The Fate of Western Hungary 1918-1921 - Corvinus Library ...

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government.” 67 The statute was received with mixed feelings by the affected sides. Some groups felt that the self-government rights of the Hungarian Germans were too much; the leaders of the Western Hungary National Council, too little. They especially felt the German community lacked the right to elect a national assembly with legislative powers, and did not garner significant economic opportunities. It did not dissuade the intention of those wishing to unite with Austria. The development of an autonomous legal area completely faltered in the last weeks of the Károlyi regime, mostly due to various, often overriding, interests. One of the main reasons was that, with the planned creation of German autonomy, some villages, which have been county seats for centuries, were going to lose their position. Among them was Szentgotthárd, which had 36 German-speaking settlements in its district. The village’s National Council petitioned the government in early 1919 to have Szentgotthárd be the district seat for the villages of the German autonomous area, with a German county court and office for the German county chief magistrate. The petition was taken by a delegation to the Minister of Nationalities in Budapest, to the head of the German National Council in Sopron, Géza Zsombor, and the High Constable of Vas County. The 500 copies of the appeal were printed in Szentgotthárd, in Hungarian and German, and sent to all the settlements in the district, even to all shopkeepers with the request to have it displayed in their place of business. 68 The stand of the Szentgotthárd council met with success. The delegation to Budapest reported on March 19 that they received assurance from the Minister that, within the German autonomous region, the village would remain the district center. Mihály Károlyi handed over power to the Hungarian People’s Proletariat on March 21, 1919 and the Hungarian Soviet Republic was born; the Communist- Social Democrat coalition Revolutionary Governing Council 69 assumed power. The new Nationalities Minister, Henrik Kalmar 70 (1870-1931), took over from János Junker and held the position at the German People’s Commissariat as a People’s Commissar, until his resignation on July 25. Kalmar was originally a printer, was active in Pozsony as party secretary of the Social Democrats, and later became Undersecretary in the German Ministry in the Berinkey government. During the period of the Hungarian Soviet Republic, he continued on the development of autonomy of Western Hungary. The newly created 67 Thurner, op. cit., pp. 9–10. 68 Kiss, Mária, 1981, op. cit., p. 234. 69 Revolutionary Governing Council: the highest executive body of the Hungarian Soviet Republic, which transcended governmental spheres of authority and held state and party powers. Members of the Council, on the Soviet model, were commissars, heading various commissariats that replaced the former ministries. Its president was a former bricklayer, the Social Democrat Sándor Garbai (1879-1947), but the real power was excercised by Foreign Affairs Commissar, Béla Kun. 70 Biography of Henrik Kalmár. In: Révai Új Lexikona, vol. XI. Főszerk/ed-in-chief: Kollega, T. István. Szekszárd, 2003, p. 114. 32
county directorates published their decrees and directives in the language of the population in the German areas. The German Commissariat decreed on March 25 that for all German-language settlement, all official notification and records were to be written in German. At the same time, the instruction went on, district leaders and chief district magistrates were to announce this resolution in every German community and settlement. The April 4 decree of the Commissariat posted that local Soviets (councils) to be elected. The creation of the planned administrative arrangement of districts (Bezirk) and region (Gau) ran into a lot of difficulties – for various reasons and interests. As an example, at the April 23 meeting of the Workers’ Council of Vas County, it was noted with consternation that the German-language paper, Volksstimme, reported that two districts of the county were to be transferred to Sopron County and a separate German district was to be formed. Many objected vehemently against the plan, especially since the Revolutionary Governing Council decided in the matter without consulting the Vas County directorate or the people. The seven member board of the Gaurat für Deutsch Westungarn [German Regional Council for Western Hungary] was formed at the end of April in Sopron from the German representatives of Pozsony, Sopron, Moson and Vas counties. Sándor Kellner 71 was elected as the German Commissioner for Western Hungary. Sopron became the center for the German region. The first session of the Gaurat Versammlung [Regional Assembly] was on May 20 in Sopron. It was attended by three representatives from each of the Western- Hungarian German districts, a total of 90. 72 Representing the majority 71 Sándor Kellner (1887–1919), printer, worked in the Röttig printing shop in Sopron before WWI. He fought on the Eastern Front, fell into Russian captivity where he met Béla Kun. He returned home on Nov. 1, 1918 and was one of the founders of the Hungarian Communist Party. The Recolutionary Governing Council named him the council’s commissioner for Sopron and Sopron County on March 26, 1919. As such, he also oversaw the activities of the county directorate. In the press of the day, and after 1945, the local papers often erroneously referred to his title as Commissar. Papp, István: Az első magyar proletárforradalom és a Sopronba került Bányászati és Erdészeti Főiskola 1919-ben [The first Hungarian proletarian revolution and the location of the Mining and Forestry Academy in Sopron in 1919]. In: Soproni Szemle, 1969, issue 1, p. 28. About the period, also see Környei, Attila: Adatok az 1919. évi Sopron vármegyei osztályharcokhoz. I. A tanácshatalom osztályjellege [Information pertaining to the class warfare of 1919 in Sopron. I. The class characteristics of the power of the Soviet]. In: Soproni Szemle, 1973, issue 1, pp. 24–38; II. Ellenforradalmi kísérletek [II. Counterrevolutionary attempts]. Issue 2, pp. 123–138; Koncsek, László: A bécsi és Sopron megyei ellenforradalom kapcsolatai 1919-ben. I. rész [The counterrevolutionary relationship of Vienna and Sopron County in 1919. Part I.]. In: Soproni Szemle, 1956, issue 2, pp. 97–115; II. rész. A bécsi és soproni ellenforradalom kapcsolatai 1919-ben [Part II. The counterrevolutionary relationship of Vienna and Sopron in 1919.]. Ibid, 1959, issue 1, pp. 73–90. 72 Gergely, Ernő: A proletárforradalom és a tanácshatalom Kárpátalján és Nyugat- Magyarországon [The proletarian revolution and Soviet power in Sub-Carpathia and Western-Hungary]. In: Jogtudományi Közlöny, 1963, Oct-Nov. issue, p. 548. 33
Page 1 and 2: The Fate of Western Hungary 1918-19
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS Foreword………………
Page 5 and 6: contemplate - no matter how the cra
Page 7 and 8: declaration.” 3 The basis for the
Page 9 and 10: 1918, in its second edition. 8 ) Ge
Page 11 and 12: of President Woodrow Wilson’s 14
Page 13 and 14: assessed from this perspective.”
Page 15 and 16: agreement regarding the delivery of
Page 17 and 18: goal was to organize, in advance, t
Page 19 and 20: accompanied by an Austrian military
Page 21 and 22: The reasons for the minuscule milit
Page 23 and 24: statements, among other things, is
Page 25 and 26: counties. The Romanian Army advanci
Page 27 and 28: were made up of about 20,000 armed
Page 29 and 30: The tacit support by the Austrian g
Page 31: addressed a memorandum 63 to Prime
Page 35 and 36: with its seat in Sopron. It brought
Page 37 and 38: The later name of ‘Burgenland,’
Page 39 and 40: the representatives of Romania, Cze
Page 41 and 42: Romanians, in like manner, wanted t
Page 43 and 44: 191,000 (13.5%) Slavs would have be
Page 45 and 46: committee of the Peace Conference u
Page 47 and 48: to a rejection of the Anschluss (un
Page 49 and 50: Pozsony County and, in the Paris Pe
Page 51 and 52: István Széchenyi (1791-1860) and
Page 53 and 54: and consultation of the affected po
Page 55 and 56: Also significant was the trade in p
Page 57 and 58: Austria,” and Zoltán Palotás,
Page 59 and 60: August 16, stating that every armed
Page 61 and 62: Finally, and once more, we must fir
Page 63 and 64: The center of the Vend region, 143
Page 65 and 66: Szombathely travelled to the Vend r
Page 67 and 68: his co-nationals in the Vend region
Page 69 and 70: force - 7 battalions, 8 mounted com
Page 71 and 72: Incidentally, to bolster their clai
Page 73 and 74: two Szekler battalions and an artil
Page 75 and 76: odies and contact with foreign enti
Page 77 and 78: large volumes of maps and statistic
Page 79 and 80: agenda.” Lansing: “Perhaps it w
Page 81 and 82: the subject matter and content of t
Page 83 and 84:
consideration the existing western
Page 85 and 86:
external political education, raisi
Page 87 and 88:
Proclamation: “Our historical iss
Page 89 and 90:
amount).” 210 French Prime Minist
Page 91 and 92:
31, 1920. 215 French forces pulled
Page 93 and 94:
supported by the Styrian government
Page 95 and 96:
stronger stance with regard to West
Page 97 and 98:
continue talks with Hungary. Howeve
Page 99 and 100:
Hungarian Cabinet meeting, that und
Page 101 and 102:
involvement in the royal coup attem
Page 103 and 104:
closed case - Please do something,
Page 105 and 106:
it was a secret report by Lt.Col. O
Page 107 and 108:
e ceded to Austria. The area is to
Page 109 and 110:
trade concessions. This was justifi
Page 111 and 112:
etained lawyer József Östör to a
Page 113 and 114:
manifestation, any encouraging word
Page 115 and 116:
ackground of this institution becau
Page 117 and 118:
Chapter 6: The Western Hungary insu
Page 119 and 120:
destination of Felsőőr, the distr
Page 121 and 122:
the first clash of Ágfalva. This w
Page 123 and 124:
they expressed their thanks for our
Page 125 and 126:
of Borostyánkő or the vicinity of
Page 127 and 128:
and not to start to travel towards
Page 129 and 130:
doctors, and, based on purely their
Page 131 and 132:
in the skirmish and the gendarmes t
Page 133 and 134:
evening. 348 Still back on the 4 th
Page 135 and 136:
international news media and focuse
Page 137 and 138:
Zárány was taken into custody by
Page 139 and 140:
enemy incursion into Hungarian terr
Page 141 and 142:
The second battle of Ágfalva - as
Page 143 and 144:
Mayor Mihály Thurner of Sopron and
Page 145 and 146:
On September 12, the prime minister
Page 147 and 148:
insurrection was the already mentio
Page 149 and 150:
the Hungarian government for financ
Page 151 and 152:
police bodyguards, which he might n
Page 153 and 154:
[Entente] generals’ mission deman
Page 155 and 156:
well, they kept the pressure on the
Page 157 and 158:
proclamation of the state of Lajta-
Page 159 and 160:
They also burned the stamp inventor
Page 161 and 162:
our principles from the flood of th
Page 163 and 164:
The post of overall commander of th
Page 165 and 166:
peace, attempting to bring down pub
Page 167 and 168:
Kismarton and Ruszt). According to
Page 169 and 170:
handling of issues, as decreed by t
Page 171 and 172:
pensions, as well as stipulating a
Page 173 and 174:
Banate was declared to be Hungarian
Page 175 and 176:
expected. Thus, he asked Bethlen to
Page 177 and 178:
Thus, it is clearly evident that th
Page 179 and 180:
face, rather it carried four lines
Page 181 and 182:
newspapers of the ‘20s and ‘30s
Page 183 and 184:
Paris Peace Conference rejected it
Page 185 and 186:
Aladár Boroviczény - Charles Habs
Page 187 and 188:
prerogatives, although they must ha
Page 189 and 190:
Borderland, although not openly wel
Page 191 and 192:
Sopron and János Ambroschitz, colu
Page 193 and 194:
Austria - who were ineligible to vo
Page 195 and 196:
the voting stations, while attempti
Page 197 and 198:
the Hungarians that they must submi
Page 199 and 200:
inventoried the entire house and co
Page 201 and 202:
planted by the bridge over the cree
Page 203 and 204:
territory and 16.1% of the populati
Page 205 and 206:
Bibliography 525 Chapter 1: From al
Page 207 and 208:
Sopronyi-Thurner, Mihály: A magyar
Page 209 and 210:
Romhányi, Zsófia: A saint-germain
Page 211 and 212:
Fogarassy, László: Háború hadü
Page 213 and 214:
Sopron, 1925.) Német nyelven: Trä
Page 215 and 216:
Gévay-Wolff, Lajos: Csoda történ
Page 217 and 218:
Gecsényi, Lajos: Iratok Magyarorsz
Page 219:
219
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