Bentonite Mineralogy Part 1: Methods of Investigation - Posiva

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TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT TIIVISTELMA 1 page PART 1. METHODS OF INVESTIGATION -A LITERATURE REVIEW ............ 3 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 3 2 STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CLAY MINERALS ... 5 2.1 Structure of clay minerals ................................................................... 5 2.2 Chemical composition of clay minerals .............................................. 8 3 METHODS OF INVESTIGATION ............................................................... 9 3.1 X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) .......................................................... 9 3.1.1 Preparation methods for XRD ......................................................... 9 3.1.2 Solvation and heating .................................................................... 10 3.1.3 060 reflections ............................................................................... 10 3.1.4 Determination of layer charge ....................................................... 11 3.1.5 Identification of mixed-layer clay minerals ..................................... 11 3.1.6 Semiquantitative evaluation of mineral composition ...................... 12 3.2 Differential thermal analysis (DT A) ................................................... 17 3.3 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT I R) ............................... 17 3.4 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) ........................................ 19 3.5 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) .............................................. 19 3.6 Chemical analysis ........................................................................... 20 3.7 Exchangeable cations and cation exchange capacity (CEC) ........... 21 3.8 Mossbauer spectroscopy ................................................................. 22 3.9 Additional determinations ................................................................. 22 4 SUMMARY ON RECOMMENDABLE METHDOS .................................... 23 PART 2. MINERALOGICAL RESEARCH OF SELECTED BENTONITES ....... 25 5 SAMPLES ................................................................................................ 25 6 ANALYTICAL METHODS ......................................................................... 29 6.1 X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) ........................................................ 31 6.1.1 Bulk samples ................................................................................. 31 6.1.2 Fractionation, saturation and preparation of oriented mounts ........ 32 6.1.3 Solvation with ethylene glycol (EG) or glycerol (G) ........................ 32 6.1.4 Calculation of 1/S content .............................................................. 32 6.1.5 Coarse fraction .............................................................................. 33 6.1.6 Semiquantitative evaluations ......................................................... 33 6.2 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) ............................... 33
2 6.3 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) ........................................ 33 6.4 Exchangeable cations and cation exchange capacity (CEC) ........... 34 6.5 Total chemical analysis .................................................................... 34 7 RESULTS ................................................................................................. 35 7.1 X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) ........................................................ 35 7 .1.1 Bulk mineralogy & coarse fraction ................................................. 35 7 .1.2 Clay fraction -oriented mounts ..................................................... 40 7.2 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) ............................... 45 7.3 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) ........................................ 48 7.4 Chemical composition ...................................................................... 53 7.5 Exchangeable cations and cation exchange capacity (CEC) ........... 57 7.6 Semiquantitative evaluation of smectite content .............................. 61 8 SUMMARY ............................................................................................... 65 9 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ........................................ 69 9.1 Mossbauer spectroscopy ................................................................. 69 9.2 Determination of layer charge .......................................................... 69 9.3 Determination of cis- and trans-vacant types of smectite ................. 69 9.4 Chemical analysis of purified (by fractionation) smectite .................. 69 9.5 Semiquantitative evaluation of smectite content using CEC ............ 70 9.6 More detailed work on fine fraction with XRD, oriented mounts ....... 70 9. 7 Geotechnical investigations ............................................................. 70 9.8 Determination of organic content ..................................................... 70 LIST OF APPENDICES .................................................................................... 71 REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 73
Page 1: POSIVA OY Working Report 2004-02 Be
Page 4 and 5: ABSTRACT In the first part of the r
Page 8 and 9: PART 1. METHODS OF INVESTIGATION- A
Page 12: 8 Mixed-layer clay minerals: Layers
Page 17 and 18: 13 4) Is the sample thick enough an
Page 19: 15 Table 3-3. The factors used for
Page 22: Recommendation: 18 It is recommende
Page 27 and 28: - 4 SUMMARY ON RECOMMENDABLE METHOD
Page 29 and 30: PART 2. MINERALOGICAL RESEARCH OF S
Page 31 and 32: 20mm Figure S-3. Kutch bentonite, s
Page 33 and 34: 6 ANALYTICAL METHODS 29 Summary of
Page 35 and 36: 31 Table 6-2. Instrumental detectio
Page 37 and 38: 6.1.5 Coarse fraction 33 In connect
Page 42 and 43: Table 7-1. Minerals in addition to
Page 47: 43 The Friedland sample contains no
Page 54: 50 Figure 7-15. TEM-p holograph of
Page 58 and 59:
Table 7-7. Contents of major elemen
Page 61 and 62:
Table 7-9. Continued. 57 Sample La
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59 charge. Therefore, more exchange
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61 for the four Kutch samples studi
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63 The Milos bentonites contain poo
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8 SUMMARY 65 The purpose of this st
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67 to Henning (1971), the position
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70 in the interlayer positions. The
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REFERENCES 73 Backman, C.-M., Bruse
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75 Inoue, A., Kohyama, N., Kitagawa
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77 Pusch, R., 1999. Is montmorillon
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PHOTOGRAPHS OF BENTONITE AND CLAY S
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20mm 81 20mm APPENDIX 1 (3/5) Milos
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20mm 83 APPENDIX 1 (5/5) 20mm Dnesi
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counts/s 5000 26.0 18.0 14.0 11 .0
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counts/s 2000 26.0 18.0 14.0 96 Str
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102 TEM PHOTOGRAPHS OF BENTONITES S
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Sample: Milos high grade 104 APPEND
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Bentonite Mineralogy Part 1: Methods of Investigation - Posiva

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