The Fate of Western Hungary 1918-1921 - Corvinus Library ...

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previous evening, the entire territory of Western Hungary earmarked for annexation was again under Hungarian administration. A few days earlier, on September 9, PM Bethlen gave an account of his inspection tour of Western Hungary to the Cabinet. He told of the general calm in the Hungarian controlled zone ‘B’, while chaos reigned in zone ‘A’. The rebels, who look upon their activities as a freedom fight, are joined by many of the local population. The situation is aggravated by the Serbs concentrating forces in the South, while the Czechoslovak authorities are expelling masses of Hungarians out of the areas they have occupied. The ambassadors of the Entente Powers have called on him, demanding that the Hungarian government put an end to the actions of the volunteer rebel forces. In response, he made two suggestions: the officers of the Entente Mission in Sopron, accompanied by Hungarian officers, travel to zone ‘A’ and try to ‘convince’ the rebels to disarm. The second: the Entente agree to have the Hungarian gendarmes move up to the historical border line, when the Hungarian government can offer assurance of the rebels disarming. The ambassadors rejected the second proposition because they felt that, with the advance of the Hungarian gendarmes to the former boundary, the Hungarian government would not evacuate Western Hungary. In the end, the ambassadors accepted the prime minister’s first proposal. The Cabinet then turned to a discussion of the response to be given to the Entente’s September 6 memorandum. According to Bethlen, it must be stressed that we will evacuate the affected Western Hungary area but, in the meantime – and this is possible – we must gain time to restart negotiations with Austria. To that end, we should try to hand the area in question to the Entente, administered by the Hungarian government and our gendarmes would be stationed there. The Cabinet then decided on the text of the responding memorandum. The gist: stress the interests of both the region’s population, as well as of Austria and Hungary that the evacuation can not endanger the peaceful population by having “communist bands” devastate their lives. At the same time, the Hungarian government restate that it is ready to hand over the territory, however, citing the changed circumstances from the first plan, a new evacuation plan should be created with the inclusion of the Hungarian and Austrian governments. 373 The Hungarian government sent this reply memorandum to the Entente Powers on September 11. On the morning of the previous day, Maj. Gyula Ostenburg had the casualties of the Ágfalva battle buried “with the greatest military pomp” in Sopron. The three Hungarian casualties – Elemér Szechányi, Gyula Machatsek and Ferenc Pehm – and the Austrian gendarme, Arnold Mosch, lay in state in the courtyard of the ’48 Barracks. The assembled lined up, Ostenburg’s gendarmes formed an honor guard, attended by the entire teaching staff of the academy, with the students in uniform. At the request of the next of kin, the body of Ferenc Pehm was taken to Szombathely after the ceremony to be buried there. Antal Sigray was present in the funeral procession, as well as 373 MOL. K 27. Minisztertanácsi jegyzőkönyv, 1921. szeptember 9. 142
Mayor Mihály Thurner of Sopron and an Austrian attaché from the Budapest embassy. The Austrian commander of the Ágfalva gendarmes took part in the graveside ceremony; members of the Entente Mission – presumably fearing a demonstration – stayed away. 374 In his report of the next day to the Minister of Defense, Sándor Belitska, Lt.Gen. Pál Hegedűs analyzed the event: apart from the battle of Ágfalva, what shook the confidence of the Entente generals staying in Sopron was the fact the Maj. Ostenburg buried “with full military honors” the two academy rebels who were fighting “in defiance of the government,” an honor due only to fallen members of the active military. “The burial had a political hue and carried the feature of a demonstration: entire school turned out, girls’ schools in national costumes, patriotic speeches, etc. Count Sigray attended in his official capacity.” 375 The general continued his intrigue in the report, saying: Maj. Ostenburg sent a detachment of 40 gendarmes to Kismarton, abandoned by the Austrian gendarmes, to prevent disorder and looting, allegedly at the request of the local mayor and now he refuses to leave. 376 In contrast to the previous, the Entente Mission requested from Commissioner Sigray on the day of the funerals that the Ostenburg battalion continue to safeguard Ágfalva and Brennbergbánya, as well as post squads West of the ‘A’ line in the area of Fertőmeggyes – Kelénpatak – Sopronkertes – Somfalva – Lépesfalva – Récény – Lakfalva – Doborján – Szabadbáránd. Past the last village ran the boundary of the ‘A’ zone. On September 11, Chancellor Schober held talks in the Austrian border village of Landegg, near Eberfurth, with Entente generals Gorton, Ferrario and Hamelin, regarding the situation after the withdrawal of the Austrian gendarmes. The chancellor received their permission for the Austrian military to occupy certain Borderland areas and villages. Thus, the next day, the villages of Lorettom, Szarvkő, Büdöskút, Völgyfalu, Pecsenyéd and Savanyúkút on the western edge of Sopron County came under Austrian control, cutting off two strategic rail and border stations, Lajtaújfalu and Lajtaszentmiklós. Furthermore, in Moson County, a 3km. zone East of the traditional border, covering the villages of Császárkőbánya, Királyhida, Lajtaújfalu, Lajtakáta, Lajtakörtvélyes, Nemesvölgy and Köpcsény. Of these, the most important was Királyhida, a railway station and border checkpoint. To secure it, a unit of the Volkswehr from Bruck, along with a gendarme unit, crossed the Lajta River and took control of the Királyhida border crossing railway station and the military barracks. According to the September 13 report of the Investigation Bureau of the Interior Ministry, the local Germans in the village of Mosonújfalu threw a festivity with the newly entered Austrian gendarmes, which they did not allow the local Croats to attend. “At that, the Croats went to another pub and sang 374 Krug, 1930, op. cit., pp. 81-86. 375 MOL. K 26. 1388. csomó. 1922–„H” tétel, p. 415. 376 Ibid, p. 416. 143
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The Fate of Western Hungary 1918-19
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CONTENTS Foreword………………
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contemplate - no matter how the cra
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declaration.” 3 The basis for the
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1918, in its second edition. 8 ) Ge
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of President Woodrow Wilson’s 14
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assessed from this perspective.”
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agreement regarding the delivery of
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goal was to organize, in advance, t
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accompanied by an Austrian military
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The reasons for the minuscule milit
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statements, among other things, is
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counties. The Romanian Army advanci
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were made up of about 20,000 armed
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The tacit support by the Austrian g
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addressed a memorandum 63 to Prime
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county directorates published their
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with its seat in Sopron. It brought
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The later name of ‘Burgenland,’
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the representatives of Romania, Cze
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Romanians, in like manner, wanted t
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191,000 (13.5%) Slavs would have be
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committee of the Peace Conference u
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to a rejection of the Anschluss (un
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Pozsony County and, in the Paris Pe
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István Széchenyi (1791-1860) and
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and consultation of the affected po
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Also significant was the trade in p
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Austria,” and Zoltán Palotás,
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August 16, stating that every armed
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Finally, and once more, we must fir
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The center of the Vend region, 143
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Szombathely travelled to the Vend r
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his co-nationals in the Vend region
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force - 7 battalions, 8 mounted com
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Incidentally, to bolster their clai
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two Szekler battalions and an artil
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odies and contact with foreign enti
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large volumes of maps and statistic
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agenda.” Lansing: “Perhaps it w
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the subject matter and content of t
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consideration the existing western
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external political education, raisi
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Proclamation: “Our historical iss
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amount).” 210 French Prime Minist
Page 91 and 92: 31, 1920. 215 French forces pulled
Page 93 and 94: supported by the Styrian government
Page 95 and 96: stronger stance with regard to West
Page 97 and 98: continue talks with Hungary. Howeve
Page 99 and 100: Hungarian Cabinet meeting, that und
Page 101 and 102: involvement in the royal coup attem
Page 103 and 104: closed case - Please do something,
Page 105 and 106: it was a secret report by Lt.Col. O
Page 107 and 108: e ceded to Austria. The area is to
Page 109 and 110: trade concessions. This was justifi
Page 111 and 112: etained lawyer József Östör to a
Page 113 and 114: manifestation, any encouraging word
Page 115 and 116: ackground of this institution becau
Page 117 and 118: Chapter 6: The Western Hungary insu
Page 119 and 120: destination of Felsőőr, the distr
Page 121 and 122: the first clash of Ágfalva. This w
Page 123 and 124: they expressed their thanks for our
Page 125 and 126: of Borostyánkő or the vicinity of
Page 127 and 128: and not to start to travel towards
Page 129 and 130: doctors, and, based on purely their
Page 131 and 132: in the skirmish and the gendarmes t
Page 133 and 134: evening. 348 Still back on the 4 th
Page 135 and 136: international news media and focuse
Page 137 and 138: Zárány was taken into custody by
Page 139 and 140: enemy incursion into Hungarian terr
Page 141: The second battle of Ágfalva - as
Page 145 and 146: On September 12, the prime minister
Page 147 and 148: insurrection was the already mentio
Page 149 and 150: the Hungarian government for financ
Page 151 and 152: police bodyguards, which he might n
Page 153 and 154: [Entente] generals’ mission deman
Page 155 and 156: well, they kept the pressure on the
Page 157 and 158: proclamation of the state of Lajta-
Page 159 and 160: They also burned the stamp inventor
Page 161 and 162: our principles from the flood of th
Page 163 and 164: The post of overall commander of th
Page 165 and 166: peace, attempting to bring down pub
Page 167 and 168: Kismarton and Ruszt). According to
Page 169 and 170: handling of issues, as decreed by t
Page 171 and 172: pensions, as well as stipulating a
Page 173 and 174: Banate was declared to be Hungarian
Page 175 and 176: expected. Thus, he asked Bethlen to
Page 177 and 178: Thus, it is clearly evident that th
Page 179 and 180: face, rather it carried four lines
Page 181 and 182: newspapers of the ‘20s and ‘30s
Page 183 and 184: Paris Peace Conference rejected it
Page 185 and 186: Aladár Boroviczény - Charles Habs
Page 187 and 188: prerogatives, although they must ha
Page 189 and 190: Borderland, although not openly wel
Page 191 and 192: Sopron and János Ambroschitz, colu
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Austria - who were ineligible to vo
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the voting stations, while attempti
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the Hungarians that they must submi
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inventoried the entire house and co
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planted by the bridge over the cree
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territory and 16.1% of the populati
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Bibliography 525 Chapter 1: From al
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Sopronyi-Thurner, Mihály: A magyar
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Romhányi, Zsófia: A saint-germain
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Fogarassy, László: Háború hadü
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Sopron, 1925.) Német nyelven: Trä
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Gévay-Wolff, Lajos: Csoda történ
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Gecsényi, Lajos: Iratok Magyarorsz
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