The Fate of Western Hungary 1918-1921 - Corvinus Library ...

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Chapter 1: From allied country to territory claiming neighbor Austria and Western Hungary (Westungarn) in 1918–1919 On the eve of the ‘AsterRevolution,’ so called after its emblem [worn by demonstrating supporters-ed.], on the night of October 23-24, 1918, Mihály Károlyi (1879-1955) set up the Hungarian National Council, with himself as president, and unilaterally announcing themselves as the opposition government. On October 31, 1918, Count Mihály Károlyi, the Red count, and his circle forced the takeover of political power in the country. On the same day, the western counties of Hungary – Moson, Sopron and Vas – also formed local Hungarian National Councils, which quickly made decisions to set up similar councils in the towns and villages. In the following days, national councils were formed, even in German speaking settlements, which set as their main tasks: the organization of the feeding of the population and the maintenance of public safety. In Sopron, for example, it was formed on October 31, as a 15-member council, made up of radical, democratic and socialist elements, which officially took power over the city the next day. 1 At this time, the distribution of food for the population was much worse on the Austrian side than on the Hungarian. Following the military collapse of the AustroüHungarian Monarchy, 2 the delegation of the Upper House of the Hungarian National Assembly, led by Baron Gyula Wlassics (1852-1937), president of the Upper House, and members: prince Miklós Esterházy (1869-1920), counts Emil Széchenyi and Emil Dessewffy (1873-1935) – left on November 12, at the request of prime minister Károlyi for a hunting lodge in Eckartsau, on the bank of the Danube between Vienna and Hainburg. Their mission there was to brief Charles Habsburg IV, King of Hungary (1916-1918), of the revolutionary situation in Hungary, as well as consult with the monarch about a “temporary retreat 1 Környei, Attila: Az osztályharc néhány kérdése Sopron megyében a polgári demokratikus forradalom időszakában (1918. november – 1919. március) [Several questions of the class warfare in Sopron County during the period of the civic democratic revolution (November 1918 – March 1919)]. In: Soproni Szemle, 1969. Issue 1, p. 5. 2 Irinyi, Jenő: Az osztrák–magyar hadsereg összeomlása. (A volt főparancsnokság okmányai alapján) [The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian army. (Based on the documents of the former headquarters.)]. In: Új Magyar Szemle, year I, volume III, issue 2–3, December 1920, pp. 180–198; Baron Sarkotič, István: Az összeomlás Boszniában és Hercegovinában [Collapse in Bosnia and Herzegovina]. In: Új Magyar Szemle, year II, volume I, issue 2, February 1921, pp. 168–177. (Infantry general Sarkotič was the last commanding officer of the Austro-Hungarian forces posted to Bosnia-Herzegovina, until Nov. 6, 1918.); General Baron Arz, Arthur: 1914 – 1918. A központi monarchiák harca és összeomlása [1914-1918. The battle and collapse of the central monarchies]. Budapest, 1942. 6
declaration.” 3 The basis for the declaration was the Lamasch government’s Schönbrunn Proclamation, prepared the previous day, November 11, in which Charles IV stated: “In advance, I recognize German-Austria’s decision regarding its future state organization.” Although the proclamation did not contain a reference to his abdication from the throne, in light of circumstances, it essentially meant the end of 700 years of Habsburg rule. As a result of the visit and urging of the representatives of the Hungarian Upper House, led by Gyula Wlassics, on the following day, November 13, king Charles IV issued the Eckartsau Proclamation, which was essentially a repeat of the Schönbrunn Manifesto and announced: “I resign from all participation in the affairs of the state and agree to whatever form of state Hungary will decide.” Subsequently, the decision of the Hungarian National Assembly announced on November 16, according to which, henceforth Hungary was a “sovereign and independent people’s republic.” The so-called Eckartsau proclamation made use of the same form which the ruler accepted on November 11 as Charles I, Emperor of Austria, not abdicating from, or renouncing all claims to, the throne. After these two proclamations, the ruler and his family moved to Switzerland. During his later two attempts to regain the Hungarian throne in 1921, Charles tried to make use of the latter proclamation as the legal basis for his claim to the Hungarian crown. In the meantime, sensing the totally impotent actions of the Károlyi government (according to some signs intentional) – especially the disarmament of the Hungarian soldiers returning from the front – the German population living in western Hungary saw a surge in the movement to separate, whose roots stretch back a decade. In the heat of a 1905 Austrian parliamentary debate, it was suggested that Hungary cede its western, German-populated area, occupied by Austro-Hungarian troops as part of the terms of the 1878 Berlin Congress, in exchange for governing power over Bosnia-Herzegovina, under civilian public administration since 1882. Shortly after, in the summer of 1906, Josef Patry, Austrian newspaper reporter, from the Czech Sudeten region, once again brought up in a Viennese paper 4 the detachment and annexation of Western Hungary. This time, in response to the fact that, in some Hungarian political circles, the possibility of annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina to Hungary became a daily topic. In his writing, Patry predicted the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Monarch, and its break-up. As a result, German-Austria must lay claim to the area between the Danube and Raba rivers and, furthermore, not only Pozsony [today Bratislava] and Győr but, for military reasons, the city of Komárom, too, as well as the 3 Wlassics, Gyula: Az eckartsaui nyilatkozat. A királykérdés. I–II. Rész [The Eckartsau declaration. Monarchic question, part I-II]. In: Új Magyar Szemle, year II, vol. I, issue 1, January 1921, pp. 21–26; A trónöröklés. III. Rész [The Succession, part III]. In: issue 2, February 1921, pp. 133–138; Nagy, József: IV. Károly. Az utolsó magyar király [Charles IV. The last Hungarian king]. Budapest, 1995. 4 Patry, Josef: Westungarn zu Deutschösterreich. [Western Hungary to German- Austria.] In: Alldeutsche Tagblatt, June 17, 1906. 7
Page 1 and 2: The Fate of Western Hungary 1918-19
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS Foreword………………
Page 5: contemplate - no matter how the cra
Page 9 and 10: 1918, in its second edition. 8 ) Ge
Page 11 and 12: of President Woodrow Wilson’s 14
Page 13 and 14: assessed from this perspective.”
Page 15 and 16: agreement regarding the delivery of
Page 17 and 18: goal was to organize, in advance, t
Page 19 and 20: accompanied by an Austrian military
Page 21 and 22: The reasons for the minuscule milit
Page 23 and 24: statements, among other things, is
Page 25 and 26: counties. The Romanian Army advanci
Page 27 and 28: were made up of about 20,000 armed
Page 29 and 30: The tacit support by the Austrian g
Page 31 and 32: addressed a memorandum 63 to Prime
Page 33 and 34: county directorates published their
Page 35 and 36: with its seat in Sopron. It brought
Page 37 and 38: The later name of ‘Burgenland,’
Page 39 and 40: the representatives of Romania, Cze
Page 41 and 42: Romanians, in like manner, wanted t
Page 43 and 44: 191,000 (13.5%) Slavs would have be
Page 45 and 46: committee of the Peace Conference u
Page 47 and 48: to a rejection of the Anschluss (un
Page 49 and 50: Pozsony County and, in the Paris Pe
Page 51 and 52: István Széchenyi (1791-1860) and
Page 53 and 54: and consultation of the affected po
Page 55 and 56: Also significant was the trade in p
Page 57 and 58:
Austria,” and Zoltán Palotás,
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August 16, stating that every armed
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Finally, and once more, we must fir
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The center of the Vend region, 143
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Szombathely travelled to the Vend r
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his co-nationals in the Vend region
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force - 7 battalions, 8 mounted com
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Incidentally, to bolster their clai
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two Szekler battalions and an artil
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odies and contact with foreign enti
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large volumes of maps and statistic
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agenda.” Lansing: “Perhaps it w
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the subject matter and content of t
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consideration the existing western
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external political education, raisi
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Proclamation: “Our historical iss
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amount).” 210 French Prime Minist
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31, 1920. 215 French forces pulled
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supported by the Styrian government
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stronger stance with regard to West
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continue talks with Hungary. Howeve
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Hungarian Cabinet meeting, that und
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involvement in the royal coup attem
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closed case - Please do something,
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it was a secret report by Lt.Col. O
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e ceded to Austria. The area is to
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trade concessions. This was justifi
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etained lawyer József Östör to a
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manifestation, any encouraging word
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ackground of this institution becau
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Chapter 6: The Western Hungary insu
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destination of Felsőőr, the distr
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the first clash of Ágfalva. This w
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they expressed their thanks for our
Page 125 and 126:
of Borostyánkő or the vicinity of
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and not to start to travel towards
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doctors, and, based on purely their
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in the skirmish and the gendarmes t
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evening. 348 Still back on the 4 th
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international news media and focuse
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Zárány was taken into custody by
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enemy incursion into Hungarian terr
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The second battle of Ágfalva - as
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Mayor Mihály Thurner of Sopron and
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On September 12, the prime minister
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insurrection was the already mentio
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the Hungarian government for financ
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police bodyguards, which he might n
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[Entente] generals’ mission deman
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well, they kept the pressure on the
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proclamation of the state of Lajta-
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They also burned the stamp inventor
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our principles from the flood of th
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The post of overall commander of th
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peace, attempting to bring down pub
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Kismarton and Ruszt). According to
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handling of issues, as decreed by t
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pensions, as well as stipulating a
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Banate was declared to be Hungarian
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expected. Thus, he asked Bethlen to
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Thus, it is clearly evident that th
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face, rather it carried four lines
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newspapers of the ‘20s and ‘30s
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Paris Peace Conference rejected it
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Aladár Boroviczény - Charles Habs
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prerogatives, although they must ha
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Borderland, although not openly wel
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Sopron and János Ambroschitz, colu
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Austria - who were ineligible to vo
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the voting stations, while attempti
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the Hungarians that they must submi
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inventoried the entire house and co
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planted by the bridge over the cree
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territory and 16.1% of the populati
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Bibliography 525 Chapter 1: From al
Page 207 and 208:
Sopronyi-Thurner, Mihály: A magyar
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Romhányi, Zsófia: A saint-germain
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Fogarassy, László: Háború hadü
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Sopron, 1925.) Német nyelven: Trä
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Gévay-Wolff, Lajos: Csoda történ
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Gecsényi, Lajos: Iratok Magyarorsz
Page 219:
219
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