxue ua cex3anuoe c anxozoneM noeedenue 

xacenenux. 

10.2.8 CB513b MemK,gy norpe6neHHenn anKoronsi B 

He60nbWNX,g03aX N COKpall{eHNeM pNCKa BO3HNKHOBeH1151 

KOpOHapHON 60ne3HN Cep,gl.4a 

gaHHble 0 3aIIIHTHOM 34)(1)eKTe nOTpe6neHNA anKOronA AIN 

KOpOHapHOIi 60ne3HH CepAUa ABmAIOTCA y6eAHTenbHblMH Ha ypOBHe 

CB5I3H, B BbICOKO4I CTeneHH npeAIIOJIO)KHTCnbHbIMH B nnaHe 

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HCCneAOBaH1üi 113 pa3BHBaIOIi(HxCA CTpaH, H3 BOCTOLIHOI3 EBpOnbl 

HRH H3 pecny6niiK 6bIBInerO CCCP. 3HaA o npo6neMax , KOTOpble 

MOryT nOMelHaTb CO3AaHHiO 6a36I HCCneAOBaHH1i HO BOnpOCaM 

3AOpOBb51 B OnpeAeneHHbIX HaLIHOHanbHbIX CHTyaIjHAX, COBepLHeHHO 

HeyAHBHTenbHO, LITO HCCneAOBaHHA n0 anKOrORK) He MOryT B 

HaCTOAnjee BpeMA AaTb 6onbme MaTepHaTIOB. HeCMOTpA Ha 3TH 

TpyAHOCTH H np06neMbl pacnpOCTpaHeHHA HCCReAOBaTenbCKHX 

AaHHbIX, HOABnARHCb OTAenbHble HHTepeCHble pa6OTbI, KOTOpble 

3aCnyxcHBa1OT BHHMaHHA. 

KaK 6bIJI0 nOKa3aHO B 1 Rase 1, MHOrHe pe3ynbTaTbl 

OTHOCALIjNXCA K noRHTHKe HCCneAOBaHHIi, BepOATHO, npHMeHHMbI ARA 

pa3nHLiH6IX cTpaH, HO B TOAce CaMOe spew{ CTpaHbl, HaXOAALIjHeCA Ha 

CTaAHH 66ICTpbIX COL[HanbHbIX, 3KOHOMHIIeCKHX H nORHTHIIeCKHX 

H3MeHeHH1i, IiacTo CTâRKHBaIOTCA C OCO6bIMH anKOrOnbHbIMH 

np06neMaMi1, KOTOpble B3aHMOCB5I3aHbI C 3THMH CO6bITHAMH. iIpH 

3TOM Bee Ace CyI1jeCTByIOT ABa THna npHLIHH B nOAAepACKy MHeHHA O 

TOM, LITO aRKOrOnbHble HCCneAOBaHHA 3aCnyxcHBaiOT nOBbILHCHHbIX 

BROxCCHH1i. BO-nepBbIX, K HHM OTHOCATCA BHyTpCHHHe C006paxceHHA 

CaMHX 3THX CTpaH, nORHTHKa B OTHOIIIeHHH aRKOrOnA B TaKHX 

ycnosHAx KaK HiirAe, HyAc,ZjaeTCA B nOAAepxcKe HCCnejjOBaHHIi. 

CyHjecTByIOT TafUKe npHLIHHbI BHeLHHerO xapaKTepa: HCCReAOBaHHA, 

KOTOpble OTpaACaiOT OnbIT no anKOrOnbHbIM BOnpOCaM B 3TOIi LIaCTH

MHpa, BHeCyT CBOii nORe3HbIN H BpeMeHaMH )KH3HeHHO He06X0nHMbni 

BKnan B Me)KnyHapOnHylO 6a3y 3HaHHLi. 

gasaTb TaKHe peKOMeHnaijHH no HCCnenOBaTenbCKOii nOnHTHKe 

neri-Ie, '-IeM HaiiTH CbOHJjbI H 06r-IeHHblii nepcoHân TARA npOBeneHHSI 

npeJjno)KeHHbIX HCCnenOBaHHii. He BnaBaslCb B cneLjHLtiHKy 

OpraHH3aLjHOHHbIX peIDeHHIi, MbI 6b1 XOTenH npenno>KHTb, LITO 

Me)KnyHapOnHble opraHH3aLjHH jjOn)KHbI 6bITb rOTOBbI nOMOLIb B 

yCTaHOBneHHH H nojljjepmKKe He06X0,ij4MbIX ycnOBHIi Ijnsl 

aJIKOrOnbHbIX HCCnenOBâHHIi, KaK COCTaBHOii '-IaCTH nnaHHpOBaHHSL 

3,r(pasOOXpaHeHHSI. K 3TOIi npo6neMe TaK)ICe nOn)ICHO 6bITb 

npHBneLieHO BHHMaHHe HaLjHOHanbHblX areHTCTB TeX CTpaH, KOTOpble 

npe,ijnaraloT noMOLLjb B O6yLieHHH ARA pa3BHBaloujerocsl MHpa. 

2. H@KOTOpbl@ (1@pCll@KTNBHbI@ BO3MONCHOCTN ,gl1S1 

NCCJI@AOBâHNN aJ1KOfOJ1bHOH IlO11NTNKN 

3TH BO3MO)KHOCTH MO)KHO paCIIOJIWICHTb B npenenax Tpex 

06naCTeii, KOTOpble B OnpeJjeneHHOii CTeneHH nepeceKalOTCSI. 

2.1. ÏCCJIC41(0BaHHSI aJIICOrOJIbHOii HOJIHTHkH 

2.1.1 Tene3uc aJIKO2OnbnO14 nonumuxu. OxcH,gaeTCSi, LITO 

noJj06Hbie HCCnenOBaHHSI nOMOryT nOHHMaHHiO OCyLLjeCTBHMOCTH 

noniiTHKH HRH 6apbepos, MeLnaIOInHX 3434)eKTHBHOMy cl)opMHpoBaHHIo 

nORHTHKH B HaLjHOHanbHblX HRH perHOHanbHblX CHTyaLjHSiX. Ham 

He06XOnHMO 6onbule 3HaTb O TOM, KaK B neIiCTBHTenbHOCTH 

OCyLLjeCTBRSIeTCA nonHTHKa H KaK CJ_jenaTb BO3MO)KHbIM pa3BHTHe B 

pCanbHOM MHpe 6Onee 34)14)eKTHBHOIi rocynapCTBeHHOii nonHTHKH 

3npaBOOXpaHeHHSI n0 anKOrOnlo. 

2.1.2 Pa3pa6omxa JHodeneû c nenblo npedeudemb enuslnue na 

06ufecm8ennoe 3dopOBbe pa311U1Mb1X munoe anKO2Onbn011 nonumuKU. 

He06XOnHMbI pa60TbI no pa3pa6oTKe Moneneii, KOTOpble MOrnH 6bI 

o6ecneT-IHTb onpeJjensHoüjHx nonHTHKy nlo,ijeii MaTepHanaMH, 

KacaIOLImMHCSI BeposiTHOro KonHLIeCTSeHHOro BnHSLHHSi Ha 

yCTaxoBneHHbie napaMeTpbi HaxocHMOro anxoroneM pea 

KOHKpeTHbIX Mep o61IjeCTBeHHOI'O 3npaBOoxpaHeHHSI, npHMeHSIeMbIX 

COBMeCTHO HRH n0 OTJjenbHOCTH. 

2.1.3 TapuObl u mop2oeble co2naluenusl. KaK ynOMHHanOCb B 

rnaBe 5, BnHSIIOnjHe Ha LjeHy H npennOxceHHe anKOronSl TapHCtibI H 

TOprOBble COrnaLneHHSI, BepOSITHO, HMeIOT Bee 6onbHlyio Ba)ICHOCTb 

nnsi scero MHpa. BnHSIHHe JjaHHbIX 06CTOSITenbCTB Ha nOTpe6neHHe 

312

anKOTOJIA H 061I.jeCTBeHHOe 3AOpOBbe, TaKHM o6pa3oM, ABnAeTCA 

BaXCHbIM BOnpOCOM AnA HCCneJjOBaHHii . 

2.1.4 CUCmeMbi ne4enusl, Kax COcmaeHaH 'IaCmb o6UfecmeeHH020 

sdpaeooxpanenusl. IIpH nCIIOnb30BaHHn TepMHHa "nemenne" B 

IIIHpOKOM CMbICne, KaK B I'naBe 9, cyiuecTByeT He06X0AHMOCTb 

AanbHeiilIIeii pa60TbI n0 H3y'ieHHK) BnHAHHA HHTepBeHL[HIi Ha 

o6o61uënnoM yposne, oco6enno npH npnsneHeHHH B pa6oTy Ha 

yposne HaceneHHA cTpyKTyp nepBHHHOH McAHKo-caHHTapxoii 

nOMO1IjH. 

2.1.5 300eKmuen0Cmb sampam pasnuunblx eapuanmoe 

anK02o11bH014 nonumuKU. CnHIIIKOM MânO H3BeCTHO Ha AaHHbIii 

MOMeHT KaK O 3aTpaTaX, TaK H o6 3(14eKTHBHOCTH 3aTpaT pa3n11T-IHbIX 

BapHaHTOB np0(11HnaKTHKH HnH neLIeHHA, npHMeHAeMbIX Ha 

anKOTOnbHOIi apene. 

2.1.6 Tkcnedoeanusl nonumuxu anxo2o11buoü undycmpuu. 

geATenbHOCTb HaIjHOHanbHOii H MHOrOHaL[HOHanbHOli aJIKOrOnbHO[i 

HHAyCTpHH ABJIAeTCA BHOJIHe O60CHOBaHHbIM BOnpOCOM HCCneAOBaHHii 

3,rjpaBOOXpaHeHHA. CnHCOK TeM, BepOATHO, 6yAeT BKnIO'-IaTb 

3KOHOMHKy npOH3BOACTBa H pa3H006pa3ne anKOTOnbHbIX HanHTKOB; 

peKnaMy, MapKeTHHr H C6bIT, a TaK)Ke nOSbIIIIaiOH(yiOCA 

HHTepHanHOHanH3auHIO pbIHKOB; CBA3b AaHHOIi HHAyCTpHH C 

ApyrHMH THnaMH npOAyKTOB (HanpHMep, Ta6aKOM); cTpaTerHiO 

1106614p0BaHH51 H 06II1eCTBeHHbIX OTHOIIIeHHIi. 

2.2 HCCJIeAOBaHHSI 110 HpepOAe CBA3aHHOI'O C BbIHHBKOH 

HOBCAeHHH H OCHOBHbIC claKTOpbI H3MeHeHHIi 3TOTO HOBCACHHSI 

2.2.1 Onpedeneuue u usMepenue Hanpaenenuü unu munono2uü 

eudoe cesl3anno2o c ebinuexoü noeedenusi. Heo6xoA4Mbt AanblleiiulHe 

yCHnHA no pa3pa6oTKe KoHI[enTyanH3aHHH H H3MepeHHIO BHAOB 

noTpe6neHHA anKOrOnsA H nepexoAos 113 oAHOro BHAa B Apyroii. 

2.2.2 Bsawmodeücmeue pa3noo6pa3nbrx enxmopoe 

onpedensnou.fux u3Menenue cesl3anno2o c ebinueKOü noeedeuun eo 

epeMexu. IIoA 3THM 3arOJIOBKOM cocpeAoTogeno orpoMHoe 

KOnH'ieCTBO BOnpocoB AnA HCCneAosaHHii. T-ITO6bI CO3AaTb HOByIO 

OCHOBy, Hy)KHble nOAXOAbI, BepOATHO, AOn)KHbI 6yAyT BKJIIO9aTb B 

ce6A nCCneAOBaHHSI, KOTOpble H3yIialOT B3aHMOAeIiCTBHe Me)KAy: 

MaKpO3KOHOMH'IeCKHMH H3MeHeH145IMH, BnHAIOHIHMH Ha o61uee 

nOTpe6neHne anKOTOnA HaCeneHHeM; MHKpOCOIjHanbHblMH 

BnHAHHAMH; a TaK)Ke CTaTyCOM OTAenbHOTO 'IenOBeKa, BKnIO'IaA 

313

JIH,IHbIFi j[OXOJZ, ypOBeHb Cpej.merO HHjjNBH,ayaJlbHOrO nOTpe6JIeHHSI H 

CTeneHb aJIKOrOJIbHOIi 3aBHCIIMOCTH. 

2.2.3 b'onee nonnoe nonun,lanue noeedenust pa3nuvnslx cnoee 

nbloufe2o nacenenuX. Ham He06XOAHMo 60JIbLHe 3HaTb O TOM, KaKHe 

CJIOH HaCeJIeHHSi npH H3MeHeH14H 06CTOSITeJIbCTB nbIOT MeHbLHe HJIH 

6oJIb111e. OCHOBHOI4 CMbICJ1 3AeCb COCTOHT B TOM, LIT() MbI OCTaBJIAeM B 

CTOpOHe o6wee nOBeAeHHe HaceJIeHHSI (XOTSI TaKOIi (tOKyC 6bIJI 

BbIrOAeH C Hayi-IHOIi TOiiKH 3peHHA ) H 60.111,111e BHHMaHH51 yjjeJISIeM 

H3M8HeHHAM nOBeAeHHA cpeAH noArpynn, OnpeuensleMblx, CKaxceM, 

nOJIOM, B03pacTOM, 3THH4eCKHMH npH3HaKaMH, yp6aHH3auHe1i, 

AOXOAOM, 06bIiIHbIM ypOBHeM nOTpe6JIeHHA aJIKOrOJISI, aJIKOrOJIbHON 

3aBHCHMOCTbIO. OCHOBHOC HaMepeHHe AOJI>KHO COCTOSITb B 

AOCTH>KeHHH JlyiiLIIerO IIOHHMaHHSI B3aHMOAel1CTBH51 ABIi>KyII(HX CHJI 

"nb10IAer0 C0061IjeCTBa" . 

2.3 AJIKOrOJlb H CBH3aHHbIQ C HHM npO6JIeMbI 

2.3.1 Aeapuu, necuacmnble cnyuau, >Vleolc.nuvnocmnoe nacwrue u 

caMoy6uucmBa. flop 3THM 3arOJIOBKOM O6O3HaeH Kpyr BOnpOCOB, 

KOTOpble HMe1OT OAHO o6Luee CBOFiCTBO - (lJaKT, iITO OHH SIBJISI1OTCSI 

OCTpbIMH OTpHIjaTeJlbHbIMH nOCJIeJ1;CTBHSIMH. B3aHMOCB5I3b Me>Ic,gy 

3THMH npO6JIeMaMH H HHAHBHAyaJIbHbIM H 0606LLNHHbIM ypOBHeM 

nOTpe6JIeHHSI aJIKOrOJISI, a TaK>Ke nHTeliHblMH npHBbILIKaMH, C yi-IeTOM 

B3aHMO,IIeNCTBHS1 yCJIOBHi7, KyJIbTypHbIX H COL[HâJIbHbIX BJIH5IHHN 14 

JIHLIHbIX XapaKTepHCTHK, Tpe6yeT JjaJIbHeFllilerO HCCJIe,aOBaHHSI 

2.3.2 Anxozonb u xponuuecxue Ou3uvecxue 3a6oneeanusl. 

He06X0AHMO 60JIbLLie 3HaTb O BJIH5IHHH nHTel3HbIX npHBbI4eK, 

AJIHTeJIbHOCTH BO3,II,eiiCTBH31 aJIKOrOJISI, BJII35IHHSI Co,Ikep>KaI.IjHxCA B 

CnHpTHbIX HanHTKaX npHMeceN, KpenOCTH H THna HaHHTKOB, TaKHX 

(taKTOpOB, KaK AHeTa HJIH KypeHHe; a TaK>Ke O KpHBbIX pHCKa AJI5I 

THROB (1314314IIeCKHX 3a60JIeBaHHI3, KOTOpble 06Cy>KAâJIHCb B rJIaBaX 3 

H 4. B OCO6eHHOCTH Tpe6yeT AâJIbHel3lIIerO BHHMaHH51 pax >I(eHCKO1.1 

rpyAH. 

2.3.3 AnK020nbna5l 3a6ucuMOCmb, paccJlaampueaen-lasl c no3uyuû 

o6u.{ecmeennozo 3dpaeooxpanenusl. AO HeAasxero BpeMeHH 

aJIKOrOJIbHâA 3aBHCHMOCTb paCCMaTpHBâJIaCb CKOpee KaK 

KJIHHH9eCKHN TepMHH, LIeM KaK nOHATHe, KOTOpOe MO>KHO HpHMCHATb 

AJISI aHâJIH3a BOnpOCOB Ha ypOBHe HâCeJIeHHA. CeNYaC HeO6XOAliMbl 

HCCJIeAOBaHH51 no H3yLIeHIO nOTeHL[HaJIbHOÎI 3Ha4HMOCTH 3T000 

SIBJIeHHSI A1I51 11OHHMaHH5I nOTpe6JIeHHS1 aJIKOrOJIA HaCeJIeHHeM. 

314

Tpe6yeTC5I BbISICHHTb B3aHMOCB5l3b Me)KJjy ypOBHeM nOTpe6neHHSI 

HaceneHHeM H pacnpOCTpaHeHHOCTbIO 3aBHCHMOCTH cpe,gH 

HaCeneHHSI. 1iyAeT TaK)Ice Ba)ICHO onpeAenl-lTb, ecnH rpynna 

3aBHCHMbIX nb1oLI.1HX yxce yCTaHOBneHa, 6yAeT na OHa o6naAaTb 

OnpeAeneHHOI-i CTeneHblO HeO,I1H0p0,3HOCTa nOBeneHHSI, OKa3blBa5l, 

TBKHM 06pa30M, BnHSIHHe Ha 06LL[ee nOBeneHHe HaCeneHHSI 

2.3.4 AJ1K020J1b U COlfuaJlbHble np06JleMbl. lîbinH npeJiCTaBneHbl 

nOKa3aTenbCTBa, *iT0 no OnpenCneHHbIM COL[HanbHbIM npO6neMaM 

BO3MO)KeH aHanH3 itlyHKLjaH pHCKa KaK XISI HHJjHBHJjyanbHOrO , MK H 

061Ijer0 nOTpe6neHHSI anKOTOnSI ( rnaBbl 3 H 4). MbI npennonaraeM, 

'ITO j[anbHeiiLIIHe HCCne,IjOBaHHSI B 3TOii 06JIaCTH 6y,,3yT 0006eHH0 

yCHJIeH6I C nOMOLL1bIO H3MepeHHSI THnOB H KOnH'ieCTBa nOTpe6neHH5l 

anxoronx ripa yileTe JjpyrHx B3aHMOAeIiCTByIOIL[Hx 4)alcTopos. 

2.3.5 AJ1x020na u npedynpeolcdexue cepde'rnblx 3a6oneeanuü. 

Tpe6yloTcSl pa6oTbl no yposHSIM H THnaM noTpe6neHHSI anKOTOnSI, 

KOTOpble MOryT OKâ36IBaTb BnHSIHHe Ha BO3HHKHOBeHHe KOpOHapHOi1 

60ne3HH cep,gna, a TaKxce no Ha)KHeMy npe,geny H"rpaxagaM" 

1103HTHBHOTO BnH5IHH5l. TaKNCe Tpe6yloT nanbHeliIIierO BHHMaHH5I 

McTOAOJIOrH'-IecKHe BOnpOC6I, KaCaionjaeCSi H3MepeHHSi gOnrOCpO'-IHOrO 

Bo3aeiiCTBH51 anKOTOnSI. He06XO,3HMO onpeAenHTb nO,i[rpynnbl 

HaceneHHSI, KOTOpble C 60nbinei3 HJIH McHbLIIei%I BepOSITHOCTbIO 

H3BneKyT 11O1163y B pe3ynbTaTe 3a111HTHOTO 3C1)(tleKTa, HO npH 3TOM 

Han() y'ieCTb claKTOp KypeHHSI 

3. BapNâHTbI aJ1K0rOI1bHbIX NCCJ7@AOBaHNI4 N 

I7pO,40J1MC@HN@ WNpOKU1X M@MC,C4yHapO,C4HbIX yCNI1Nh no NX 

pa3BNTNIO 

B 3axni0'ieHHe, XOTenOCb 6b1 eLgë pa3 nOnLIepKHyTb, LITO MbI He 

C'-ïHTaeM 3TOT CHHCOK BO3MO)KHOCTei%I HC'iepnbIBaioniHM. CyHjeCTByeT 

OCTpaSI He06X0,3HMOCTb nyYLnerO, 60nee nOJIHOrO H HHTerpHpOBaHHOTO 

c6opa,gaHHbIX no TaKHM BOnpOCaM, KaK noTpe6neHHe anKOTOnSI H 

CB5I3aHHb1e C anKOTOneM CMepTHOCTb H 3a6OneBaeMOCTb, a Tax)ice n0 

COL11-lanbH6IM H IOpHJ[H'ieCKHM np06neMaM. 3TH naHH6le HeO6XOnHMo 

CnenaTb llIHpOKO J[OCTynHbIMH J1JI5I HCCnenOBaTeneii H 1110J1eN, 

onpenenSiloLL[Hx nonHTHxy B HaL1HOHanbHOM H MeNcnyHapOnHOM 

MaCLIITa6e. ÎccneJ:(OBaHHSIM H nnaHHpoBaHHlo 3J[paBOOxpaxeHHSI no 

CB513aHHbIM C anKOTOneM npO6neMaM He nOnncHa MCIIIaTb HeXBaTKa 

HaJ1e)KHOi1 HHIl)OpMaL[HH. CyII[eCTByeT OrpOMHaSI He06XO,gHMOCTb 

nponon)KaTb HccneJkosaxaSl H n0 yxce CyLI.[eCTByIOIi[HM 

315

HanpaBneHIiSIM, TaKHM KaK, HanpNMep, pa6oTbl, Ha OnpeJjenexHble B 

I'nasax 5 H 9 nonHTHLIeCKHe TeMbI. 143rIeHHe OnbITa pa3nH4HbIX 

BH4OB nonHTHKH H OnHCâHHSI eCTeCTBeHHbIX 3KCnepHMeHTOB TaK)ICe 

6yueT OCTaBaTbCH Ba)KHbIMH. Bo MHOI'Hx 06naCTSlx AonxcHbl ganee 

pa3BHBaTbC5I MeTOjn:I iiccne,aoBaHHi%I H CTaTI3cTHLleCKHe MeTOgHKH, 

HCCne,2jOBaHHSi B 3TOFi npaKTHileCKOi3, TeOpeTHYeCKOI-i, 

McNC,21HCI.[HIUIFIHapHOI-I O6naCTH )KHbI 6onee LieM B KaKHe-nH6o 

HHOH o6nacTH 6bITb OTKpbITbI HOBbIM HHHLjHaTHBaM H 6bITb 

CTIOCO6HbI OTBCLIaTb Ha HOBble H HeO)KH,gaHHble HCCnegOBaTenbCKHe 

BO3MO)KHOCTH HpH HX BO3HHKHOBeHHH. 

316

ABTOpaMVI 3TOV1 KHlnrvi nBnnlorcn: Griffith Edwards, Peter Anderson, 

Thomas F. Babor, Sally Casswell, Roberta Ferrence, Norman Giesbrecht, 

Christine Godfrey, Harold D. Holder, Paul Lemmens, Klaus Mäkelä , 

Lorraine T. Midanik, Thor Norström , Esa Österberg, Anders Romelsjö, 

Robin Room, Jussi Simpura H Ole- Jrrgen Skog. 

AJ1K0r0nb BHOCIIT CBOV1 BKna,4 B MHO1-0414CneHHble N Tpe6ylOL1lvle OfpOMHbIX 

3aTpaT np06neMbl, B03,4eVICTByeT Ha 3040pOBbe n1I4HOCT11, CeMbVI, 

6narOCOCTORH14e, 3aHRTOCTb 14 npeCTynHOCTb. CnVIWKOM 4aCTO 3T14 

3aTpaTbl VI CTpaAâHV1n pâCCMaTpNBanVICb KâK HenOAAaIOLIpIeCn 

B03AeVICTBIIIO. 

ABTOpbI yBepeHHO yTBepNC,gaIOT, 4TO 3TOT neCCVIMVI3M nBnneTCR 

HeOnPaBAaHHbIM VI CyLLteCTByIOT MHO1-0411CneHHble ,gaHHble, OnVlpanCb Ha 

KOTOpble MO>KHO OnpeAenllTb paL4V1OHanbHblVl 6a314C Ann 3cpcpeKTVIBHOVI 

nonVIT1IKII o6LJ_teCTBeHHOfO 300,OPOBbn B AaHHOVI 06naCT11. KpVIT114eCKOMy 

aHanVl3y nOABepraeTCn W11pOK1IV1 Kpyr pa3n114HbIXT14f10B non11TVIK1l, 

BKnI04aR L.teH006pa30BaH41e, B03Ae1C,ti3IAe Ha OKpy>Ka1owy10 06CTaHOBKy, 

npOCBeLL!KAeHVIn B HeTpe3BOM COCTORHIIVI. 

"AnKOronbHaR nOnV1TV1Ka Vl 06LL4eCTBeHHOe 6nar0" npeACTaBnneT C060Vi 

pe3ynbTaT yH1lKânbHOV1 pa60Tbl B03 , KOTOpyIO OCyLIaeCTBnnn11 B TeCHOM 

COTpyAHV14eCTBe 17 3KCnepTOB 143 pa3HbIX cTpaH. B 06nacTV1, rAe 

Cn1IWKOM 4aCT0 MO>KHO yCnblWaTb KpaVIHlle TO4K11 3peHVln, 3Ta KHVIra AaeT 

aBTOpVITeTHOe OnpeAeneHlle B3BeWeHHOV1 n0311u1IVl. "I-Ip06neMbl, 

CBR3âHHbie C nOTpe6neHVleM anKOrOnn, - 3aKn1O4aIOT aBTOpbI, - He 

ynpaBnnlOTCn HenOAAa1OLLmMCR KOHTPOnK) npVlnViBOM'.' 

ISBN 92 890 4335 0 WBelnl.i.cpp.43.-

IHgIIOJOHIj - World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe

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