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of Croatia for a fleetingly short period. The Drava River has always been the natural border between Hungary and Slavonia, an associate country under the Hungarian Crown for 800 years. The exception was after the suppression of the 1848-49 Hungarian revolution and fight for freedom, when, as punishment, the Habsburg emperor temporarily separated the Muraköz, and other areas, from Hungary between 1850 and 1861. 160 The ancient Croats living here had, centuries before, a strong local identity and called/call themselves Medjimurec or Muraközi. On January 17, 1861, Emperor Franz Joseph ordered the reannexation of Muraköz to Zala County, at the urging of the Croat and Hungarian population. It was done on March 11. Hence, the emperor admitted that the temporary Croat tenure had no legal basis. 161 Thus, from a historicallegal perspective, the tearing away of the Muraköz from Zala County, through the Croatian unilateral announcement of separation on October 29, 1918 (and its becoming part of the South Slav Kingdom through the amalgamation of Croatia), is but one of the many unjust decisions of the Trianon peace decree. The current Muraköz region was formed in 1919 from the Csáktornya (72 villages) and Perlak (33) districts of Zala County and a tiny part (6,164 cad. hectares) of the Nagykanizsa district. Thus, the historical size of the Muraköz grew by a tiny amount to 785 km 2 . According to the 1910 census, the 105 villages in the region were populated by 93,283 people, of whom the overwhelming majority were Croats and only 7,706 Hungarians (8.3%). The Hungarians lived in more significant numbers in the seven villages of the Csáktornya district, in the county seat of Csáktornya (2,433 Hungarians (46.7%)). The size of the seven villages varied between 165 and 788 people and their proportion of Hungarians also varied, between 21.1% and 45.4%. Of their total population of 2,564, there were 744 Hungarians (29.1%). Only one village in the Csáktornya district had a significant Hungarian majority (93.2%), Hétház with a population of 59. From a Hungarian perspective, the second most Hungarian populated place was the village of Légrád, at the confluence of the Mura and Drava Rivers but part of the Nagykanizsa district, where a third of the 2,896 population were Hungarians (940 persons, 32.5%). 162 With its inclusion in the territorial transfer, the number of Hungarians in the Muraköz rose to 8,646. In historical literature, it became a widely accepted view by the 1980s that the Paris Peace Conference awarded the Muraköz and the Vend region of Zala and Vas counties to the Kingdom of Serbs-Croats-Slovenes as compensation for two cities and their surrounding areas. It is an undeniable fact that the South Slav country received the Muraköz in compensation for the zealously demanded Banate city of Temesvár (Timişoara), which was, in the end, given to Romania. 160 A magyar béketárgyalások. II. köt. 1921. 63. old. 161 Botlik – Csorba – Dudás, op. cit., p. 65; Fára, József: Muraköz történetének rövid foglalata [Short recap of the history of Muraköz]. In: Vasi Szemle, 1942, issues 3–4, pp. 101–119. 162 Pogány, op. cit., pp. 34–35. 70
Incidentally, to bolster their claim for the majority Hungarian-populated Temesvár, Otto Roth, government commissioner, ordered a plebiscite on December 21, 1918, as the urging of the local occupying Serb authorities. 163 The population of Temesvár at the time was 72,55: 56.6% Hungarian, 27.5% German, 8.1% Romanian, 3.6% Serb, 2.9% Jewish (for a total of 98.7%), the rest being a mix of others. The other ‘South Slav’ settlement lost by the Kingdom of Serbs-Croats- Slovenes was the provincial capital of Carinthia, Klagenfurt. Increasing territories were being occupied after the end of the war by the invading Serb- Slovene forces. So, in early December, 1918, the provincial commandant decided on armed resistance. After the clashes, they declared a truce in January of 1919, which was broken by the Serbs on April 29. They launched an attack and captured Klagenfurt. However, at the order of the Paris Peace Conference, they were told to withdraw. 164 Afterwards, the victors ordered the transfer of the Lendva region and the southern parts of the Vend region to the South Slav Kingdom in exchange for Klagenfurt. 163 Geml, József: Emlékiratok polgármesteri működésem idejéből. 1914 VI. 15.–1919. IX. 4 [Memoirs from my time as mayor, June 15, 1914 – October 4, 1919]. Timişoara, 1924. Helicon Könyvnyomdai Műintézet, pp. 108–109. 164 Zöllner, op. cit., pp. 373–374. 71
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The Fate of Western Hungary 1918-19
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CONTENTS Foreword………………
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contemplate - no matter how the cra
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declaration.” 3 The basis for the
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1918, in its second edition. 8 ) Ge
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of President Woodrow Wilson’s 14
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assessed from this perspective.”
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agreement regarding the delivery of
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goal was to organize, in advance, t
Page 19 and 20: accompanied by an Austrian military
Page 21 and 22: The reasons for the minuscule milit
Page 23 and 24: statements, among other things, is
Page 25 and 26: counties. The Romanian Army advanci
Page 27 and 28: were made up of about 20,000 armed
Page 29 and 30: The tacit support by the Austrian g
Page 31 and 32: addressed a memorandum 63 to Prime
Page 33 and 34: county directorates published their
Page 35 and 36: with its seat in Sopron. It brought
Page 37 and 38: The later name of ‘Burgenland,’
Page 39 and 40: the representatives of Romania, Cze
Page 41 and 42: Romanians, in like manner, wanted t
Page 43 and 44: 191,000 (13.5%) Slavs would have be
Page 45 and 46: committee of the Peace Conference u
Page 47 and 48: to a rejection of the Anschluss (un
Page 49 and 50: Pozsony County and, in the Paris Pe
Page 51 and 52: István Széchenyi (1791-1860) and
Page 53 and 54: and consultation of the affected po
Page 55 and 56: Also significant was the trade in p
Page 57 and 58: Austria,” and Zoltán Palotás,
Page 59 and 60: August 16, stating that every armed
Page 61 and 62: Finally, and once more, we must fir
Page 63 and 64: The center of the Vend region, 143
Page 65 and 66: Szombathely travelled to the Vend r
Page 67 and 68: his co-nationals in the Vend region
Page 69: force - 7 battalions, 8 mounted com
Page 73 and 74: two Szekler battalions and an artil
Page 75 and 76: odies and contact with foreign enti
Page 77 and 78: large volumes of maps and statistic
Page 79 and 80: agenda.” Lansing: “Perhaps it w
Page 81 and 82: the subject matter and content of t
Page 83 and 84: consideration the existing western
Page 85 and 86: external political education, raisi
Page 87 and 88: Proclamation: “Our historical iss
Page 89 and 90: amount).” 210 French Prime Minist
Page 91 and 92: 31, 1920. 215 French forces pulled
Page 93 and 94: supported by the Styrian government
Page 95 and 96: stronger stance with regard to West
Page 97 and 98: continue talks with Hungary. Howeve
Page 99 and 100: Hungarian Cabinet meeting, that und
Page 101 and 102: involvement in the royal coup attem
Page 103 and 104: closed case - Please do something,
Page 105 and 106: it was a secret report by Lt.Col. O
Page 107 and 108: e ceded to Austria. The area is to
Page 109 and 110: trade concessions. This was justifi
Page 111 and 112: etained lawyer József Östör to a
Page 113 and 114: manifestation, any encouraging word
Page 115 and 116: ackground of this institution becau
Page 117 and 118: Chapter 6: The Western Hungary insu
Page 119 and 120: destination of Felsőőr, the distr
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the first clash of Ágfalva. This w
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they expressed their thanks for our
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of Borostyánkő or the vicinity of
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and not to start to travel towards
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doctors, and, based on purely their
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in the skirmish and the gendarmes t
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evening. 348 Still back on the 4 th
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international news media and focuse
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Zárány was taken into custody by
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enemy incursion into Hungarian terr
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The second battle of Ágfalva - as
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Mayor Mihály Thurner of Sopron and
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On September 12, the prime minister
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insurrection was the already mentio
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the Hungarian government for financ
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police bodyguards, which he might n
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[Entente] generals’ mission deman
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well, they kept the pressure on the
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proclamation of the state of Lajta-
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They also burned the stamp inventor
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our principles from the flood of th
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The post of overall commander of th
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peace, attempting to bring down pub
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Kismarton and Ruszt). According to
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handling of issues, as decreed by t
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pensions, as well as stipulating a
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Banate was declared to be Hungarian
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expected. Thus, he asked Bethlen to
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Thus, it is clearly evident that th
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face, rather it carried four lines
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newspapers of the ‘20s and ‘30s
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Paris Peace Conference rejected it
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Aladár Boroviczény - Charles Habs
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prerogatives, although they must ha
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Borderland, although not openly wel
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Sopron and János Ambroschitz, colu
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Austria - who were ineligible to vo
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the voting stations, while attempti
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the Hungarians that they must submi
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inventoried the entire house and co
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planted by the bridge over the cree
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territory and 16.1% of the populati
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Bibliography 525 Chapter 1: From al
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Sopronyi-Thurner, Mihály: A magyar
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Romhányi, Zsófia: A saint-germain
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Fogarassy, László: Háború hadü
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Sopron, 1925.) Német nyelven: Trä
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Gévay-Wolff, Lajos: Csoda történ
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Gecsényi, Lajos: Iratok Magyarorsz
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