The Fate of Western Hungary 1918-1921 - Corvinus Library ...

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Which translates roughly to: Southern Borderland. / Union of Germans for the Preservation of their Culture, in the country and outside. The translation of the text on the lower half of the back 229 is as follows: “German Western Hungary – Hienz or Burgenland – is a border province and, as with all border provinces, owners changed frequently; it was so with Austria and so with Hungary. Finally, a Habsburg emperor, Ferdinand III (1647) gave it to Hungary, unlawfully and forcibly. Now it is returned to Austria by the peace treaty of Saint-Germain. Ancient Germanic heritage, birthplace of Dietrich von Bern, province of Charlemagne, once again became German; 300,000 Germans, Hienzen and Heidebauers, as they call themselves, will raise the black-red-gold flag [meaning the German flag—J.B.] It is possible that the return of the land of the Hienz is an encouraging omen for the return to the homeland of all that we were forced to lose in the surrounding German provinces. / Vienna, October 1920 / Dr. Alfred Walheim.” The author of text popularizing the emergency money, Walheim, was simply lying in his historical arguments when he wrote that emperor Ferdinand III gave German Western Hungary [Hienzenland or Burgenland did not exist at the time—J.B.], “unlawfully and forcibly, to Hungary” in 1647. He could not have done it because the territory was an integral part of the greater principality, later the Kingdom, of Hungary a few years after Trans-Danubia was occupied (in the year 900) after the Conquest of 895 until the Treaty of Saint-Germain of 1919. Emperor Ferdinand III simply could not have given away the mentioned territory because, between 1637 and 1657, not only was he Emperor but also King of Hungary, at the same time. Austrian historical and other writing stated, and continues to state today, without any historical basis – even entering international scientific works and encyclopedia – that, after the 1490 death of King Mathias (ruled 1458-1490), Burgenland (sic!), meaning Western Hungary, was, between 1491 and 1647, “for a century and a half under Austria’s custody.” 230 Shortly after the issuing of the emergency currency, Michael Mayr again filled the post of Chancellor on November 20, 1920 and he was willing to 229 The original text on the lower half of the back is: „Deutschwestungarn – das Heinzen- oder Burgenland – ist ein Grenzland und hat wie alle Grenzländer öfter den Besitzer gewechselt: bald war es bei Österreich, bald bei Ungarn. Zuletzt hat ein habsburgischer Kaiser, Ferdinand 3:, das Land willkürlich und widerrechtlich an die Ungarn verschenkt (1647). Durch den Friedensvertrag von St. Germain kommt Deutschwestungarn nun zu Österreich zurück. Uraltes Germanenerbe, die Heimat Dietrichs von Bern, die Mark Karls des Grossen, ist wieder deutsch geworden: 300 000 Deutsche, die Heinzen und Heidebauern, wie sie sich selber nennen, pflanzen die schwartzrotgoldene Fahne auf. Möge die Wiederkehr des Heizenlandes und eine frohe Vorbedeutung sein für die Heimholung aller derer, die wir, jetzt rundum an den deutschen Marken verloren geben mussten! / Wien, im Oktober 1920. / Dr. Alfred Walheim”. (Barbalics, 1983, p. 54–55.) 230 Dabas, Rezső: „Burgenland” álarc nélkül [“Burgenland” unmasked]. Történetiföldrajzitanulmány az elrabolt nyugati végekről. Montréal, 1984, p. 213. 96
continue talks with Hungary. However, the talks at ambassadorial and foreign ministerial levels during the following weeks brought no results because, clinging to the Saint-Germain treaty, the Viennese government insisted on the immediate transfer of Western Hungary to Austria. The strengthening movement to popularize Austria on the territory to be transferred added further weight. As an example, the Viennese company ‘Kosmos’ offered to ship, free of charge, German-language schoolbooks to schools in the Borderland. The school superintendent of the Sopron district instructed the educational institutions in a circular dated June 19 not to accept the sent texts as they “intend to infect the young.” 231 Meantime, the Hungarian government and military command continued to bolster the defense of Western Hungary. In an order issued on October 26, 1920, the headquarters of the Hussar Battalion of Trans-Danubia and logistic units, as well as the men of the I. Detachment (two mounted companies and a machine gun company) were ordered to a new garrison in Sopron, while IV. detachment (a mounted company) was ordered to the Nezsider district by November 5. The units arrived at their destinations by rail. The Sopron Barracks of Sopron County, built in 1884, were adequate for the needs of the battalion offices and the supporting units. There were roomy barracks for the men, as well as two indoor and several outdoor riding rings, and a large house for the officers. Apart from the two years before WWI, the barracks always served as the base for the 9th (Nádasdy) Hussar Battalion. The barracks in Nezsider offered less comfort for the soldiers, as the ancient building was waiting for renovation / rebuilding. It has always served the needs of the Trans- Danubian mounted battalions. Only after construction was completed could it accept the command unit of the II. Detachment (and 3 rd mounted and 2 nd machine gun companies), until then left behind in Kalocsa. 232 According to the January 1921 Order of Battle, the Western Hungary military region, headquartered in Szombathely, consisted of 659 full-time and 184 reserve officers, 666 professional NCOs, 14,624 infantry and 373 mounted men. Their equipment consisted of 13,706 rifles, 123 standard and 114 light machine guns, 16 guns and one infantry cannon, 2,478 horses, 438 vehicles (horse drawn carriages and wagons), 35 automobiles but no airplanes. The commander of the region was Lt.Gen. chevalier Sándor Szívó, who also exercised direct command over the units in his region. These were: the infantry battalion of Csurgó, the Trans-Danubian mounted brigade with the Hussar battalion of Szombathely, the command units of Moson, Sopron, Vas and Zala counties and the border-guard battalions of the counties. The 3 rd Infantry Division of Szombathely, commanded by Col. Antal Lehár, also came under the command of Lt.Gen. Szívó. The units under his command were enlarged by 231 MOL. K 26. 1920–XLII–1653. szám, 208. old. 232 Kubinszky, Jenő: A „M. kir. Nádasdy Ferenc 3. honvéd huszárezred” Sopronban 1921–1939 [The Royal Hungarian 3 rd Nádasdy Hussar Battalion in Sopron 1921-1939]. In: Soproni Szemle, 1995, issue 3, pp. 219–220. 97
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The Fate of Western Hungary 1918-19
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CONTENTS Foreword………………
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contemplate - no matter how the cra
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declaration.” 3 The basis for the
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1918, in its second edition. 8 ) Ge
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of President Woodrow Wilson’s 14
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assessed from this perspective.”
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agreement regarding the delivery of
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goal was to organize, in advance, t
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accompanied by an Austrian military
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The reasons for the minuscule milit
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statements, among other things, is
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counties. The Romanian Army advanci
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were made up of about 20,000 armed
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The tacit support by the Austrian g
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addressed a memorandum 63 to Prime
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county directorates published their
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with its seat in Sopron. It brought
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The later name of ‘Burgenland,’
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the representatives of Romania, Cze
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Romanians, in like manner, wanted t
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191,000 (13.5%) Slavs would have be
Page 45 and 46: committee of the Peace Conference u
Page 47 and 48: to a rejection of the Anschluss (un
Page 49 and 50: Pozsony County and, in the Paris Pe
Page 51 and 52: István Széchenyi (1791-1860) and
Page 53 and 54: and consultation of the affected po
Page 55 and 56: Also significant was the trade in p
Page 57 and 58: Austria,” and Zoltán Palotás,
Page 59 and 60: August 16, stating that every armed
Page 61 and 62: Finally, and once more, we must fir
Page 63 and 64: The center of the Vend region, 143
Page 65 and 66: Szombathely travelled to the Vend r
Page 67 and 68: his co-nationals in the Vend region
Page 69 and 70: force - 7 battalions, 8 mounted com
Page 71 and 72: Incidentally, to bolster their clai
Page 73 and 74: two Szekler battalions and an artil
Page 75 and 76: odies and contact with foreign enti
Page 77 and 78: large volumes of maps and statistic
Page 79 and 80: agenda.” Lansing: “Perhaps it w
Page 81 and 82: the subject matter and content of t
Page 83 and 84: consideration the existing western
Page 85 and 86: external political education, raisi
Page 87 and 88: Proclamation: “Our historical iss
Page 89 and 90: amount).” 210 French Prime Minist
Page 91 and 92: 31, 1920. 215 French forces pulled
Page 93 and 94: supported by the Styrian government
Page 95: stronger stance with regard to West
Page 99 and 100: Hungarian Cabinet meeting, that und
Page 101 and 102: involvement in the royal coup attem
Page 103 and 104: closed case - Please do something,
Page 105 and 106: it was a secret report by Lt.Col. O
Page 107 and 108: e ceded to Austria. The area is to
Page 109 and 110: trade concessions. This was justifi
Page 111 and 112: etained lawyer József Östör to a
Page 113 and 114: manifestation, any encouraging word
Page 115 and 116: ackground of this institution becau
Page 117 and 118: Chapter 6: The Western Hungary insu
Page 119 and 120: destination of Felsőőr, the distr
Page 121 and 122: the first clash of Ágfalva. This w
Page 123 and 124: they expressed their thanks for our
Page 125 and 126: of Borostyánkő or the vicinity of
Page 127 and 128: and not to start to travel towards
Page 129 and 130: doctors, and, based on purely their
Page 131 and 132: in the skirmish and the gendarmes t
Page 133 and 134: evening. 348 Still back on the 4 th
Page 135 and 136: international news media and focuse
Page 137 and 138: Zárány was taken into custody by
Page 139 and 140: enemy incursion into Hungarian terr
Page 141 and 142: The second battle of Ágfalva - as
Page 143 and 144: Mayor Mihály Thurner of Sopron and
Page 145 and 146: On September 12, the prime minister
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insurrection was the already mentio
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the Hungarian government for financ
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police bodyguards, which he might n
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[Entente] generals’ mission deman
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well, they kept the pressure on the
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proclamation of the state of Lajta-
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They also burned the stamp inventor
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our principles from the flood of th
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The post of overall commander of th
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peace, attempting to bring down pub
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Kismarton and Ruszt). According to
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handling of issues, as decreed by t
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pensions, as well as stipulating a
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Banate was declared to be Hungarian
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expected. Thus, he asked Bethlen to
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Thus, it is clearly evident that th
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face, rather it carried four lines
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newspapers of the ‘20s and ‘30s
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Paris Peace Conference rejected it
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Aladár Boroviczény - Charles Habs
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prerogatives, although they must ha
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Borderland, although not openly wel
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Sopron and János Ambroschitz, colu
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Austria - who were ineligible to vo
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the voting stations, while attempti
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the Hungarians that they must submi
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inventoried the entire house and co
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planted by the bridge over the cree
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territory and 16.1% of the populati
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Bibliography 525 Chapter 1: From al
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Sopronyi-Thurner, Mihály: A magyar
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Romhányi, Zsófia: A saint-germain
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Fogarassy, László: Háború hadü
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Sopron, 1925.) Német nyelven: Trä
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Gévay-Wolff, Lajos: Csoda történ
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Gecsényi, Lajos: Iratok Magyarorsz
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