The Fate of Western Hungary 1918-1921 - Corvinus Library ...

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September 2 commenting on the final Austrian peace terms, wrote: the borders drawn for Austria we cannot change; in any case, the line follows very closely the ethnic boundaries. That is why they did not consider a plebiscite necessary. After an insignificant debate in the Austrian National Assembly, Chancellor Karl Renner signed the peace treaty for Austria on September 10, 1919 in the Paris suburb of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. It was ratified by the Austrian parliament on October 17. The peace – which prohibited Anschluss – trimmed Austria back to the core provinces. It lost the South Tyrol, Trieste, Istria, Dalmatia, Krajina, and a part of Carinthia. It did, however, manage to gain a strip of Western Hungary that was part of Hungary for a thousand years, which later, from January 1, 1922, was called Burgenland. With the result of the subsequent plebiscite in Sopron, and later minor border adjustments, the peace treaty of Saint-Germain ordered 4,364 km 2 of Western Hungary, with 345 settlements, to be transferred to Austria. Among them, three cities (Sopron, Kismarton and Ruszt) were carved from the country. According to the data of the 1910 census, it represented 345,082 people, of whom 44,191 (12.5%) were of Hungarian mother tongue, 245,714 (77.2%) German and 49,374 (14.3%) Croatian. [Nota bene: German mother-tongue is not the same as Austrian ethnicity-ed.] Of the total population, almost twice as many as those recorded as having Hungarian as the mother tongue – another 80,632 (23.4%) – spoke Hungarian. 138 The Austrian government did not want to accept some of the terms of the treaty it felt were unjust, either. Shortly, at the end of 1919, it requested plebiscites in all the German speaking areas along the Austrian border, to have the population decide to which country they want to belong. The Peace Conference only ordered one referendum – in Carinthia. In the meantime, Austria continued to push for plebiscites in western Hungary. In fact, it suggested that it be expanded to the eastern portion of Moson County, as well as in Kőszeg and Szentgotthárd. As a result of the January 1920 Austria- Czechoslovakia friendship agreement, Austria dropped the idea of plebiscites in Western Hungary. 139 (The referendum in Carinthia was held on October 10, 1920, as a result of which Austria was able to keep Klagenfurt and its surrounding area.) 138 Lőkkös, op. cit., pp. 143, 288–289, 292. Regarding the size and population of the annexed territory, numerous imprecise numbers appear in historical literature. The reason is that Hungarian authorities ordered a census on December 30, 1920 on the Western Hungary region ceded to Austria. As a result, the data from the 1910 and 1920 census appear intermingled or erroneously attributed. 139 Fogarassy, László: Nyugat-Magyarországi bandaharcok. (1921. augusztus– november 4.) [Western Hungary gang wars (August – November 4, 1921)] In: Soproni Szemle, 1961, vol. I, p. 40. Fogarassy’s treatise appeared on the 40 th anniversary of the creation of Burgenland. The sole Hungarian language treatment of its time. According to the expectations of the era, the title ‘gang wars’ gives away its orientation. It reflects a servile acceptance of the period’s Austrian media’s and technical literature’s direction, which brands the Western Hungarian revolutionaries, to this day, as ‘bandits.’ 60
Finally, and once more, we must firmly establish: Austria did not gain a strip of Western Hungary as a result of the existence of the Hungarian Socialist Republic or due to respect of ethic principles but as compensation for the loss of South Tyrol. This fundamentally refutes official statements of Austrian history, and of some Austria-friendly Hungarian researchers, that the Hungarian-Austrian border was determined on ethnic grounds as opposed to the millennial, historical border. 61
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The Fate of Western Hungary 1918-19
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CONTENTS Foreword………………
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contemplate - no matter how the cra
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declaration.” 3 The basis for the
Page 9 and 10: 1918, in its second edition. 8 ) Ge
Page 11 and 12: of President Woodrow Wilson’s 14
Page 13 and 14: assessed from this perspective.”
Page 15 and 16: agreement regarding the delivery of
Page 17 and 18: goal was to organize, in advance, t
Page 19 and 20: accompanied by an Austrian military
Page 21 and 22: The reasons for the minuscule milit
Page 23 and 24: statements, among other things, is
Page 25 and 26: counties. The Romanian Army advanci
Page 27 and 28: were made up of about 20,000 armed
Page 29 and 30: The tacit support by the Austrian g
Page 31 and 32: addressed a memorandum 63 to Prime
Page 33 and 34: county directorates published their
Page 35 and 36: with its seat in Sopron. It brought
Page 37 and 38: The later name of ‘Burgenland,’
Page 39 and 40: the representatives of Romania, Cze
Page 41 and 42: Romanians, in like manner, wanted t
Page 43 and 44: 191,000 (13.5%) Slavs would have be
Page 45 and 46: committee of the Peace Conference u
Page 47 and 48: to a rejection of the Anschluss (un
Page 49 and 50: Pozsony County and, in the Paris Pe
Page 51 and 52: István Széchenyi (1791-1860) and
Page 53 and 54: and consultation of the affected po
Page 55 and 56: Also significant was the trade in p
Page 57 and 58: Austria,” and Zoltán Palotás,
Page 59: August 16, stating that every armed
Page 63 and 64: The center of the Vend region, 143
Page 65 and 66: Szombathely travelled to the Vend r
Page 67 and 68: his co-nationals in the Vend region
Page 69 and 70: force - 7 battalions, 8 mounted com
Page 71 and 72: Incidentally, to bolster their clai
Page 73 and 74: two Szekler battalions and an artil
Page 75 and 76: odies and contact with foreign enti
Page 77 and 78: large volumes of maps and statistic
Page 79 and 80: agenda.” Lansing: “Perhaps it w
Page 81 and 82: the subject matter and content of t
Page 83 and 84: consideration the existing western
Page 85 and 86: external political education, raisi
Page 87 and 88: Proclamation: “Our historical iss
Page 89 and 90: amount).” 210 French Prime Minist
Page 91 and 92: 31, 1920. 215 French forces pulled
Page 93 and 94: supported by the Styrian government
Page 95 and 96: stronger stance with regard to West
Page 97 and 98: continue talks with Hungary. Howeve
Page 99 and 100: Hungarian Cabinet meeting, that und
Page 101 and 102: involvement in the royal coup attem
Page 103 and 104: closed case - Please do something,
Page 105 and 106: it was a secret report by Lt.Col. O
Page 107 and 108: e ceded to Austria. The area is to
Page 109 and 110: trade concessions. This was justifi
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etained lawyer József Östör to a
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manifestation, any encouraging word
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ackground of this institution becau
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Chapter 6: The Western Hungary insu
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destination of Felsőőr, the distr
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the first clash of Ágfalva. This w
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they expressed their thanks for our
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of Borostyánkő or the vicinity of
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and not to start to travel towards
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doctors, and, based on purely their
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in the skirmish and the gendarmes t
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evening. 348 Still back on the 4 th
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international news media and focuse
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Zárány was taken into custody by
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enemy incursion into Hungarian terr
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The second battle of Ágfalva - as
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Mayor Mihály Thurner of Sopron and
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On September 12, the prime minister
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insurrection was the already mentio
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the Hungarian government for financ
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police bodyguards, which he might n
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[Entente] generals’ mission deman
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well, they kept the pressure on the
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proclamation of the state of Lajta-
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They also burned the stamp inventor
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our principles from the flood of th
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The post of overall commander of th
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peace, attempting to bring down pub
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Kismarton and Ruszt). According to
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handling of issues, as decreed by t
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pensions, as well as stipulating a
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Banate was declared to be Hungarian
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expected. Thus, he asked Bethlen to
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Thus, it is clearly evident that th
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face, rather it carried four lines
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newspapers of the ‘20s and ‘30s
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Paris Peace Conference rejected it
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Aladár Boroviczény - Charles Habs
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prerogatives, although they must ha
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Borderland, although not openly wel
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Sopron and János Ambroschitz, colu
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Austria - who were ineligible to vo
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the voting stations, while attempti
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the Hungarians that they must submi
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inventoried the entire house and co
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planted by the bridge over the cree
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territory and 16.1% of the populati
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Bibliography 525 Chapter 1: From al
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Sopronyi-Thurner, Mihály: A magyar
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Romhányi, Zsófia: A saint-germain
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Fogarassy, László: Háború hadü
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Sopron, 1925.) Német nyelven: Trä
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Gévay-Wolff, Lajos: Csoda történ
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Gecsényi, Lajos: Iratok Magyarorsz
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