The Fate of Western Hungary 1918-1921 - Corvinus Library ...

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Academy, on Széchenyi Square, and a memorial column in Ágfalva. 458 A lifesize statue of an armed rebel was erected in the „Cemetery of the Fallen” in Szombathely. 459 Later, on September 8, 1943, a memorial plaque was unveiled in Sopron by the Hungarian Association of Sopron in honor of the two Sopron students who fell in the anti-annexation fight of Western Hungary. The organization of the strongly anti-Volksbund movement was initiated and supported by the entire teaching staff and student body of the Academy. On the 80 th anniversary of the annexation of the Western Hungary territory, Ferenc Gyurácz published 16 period photographs of the significant events and everydays of the insurrection – pictures of self-esteem of a nation. In the introduction, he wrote: “If we look at these pictures closely and objectively, we get some small amount of balm for our wounds aching since 1918-20. (…) What do I mean? That our people – bled dry and demoralized by the annexing forces of countries, urged on and supported by Great Powers to expropriate Northern Hungary, Transylvania and Vojvodina, and our ‘revolutionary governments’ serving foreign interests that had no real willingness – were unable to resist. (When it became apparent that Aurél Stromfeld would be able to retake Northern Hungary, the ‘internationalist’ Béla Kun ordered him back.) What was without precedent for a thousand years, we voluntarily – without firing a shot – gave up our ancient territories, among them our culture’s cultic land: Transylvania. This is an eternal shame for our nation. (…) However, as these pictures show, matters turned out differently in Western Hungary. Here, in 1921, men were found who took the principle seriously, which every nation of healthy disposition espoused earnestly for thousands of years, i.e., the nation’s soil must be defended, even at the risk of our lives. That members of the resisting Hungarian free-forces opposing Austrian arms came from other parts of the country is as normal as the likelihood that the proportion of locals among the Austrians executing the occupation was likely even smaller. (…) For reasons of foreign policy, the government of Hungary was unable to express support at the time for the freedom fighters of Western Hungary and political needs still prevents suitable fostering of their memory. These, of course, may be justified but cannot have primacy in an intellectual existence. Hence, it is with an easy conscience that we ignore them and bestow unreserved reverence to the memory of our heroes. How large a role in the return of Sopron and its surroundings is due to their willingness to sacrifices, history has not adequately recorded. (…) But, it is beyond doubt, it had a role in salvaging our damaged national self-esteem and has a role still.” 460 The Hungarian media of the day (and internationally, mainly Austrian) paid close attention to the events of the Western Hungary insurrection. Some 458 Vasvármegye, 1922, September 19, p. 1; Sopron and …, 1934, op. cit., p. 28/a, 28/d. (photographs) 459 Ádám T., 1935, op. cit., p. 256/b. (photograph) 460 Gyurácz, Ferenc: A nemzeti önbecsülés képei [Images of national self-esteem]. In: Vasi Szemle, 2001, issue 6, p. 678. Photographs pp. 679–686. 180
newspapers of the ‘20s and ‘30s gladly devoted space to nostalgia pieces. The publisher and editor of the Nemzeti Élet, László Budaváry (1889-1962) often took up the cause of annexed Western Hungary and the free-forces. Later, he regularly published the rebellion-themed short stories of István T. Ádám. The events of the Western Hungary insurrection provided themes for a number of books (memoirs and literary), articles and poems until the country was overrun by the Red Army in 1945. A film, Impostors, was made in 1969, based on the diary of Pál Prónay. In conclusion, we must again state: the Western Hungary insurrection that broke out on August 28, 1921, and the proclamation of the independent state of Lajta-Banate on October 4, compelled the holding of the December 14-16 plebiscite, whose outcome was favorable for Hungary. 181
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The Fate of Western Hungary 1918-19
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CONTENTS Foreword………………
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contemplate - no matter how the cra
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declaration.” 3 The basis for the
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1918, in its second edition. 8 ) Ge
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of President Woodrow Wilson’s 14
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assessed from this perspective.”
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agreement regarding the delivery of
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goal was to organize, in advance, t
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accompanied by an Austrian military
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The reasons for the minuscule milit
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statements, among other things, is
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counties. The Romanian Army advanci
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were made up of about 20,000 armed
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The tacit support by the Austrian g
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addressed a memorandum 63 to Prime
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county directorates published their
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with its seat in Sopron. It brought
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The later name of ‘Burgenland,’
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the representatives of Romania, Cze
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Romanians, in like manner, wanted t
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191,000 (13.5%) Slavs would have be
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committee of the Peace Conference u
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to a rejection of the Anschluss (un
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Pozsony County and, in the Paris Pe
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István Széchenyi (1791-1860) and
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and consultation of the affected po
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Also significant was the trade in p
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Austria,” and Zoltán Palotás,
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August 16, stating that every armed
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Finally, and once more, we must fir
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The center of the Vend region, 143
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Szombathely travelled to the Vend r
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his co-nationals in the Vend region
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force - 7 battalions, 8 mounted com
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Incidentally, to bolster their clai
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two Szekler battalions and an artil
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odies and contact with foreign enti
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large volumes of maps and statistic
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agenda.” Lansing: “Perhaps it w
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the subject matter and content of t
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consideration the existing western
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external political education, raisi
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Proclamation: “Our historical iss
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amount).” 210 French Prime Minist
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31, 1920. 215 French forces pulled
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supported by the Styrian government
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stronger stance with regard to West
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continue talks with Hungary. Howeve
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Hungarian Cabinet meeting, that und
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involvement in the royal coup attem
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closed case - Please do something,
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it was a secret report by Lt.Col. O
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e ceded to Austria. The area is to
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trade concessions. This was justifi
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etained lawyer József Östör to a
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manifestation, any encouraging word
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ackground of this institution becau
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Chapter 6: The Western Hungary insu
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destination of Felsőőr, the distr
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the first clash of Ágfalva. This w
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they expressed their thanks for our
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of Borostyánkő or the vicinity of
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and not to start to travel towards
Page 129 and 130: doctors, and, based on purely their
Page 131 and 132: in the skirmish and the gendarmes t
Page 133 and 134: evening. 348 Still back on the 4 th
Page 135 and 136: international news media and focuse
Page 137 and 138: Zárány was taken into custody by
Page 139 and 140: enemy incursion into Hungarian terr
Page 141 and 142: The second battle of Ágfalva - as
Page 143 and 144: Mayor Mihály Thurner of Sopron and
Page 145 and 146: On September 12, the prime minister
Page 147 and 148: insurrection was the already mentio
Page 149 and 150: the Hungarian government for financ
Page 151 and 152: police bodyguards, which he might n
Page 153 and 154: [Entente] generals’ mission deman
Page 155 and 156: well, they kept the pressure on the
Page 157 and 158: proclamation of the state of Lajta-
Page 159 and 160: They also burned the stamp inventor
Page 161 and 162: our principles from the flood of th
Page 163 and 164: The post of overall commander of th
Page 165 and 166: peace, attempting to bring down pub
Page 167 and 168: Kismarton and Ruszt). According to
Page 169 and 170: handling of issues, as decreed by t
Page 171 and 172: pensions, as well as stipulating a
Page 173 and 174: Banate was declared to be Hungarian
Page 175 and 176: expected. Thus, he asked Bethlen to
Page 177 and 178: Thus, it is clearly evident that th
Page 179: face, rather it carried four lines
Page 183 and 184: Paris Peace Conference rejected it
Page 185 and 186: Aladár Boroviczény - Charles Habs
Page 187 and 188: prerogatives, although they must ha
Page 189 and 190: Borderland, although not openly wel
Page 191 and 192: Sopron and János Ambroschitz, colu
Page 193 and 194: Austria - who were ineligible to vo
Page 195 and 196: the voting stations, while attempti
Page 197 and 198: the Hungarians that they must submi
Page 199 and 200: inventoried the entire house and co
Page 201 and 202: planted by the bridge over the cree
Page 203 and 204: territory and 16.1% of the populati
Page 205 and 206: Bibliography 525 Chapter 1: From al
Page 207 and 208: Sopronyi-Thurner, Mihály: A magyar
Page 209 and 210: Romhányi, Zsófia: A saint-germain
Page 211 and 212: Fogarassy, László: Háború hadü
Page 213 and 214: Sopron, 1925.) Német nyelven: Trä
Page 215 and 216: Gévay-Wolff, Lajos: Csoda történ
Page 217 and 218: Gecsényi, Lajos: Iratok Magyarorsz
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