The Fate of Western Hungary 1918-1921 - Corvinus Library ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

territory along the Raba River, with Szentgotthárd as its center, all the way to the Styrian border. According to Patry’s suggestion, essentially the western portion of Trans-Danubia, with a population of approx. 900,000 (of which only 38.3% or 345,000 were Germans), would have been transferred to German- Austrian rule. For this, Hungary would have received, in exchange, Bosnia- Herzegovina and the southern part of Dalmatia, with about 2.2 million South Slav subjects. 5 Patry’s article did not find wide support in Austria. The newspaper that originally ran Patry’s piece in 1906, the Viennese Altdeutsches Tagblatt, also reprinted it in the form of a flyer, titled Westungarn zu Deutschösterreich [Western Hungary to German-Austria], and distributed it in Hungary. On its front page, it demanded the annexation of Western Hungary to a not-yetexisting German-Austria that was still a part of the German Empire. Around this time, the Croats petitioned to have Dalmatia annexed to Croatia. The flyer seized this opportunity to foment dissension with Hungary, which – as it stated – “the weak emperor allowed to grow in size at the expense of its loyal nations.” It proclaimed that the non-Hungarian speaking people of Hungary awaited their liberation from a forcible Hungarian rule. It graciously allowed the annexation of Dalmatia to Croatia, under the aegis of the Hungarian Holy Crown but, in that case, Austria is entitled to compensation by the Hungarian territory between the Danube and Raba rivers, which was partially populated by Germans. The flyer also added demands over and above the original article and went on to lay claim to the cities of Pozsony for reason of it being partly German, Győr for economic reasons, Komárom for military reasons, then laid claim to the purely Hungarian island of Csallóköz (Žitný ostrov) and Szigetköz for its rich agricultural lands. This contagion was carefully planted in Austrian society, and it made its way to Western Hungary, as well. As but one minor example, Dr. János Wurditsch of Szentmargitbánya, who received his degree at the medical school of the University of Vienna, for years, infected the minds of his sick and healthy patients with this. 6 In the matter of the dissemination of the German-language flyer, at the February 22, 1908 meeting of the Hungarian Diet, Hugo Laehne, member for the Kőszeg riding, addressed a question to the prime minister, Sándor Wekerle (1848-1921). He suggested that Patry’s flyer be officially confiscated and banning its dissemination in the country, 7 as well as curbing the Greater Germany sympathies. (Patry’s circular appeared again in 5 The ideas of Josef Patry and similar ones by Austrian politicians are covered in more detail by Schlag, Gerald: Aus Trümmern geboren… Burgenland 1918-1921 [Born from the rubble… Burgenland 1918-1921]. Eisenstadt, 2001, pp. 38–48. 6 Sopronyi-Thurner, Mihály: A magyar igazság kálváriája [The Calvary of Hungarian truth]. In: Sopron és Sopronvármegye ismertetője 1914–1934 [Sopron and Sopron County Review]. Összeáll. Horváth László, Madarász Gyula, Zsadányi Oszkár. Sopron, 1934, pp. 38–39. (Hereafter referred to as: Sopron and …, 1934.) 7 Nagy, Iván dr. vitéz: Nyugatmagyarország Ausztriában [Western Hungary in Austria]. Pécs, 1937, p. 23. 8
1918, in its second edition. 8 ) Germans have been slowly settling in western Hungary for centuries. The suggestion that the area be annexed to Austria was proposed even more strongly two years later, during the 1908 so-called Bosnian Crisis, by the editorials of the Vienna newspaper, Österreichische Rundschau. At this time, the Hungarian press was demanding that Bosnia-Herzegovina be annexed to Hungary. In response, certain Austrian circles counter-proposed that, in exchange, Hungary cede to Austria the four western counties of Moson, Sopron, Vas and Pozsony, with special mention of the city of Pozsony. The situation was finally settled when, on November 6, 1908, Austrian Emperor (and Hungarian king) Franz Joseph (1848-1916), citing the prerogative of the Hungarian Holy Crown, announced the addition of Bosnia-Herzegovina into the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. The topic of ceding of the four mentioned counties to Austria – and the emphasized demand for Pozsony – continued to remain on the agenda. In fact, it made its way into Archduke Franz Ferdinand’s (1863-1914) plans for the creation of Gross-Österreich [Greater Austria]. The question was also hotly debated in 1918 by the Austrian-German officers on the battlefields. The issue was tabled in the Austrian parliament in September. 9 This movement gained new momentum when, a day after Charles IV’s Schönbrunn Manifesto, on November 12, 1918 the interim Austrian National Assembly proclaimed the country a republic. Next, it went on to declare that the new state is to be called German-Austria (Deutschösterreich) and it is joining (Anschluss) democratic Germany. Here we must recount the fateful events that led up to the previous events. The last prime minister of (pre-Trianon) historic Hungary, Sándor Wekerle, who made numerous attempts to prevent the breakup of the Monarchy, stated “for the opinion of the Hungarian nation at large”: “Unfortunately, now after the fact, I can say that ex-king Charles (Habsburg IV) was not honest. He asked István Tisza to go down and hold talks with the South Slavs and, behind our back, he also empowered Korosetz to create against us the Yugoslav state. This Korosetz had such great influence over the ex-king that he [the ex-king] immediately passed on every understanding I had with him [again the ex-king] to Korosetz so that he [Korosetz] could immediately begin countermeasures against me. It happened often that, if I reminded the king of his previous promises, he claimed he could not remember them. You have no idea how often 8 Patry, Josef: Westungarn zu Deutschösterreich. Ein Vorschlag zur Lösung der deutsch-ungarischen Frage. [Western Hungary to German Austria. Proposal for the solution of the Western Hungarian question]. 2 nd . ed. Wien, 1918. 9 Gagyi, Jenő: A nyugatmagyarországi kérdés [The Western Hungary question]. Budapest, 1921, pp. 4–5; Angyal, Dávid: A boszniai válság története [History of the Bosnian crisis]. Budapest, 1932; Gulya, Károly: Az annexiós válság és az Osztrák– Magyar Monarchia balkáni politikája [The annexation crisis and the Balcan policies of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy]. In: Acta Universitatis Szegediensis. Acta Historica, vol. 20, Szeged, 1965. 9
Page 1 and 2: The Fate of Western Hungary 1918-19
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS Foreword………………
Page 5 and 6: contemplate - no matter how the cra
Page 7: declaration.” 3 The basis for the
Page 11 and 12: of President Woodrow Wilson’s 14
Page 13 and 14: assessed from this perspective.”
Page 15 and 16: agreement regarding the delivery of
Page 17 and 18: goal was to organize, in advance, t
Page 19 and 20: accompanied by an Austrian military
Page 21 and 22: The reasons for the minuscule milit
Page 23 and 24: statements, among other things, is
Page 25 and 26: counties. The Romanian Army advanci
Page 27 and 28: were made up of about 20,000 armed
Page 29 and 30: The tacit support by the Austrian g
Page 31 and 32: addressed a memorandum 63 to Prime
Page 33 and 34: county directorates published their
Page 35 and 36: with its seat in Sopron. It brought
Page 37 and 38: The later name of ‘Burgenland,’
Page 39 and 40: the representatives of Romania, Cze
Page 41 and 42: Romanians, in like manner, wanted t
Page 43 and 44: 191,000 (13.5%) Slavs would have be
Page 45 and 46: committee of the Peace Conference u
Page 47 and 48: to a rejection of the Anschluss (un
Page 49 and 50: Pozsony County and, in the Paris Pe
Page 51 and 52: István Széchenyi (1791-1860) and
Page 53 and 54: and consultation of the affected po
Page 55 and 56: Also significant was the trade in p
Page 57 and 58: Austria,” and Zoltán Palotás,
Page 59 and 60:
August 16, stating that every armed
Page 61 and 62:
Finally, and once more, we must fir
Page 63 and 64:
The center of the Vend region, 143
Page 65 and 66:
Szombathely travelled to the Vend r
Page 67 and 68:
his co-nationals in the Vend region
Page 69 and 70:
force - 7 battalions, 8 mounted com
Page 71 and 72:
Incidentally, to bolster their clai
Page 73 and 74:
two Szekler battalions and an artil
Page 75 and 76:
odies and contact with foreign enti
Page 77 and 78:
large volumes of maps and statistic
Page 79 and 80:
agenda.” Lansing: “Perhaps it w
Page 81 and 82:
the subject matter and content of t
Page 83 and 84:
consideration the existing western
Page 85 and 86:
external political education, raisi
Page 87 and 88:
Proclamation: “Our historical iss
Page 89 and 90:
amount).” 210 French Prime Minist
Page 91 and 92:
31, 1920. 215 French forces pulled
Page 93 and 94:
supported by the Styrian government
Page 95 and 96:
stronger stance with regard to West
Page 97 and 98:
continue talks with Hungary. Howeve
Page 99 and 100:
Hungarian Cabinet meeting, that und
Page 101 and 102:
involvement in the royal coup attem
Page 103 and 104:
closed case - Please do something,
Page 105 and 106:
it was a secret report by Lt.Col. O
Page 107 and 108:
e ceded to Austria. The area is to
Page 109 and 110:
trade concessions. This was justifi
Page 111 and 112:
etained lawyer József Östör to a
Page 113 and 114:
manifestation, any encouraging word
Page 115 and 116:
ackground of this institution becau
Page 117 and 118:
Chapter 6: The Western Hungary insu
Page 119 and 120:
destination of Felsőőr, the distr
Page 121 and 122:
the first clash of Ágfalva. This w
Page 123 and 124:
they expressed their thanks for our
Page 125 and 126:
of Borostyánkő or the vicinity of
Page 127 and 128:
and not to start to travel towards
Page 129 and 130:
doctors, and, based on purely their
Page 131 and 132:
in the skirmish and the gendarmes t
Page 133 and 134:
evening. 348 Still back on the 4 th
Page 135 and 136:
international news media and focuse
Page 137 and 138:
Zárány was taken into custody by
Page 139 and 140:
enemy incursion into Hungarian terr
Page 141 and 142:
The second battle of Ágfalva - as
Page 143 and 144:
Mayor Mihály Thurner of Sopron and
Page 145 and 146:
On September 12, the prime minister
Page 147 and 148:
insurrection was the already mentio
Page 149 and 150:
the Hungarian government for financ
Page 151 and 152:
police bodyguards, which he might n
Page 153 and 154:
[Entente] generals’ mission deman
Page 155 and 156:
well, they kept the pressure on the
Page 157 and 158:
proclamation of the state of Lajta-
Page 159 and 160:
They also burned the stamp inventor
Page 161 and 162:
our principles from the flood of th
Page 163 and 164:
The post of overall commander of th
Page 165 and 166:
peace, attempting to bring down pub
Page 167 and 168:
Kismarton and Ruszt). According to
Page 169 and 170:
handling of issues, as decreed by t
Page 171 and 172:
pensions, as well as stipulating a
Page 173 and 174:
Banate was declared to be Hungarian
Page 175 and 176:
expected. Thus, he asked Bethlen to
Page 177 and 178:
Thus, it is clearly evident that th
Page 179 and 180:
face, rather it carried four lines
Page 181 and 182:
newspapers of the ‘20s and ‘30s
Page 183 and 184:
Paris Peace Conference rejected it
Page 185 and 186:
Aladár Boroviczény - Charles Habs
Page 187 and 188:
prerogatives, although they must ha
Page 189 and 190:
Borderland, although not openly wel
Page 191 and 192:
Sopron and János Ambroschitz, colu
Page 193 and 194:
Austria - who were ineligible to vo
Page 195 and 196:
the voting stations, while attempti
Page 197 and 198:
the Hungarians that they must submi
Page 199 and 200:
inventoried the entire house and co
Page 201 and 202:
planted by the bridge over the cree
Page 203 and 204:
territory and 16.1% of the populati
Page 205 and 206:
Bibliography 525 Chapter 1: From al
Page 207 and 208:
Sopronyi-Thurner, Mihály: A magyar
Page 209 and 210:
Romhányi, Zsófia: A saint-germain
Page 211 and 212:
Fogarassy, László: Háború hadü
Page 213 and 214:
Sopron, 1925.) Német nyelven: Trä
Page 215 and 216:
Gévay-Wolff, Lajos: Csoda történ
Page 217 and 218:
Gecsényi, Lajos: Iratok Magyarorsz
Page 219:
219
show all

The Fate of Western Hungary 1918-1921 - Corvinus Library ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?