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Points. Emphasizing that the German populated settlement of western Hungarian areas adjacent to Austria have the same right to self determination as all the other nationalities whose same right Hungary has already granted. In the meanwhile, with the tacit approval of the Viennese government, a large propaganda campaign was begun to win over the western Hungarian Germans and create a fait accompli whereby the settlements will petition for their transfer to Austrian hegemony. As one of the first events in this campaign, in the smallest, by population, ‘free royal city’ in Hungary, Ruszt (Rust), on the western shore of Lake Fertő, placards appeared on the city streets on November 15, urging the population to join Austria. Even before this, on November 5, at a session of the interim German- Austrian National Assembly, Rep. Heilinger demanded that the minority- German populated counties of Moson, Sopron and Vas, as well as part of Pozsony county, including the city of Pozsony, be annexed to German-Austria. The situation became more serious when a proposed law by the National Council, the November 14 “German-Austria’s territorial extent, borders and conditions” and a Declaration of State (Staatserklärung) were introduced before the National Assembly. The fifth item of the latter clearly states: “The blocks of German populated settlements in the current counties under the Hungarian Crown that immediately border on German-Austria are to be annex to the state of German-Austria.” Rep. Heilinger went on to demand immediate military occupation of the four mentioned counties. The question was again on the agenda of the National Assembly’s November 17 session. On the very same day, the National Council, reacting to media reports from the western Hungarian counties, passed the following resolution: “1. The National Council assert that the German populated areas of Pozsony, Moson, Sopron and Vas counties are part of German-Austria geographically, economically and ethnically, are in the most close economic and intellectual relationship with German-Austria for centuries past, and are indispensable for the feeding of Vienna. Hence, the German-Austria will do its utmost at the peace conference to be able to annex these territories. In this context, the National Council greets the vigorous national and economic annexation movement of the Germans of Western Hungary. 2. The Public Food Distribution Office is directed to send, as soon as possible, buying agents to western Hungarian counties, to ensure Vienna’s food supply.” 21 In his November 22 speech to the National Assembly, President of the National Council Karl Renner stressed that they are trying to establish good relations with the Hungarian government and are desirous of signing an 21 Harrer, Ferenc: Egy magyar polgár élete [The life of a Hungarian citizen]. Vol. I. Budapest, 1968, pp. 368–369. Ferenc Harrer (1874–1969) was the first ambassador of the Károlyi government to Austria (Nov.-Dec. 1918), then appointed as head of the newly constituted Hungarian Foreign Ministry and temporary Deputy Foreign Minister. In his memoirs, he analyzes the wester Hungary question and the Hungarian-Austrian relations. (pp. 357–379) 14
agreement regarding the delivery of foods, an agreement signed on November 25. The tensions were somewhat eased, although the Hungarian government sensed that Vienna had not abandoned its plans for the acquisition of Westungarn, or Western Hungary. 22 This was confirmed by the beginning of Austrian military operations against the region. Austrian propaganda, in the meanwhile, kept repeating that, instead of the 1000-year Austro-Hungarian border, the new “just” eastern border should run along the spine of Trans-Danubia from the Danube along the railway line from Pozsonyligetfalu – Rajka – Hegyeshalom – Mosonszentjános – Csorna – Szany – Celldömölk – Türje – Zalaegerszeg – Lenti – Alsólendva – Csáktornya. The movement demanding territorial expansion set its sights on appropriating the entirety of three western Trans-Danubian counties. The data of the 1910 census illustrates its magnitude (and greed). Moson County: area: 1,937 km 2 , settlements: 59, population: 94,479 (34.9% Hungarian, 55% German, 8.6% Croatian). County seat: Magyaróvár with 5,273 people (62.1% Hungarian, 34.8% German, 1.8% Slovak). The 3 administrative units: the districts of Magyaróvár, Nezsider and Rajka. Sopron County: area: 3,256 km 2 , settlements: 232, population: 283,510 (51% Hungarian, 36.1% German, 12.3% Croatian). County seat: Sopron (130 km 2 ) with 33,932 people (44.3% Hungarian, 51% German, 2.3% Croatian, 1.8% Czech, Vend(Slovenian)). Incorporated towns: Kismarton (17 km 2 ) with 3,073 people (27.1% Hungarian, 67.5% German, 3.3% Croatian) and Ruszt: (20 km 2 ) with 1,535 people (14.2% Hungarian, 84% German, 1.6% Croatian). The seven administrative units: Csepreg, Csorna, Felsőpulya, Kapuvár, Kismarton, Nagymarton and Sopron districts. Vas County: area: 5,475 km 2 , settlements: 611, population: 435,793 (53.9% Hungarian, 28.4% German, 13.5% Vend (Slovene), 4% Croatian). County seat: Szombathely (30 km 2 ) with 30,947 people (94% Hungarian, 4.4% German). Incorporated town: Kőszeg (46 km 2 ) with 8,423 people (61% Hungarian, 36.4% German, 1.6% Croatian). The ten administrative units: Celldömölk, Felsőőr, Körmend, Kőszeg, Muraszombat, Németújvár, Sárvár, Szentgotthárd, Szombathely and Vasvár districts. 23 The Austrian irredentist movement and the country’s leaders not only wanted all of Moson, Sopron and Vas counties but also a strip in northwestern Zala County, as well as laying a claim to Pozsony County, lying North of the Danube on its left bank, especially the city of Pozsony. Pozsony County: area: 4,371 km 2 , settlements: 295, population: 389,750 (44.3% Hungarian, 48.6% Slovak, 5.6% German). County seat: Pozsony (75 km 2 ) with 78,223 people (40.5% Hungarian, 41.9% German, 14.9% Slovak, 22 Soós, Katalin: Burgenland az európai politikában (1918–1921) [Burgenland in European politics (1918-1921)]. Budapest, 1971, pp. 11–12. 23 Magyarország Közigazgatási Atlasza 1914. A Magyar Szent Korona országai [Hungarian public administrative atlas 1914. The countries under the Hungarian Holy Crown]. Szerk./Ed. Zentai, László. Baja–Pécs, 2000, pp. 73-74, 77, 132. 15
Page 1 and 2: The Fate of Western Hungary 1918-19
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS Foreword………………
Page 5 and 6: contemplate - no matter how the cra
Page 7 and 8: declaration.” 3 The basis for the
Page 9 and 10: 1918, in its second edition. 8 ) Ge
Page 11 and 12: of President Woodrow Wilson’s 14
Page 13: assessed from this perspective.”
Page 17 and 18: goal was to organize, in advance, t
Page 19 and 20: accompanied by an Austrian military
Page 21 and 22: The reasons for the minuscule milit
Page 23 and 24: statements, among other things, is
Page 25 and 26: counties. The Romanian Army advanci
Page 27 and 28: were made up of about 20,000 armed
Page 29 and 30: The tacit support by the Austrian g
Page 31 and 32: addressed a memorandum 63 to Prime
Page 33 and 34: county directorates published their
Page 35 and 36: with its seat in Sopron. It brought
Page 37 and 38: The later name of ‘Burgenland,’
Page 39 and 40: the representatives of Romania, Cze
Page 41 and 42: Romanians, in like manner, wanted t
Page 43 and 44: 191,000 (13.5%) Slavs would have be
Page 45 and 46: committee of the Peace Conference u
Page 47 and 48: to a rejection of the Anschluss (un
Page 49 and 50: Pozsony County and, in the Paris Pe
Page 51 and 52: István Széchenyi (1791-1860) and
Page 53 and 54: and consultation of the affected po
Page 55 and 56: Also significant was the trade in p
Page 57 and 58: Austria,” and Zoltán Palotás,
Page 59 and 60: August 16, stating that every armed
Page 61 and 62: Finally, and once more, we must fir
Page 63 and 64: The center of the Vend region, 143
Page 65 and 66:
Szombathely travelled to the Vend r
Page 67 and 68:
his co-nationals in the Vend region
Page 69 and 70:
force - 7 battalions, 8 mounted com
Page 71 and 72:
Incidentally, to bolster their clai
Page 73 and 74:
two Szekler battalions and an artil
Page 75 and 76:
odies and contact with foreign enti
Page 77 and 78:
large volumes of maps and statistic
Page 79 and 80:
agenda.” Lansing: “Perhaps it w
Page 81 and 82:
the subject matter and content of t
Page 83 and 84:
consideration the existing western
Page 85 and 86:
external political education, raisi
Page 87 and 88:
Proclamation: “Our historical iss
Page 89 and 90:
amount).” 210 French Prime Minist
Page 91 and 92:
31, 1920. 215 French forces pulled
Page 93 and 94:
supported by the Styrian government
Page 95 and 96:
stronger stance with regard to West
Page 97 and 98:
continue talks with Hungary. Howeve
Page 99 and 100:
Hungarian Cabinet meeting, that und
Page 101 and 102:
involvement in the royal coup attem
Page 103 and 104:
closed case - Please do something,
Page 105 and 106:
it was a secret report by Lt.Col. O
Page 107 and 108:
e ceded to Austria. The area is to
Page 109 and 110:
trade concessions. This was justifi
Page 111 and 112:
etained lawyer József Östör to a
Page 113 and 114:
manifestation, any encouraging word
Page 115 and 116:
ackground of this institution becau
Page 117 and 118:
Chapter 6: The Western Hungary insu
Page 119 and 120:
destination of Felsőőr, the distr
Page 121 and 122:
the first clash of Ágfalva. This w
Page 123 and 124:
they expressed their thanks for our
Page 125 and 126:
of Borostyánkő or the vicinity of
Page 127 and 128:
and not to start to travel towards
Page 129 and 130:
doctors, and, based on purely their
Page 131 and 132:
in the skirmish and the gendarmes t
Page 133 and 134:
evening. 348 Still back on the 4 th
Page 135 and 136:
international news media and focuse
Page 137 and 138:
Zárány was taken into custody by
Page 139 and 140:
enemy incursion into Hungarian terr
Page 141 and 142:
The second battle of Ágfalva - as
Page 143 and 144:
Mayor Mihály Thurner of Sopron and
Page 145 and 146:
On September 12, the prime minister
Page 147 and 148:
insurrection was the already mentio
Page 149 and 150:
the Hungarian government for financ
Page 151 and 152:
police bodyguards, which he might n
Page 153 and 154:
[Entente] generals’ mission deman
Page 155 and 156:
well, they kept the pressure on the
Page 157 and 158:
proclamation of the state of Lajta-
Page 159 and 160:
They also burned the stamp inventor
Page 161 and 162:
our principles from the flood of th
Page 163 and 164:
The post of overall commander of th
Page 165 and 166:
peace, attempting to bring down pub
Page 167 and 168:
Kismarton and Ruszt). According to
Page 169 and 170:
handling of issues, as decreed by t
Page 171 and 172:
pensions, as well as stipulating a
Page 173 and 174:
Banate was declared to be Hungarian
Page 175 and 176:
expected. Thus, he asked Bethlen to
Page 177 and 178:
Thus, it is clearly evident that th
Page 179 and 180:
face, rather it carried four lines
Page 181 and 182:
newspapers of the ‘20s and ‘30s
Page 183 and 184:
Paris Peace Conference rejected it
Page 185 and 186:
Aladár Boroviczény - Charles Habs
Page 187 and 188:
prerogatives, although they must ha
Page 189 and 190:
Borderland, although not openly wel
Page 191 and 192:
Sopron and János Ambroschitz, colu
Page 193 and 194:
Austria - who were ineligible to vo
Page 195 and 196:
the voting stations, while attempti
Page 197 and 198:
the Hungarians that they must submi
Page 199 and 200:
inventoried the entire house and co
Page 201 and 202:
planted by the bridge over the cree
Page 203 and 204:
territory and 16.1% of the populati
Page 205 and 206:
Bibliography 525 Chapter 1: From al
Page 207 and 208:
Sopronyi-Thurner, Mihály: A magyar
Page 209 and 210:
Romhányi, Zsófia: A saint-germain
Page 211 and 212:
Fogarassy, László: Háború hadü
Page 213 and 214:
Sopron, 1925.) Német nyelven: Trä
Page 215 and 216:
Gévay-Wolff, Lajos: Csoda történ
Page 217 and 218:
Gecsényi, Lajos: Iratok Magyarorsz
Page 219:
219
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