The Fate of Western Hungary 1918-1921 - Corvinus Library ...

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y Ostenburg in Sopron, and who wished to fight in the free force, only about fifty volunteered for regular military service at Ostenburg’s appeal. Among them, a few reservist officers, Captain Madersbach (correctly Viktor Maderspach 316 ) with 12 men, and a few Szeklers.” 317 In the evening of the same day, the 28 th , PM Bethlen contacted Sigray in Sopron by telegraph at 23:00 hours and gave detailed instructions, which he asked to be “executed with the greatest vigor.” To wit, the removal from the territory still under the control of the Hungarian government of the command staff of István Friedrich, Iván Héjjas, non-Sopron residents and persons with no business in Western Hungary. If armed, they are to be disarmed and expelled by force. The interruption of train service and the ripping up of railway tracks must be prevented. 318 Earlier in the day, in the afternoon hours, an Austrian force (202 gendarmes and 22 revenue officers) was making its way from the Austrian village of Friedberg in the valley of the Pinka River when it ran into a small force of 50 near Pinkafő, led by 1 st Lt. László Kuthy. After a sharp fire fight, the Austrian force, even though outnumbering the Hungarians 9:2, withdrew before darkness fell and retreated back to Austrian territory. 319 At 11:00 in the morning of August 29, PM Bethlen again instructed Sigray by telegram that “irresponsible elements are to be disarmed and held in check, as well as Friedrich and Héjjas are to be rendered harmless.” The situation report of the Chief Government Constable then recounted that there was total peace and quiet during the night in Sopron; Friedrich was no longer in the city and the whereabouts of Héjjas was not known. At 10:00, he had held a review of the Ostenburg battalion, which was greeted with great enthusiasm by the population. “Irresponsible elements were shown that a large, disciplined force was standing ready for our disposition.” There were no reports of disturbances from Sopron and Moson Counties. Austrian gendarmes were unable to march into Pinkafő in Vas County, however, Szentelek was occupied by them the previous evening. The population of the village of Németszentgrót chased away the Austrian forces; in Rábakeresztúr, 17 Austrian gendarmes and revenue officers crossed the Trianon border, who were then disarmed by the Hungarian customs force and sent to Szentgotthárd. There were no reports from the village 316 Maderspach, Viktor: Élményeim a nyugatmagyarországi szabadságharcból [My adventures in the Western Hungary freedom fight]. In: Magyarság, 1926, issues 1–5 and 7–38. Viktor Maderspach (1875-1941), volunteered for service in WWI and organized a mounted free-force after Romania’s 1916 entry into the war, with which he reached the Black Sea. He demobilized as a Hussar captain at the end of the war. He was charged with suspicion of anti-Romanian activities in the summer of 1921, escaped from Transylvania and joined the Western Hungary insurrection. He commanded the 5 th Rebel Army until September 24, then served in the Ostenburg battalion in Sopron. Promoted to major by King Charles IV. 317 MOL. K 26. 1388. csomó. 1922–„H” tétel, p. 327. 318 Ibid, pp. 246–247. 319 A Rongyos Gárda harcai 1919–1939 [The battles of the Ragged Guard 1919-1939]. Budapest, 1940, pp. 102–107. 124
of Borostyánkő or the vicinity of Írott-kő mountain. It was noted that rebel forces were moving in the forest near Városszalónak. 320 In the exchange between the PM and the Chief Government Constable that took place at 17:00 on the same day, Bethlen informed Sigray that “I sent Gyula Gömbös by special train to Sopron with the goal of persuading Iván Héjjas to return,” as well as those who are on territory to be ceded to Austria by his orders. This “only escalating tensions, useful for increasing disorder and presenting to the Entente with the idea that resistance in the Hungarian territory is prepared with the knowledge or cooperation of the government, or that these people passing though the Hungarian and Austrian cordon are creating resistance in the areas occupied by the Austrians and from where they return to Hungarian territory, where they feel safe, once their stay becomes impossible.” 321 In his report to Bethlen of the evening before, Count Sigray noted: “In my opinion, the mission of Gyula Gömbös here is pointless, since Ostenburg will remove Héjjas and the other elements. The clean-up has already begun and will be completed by noon tomorrow.” Sigray then reported on the “fairly large sized” confrontation at Pinkafő, which “allegedly had 50 Austrian casualties.” The Austrians had not, to this time, marched into either Pinkafő or Borostyánkő. 322 Finally, the Chief Commissioner suggested to the PM: “I would deem it extremely advisable if Gömbös, as well as every other person not living here, returned to Budapest as soon as possible because politicians, we know, only cause confusion. I can report that Friedrich will not come to Sopron again. He had announced that he was completely stepping aside from the conflict. This I did. However, the Urmánczy group will be harder to remove, as they are stealthier. I will look after them, too.” 323 The clash that took place in the village of Pinkafő on August 29 was also reported by telephone that evening at 17:30 by the head of the Sopron branch of the Interior Ministry’s central investigation department. According to him, there were 60 casualties on the Austrian side, with a higher number of wounded but as yet unascertainable. Austrian units withdrew from the village. There were also clashes around the village of Nagyszentmihály, with 18 dead and many wounded but “on which side is not yet clear.” The captain making the report remarked that he had no knowledge of the whereabouts of Pál Prónay. He also reported that Robert Davy, the provincial chief named to head Burgenland by the Vienna government, resigned today. In Sopron, the band of the Ostenburg battalion gave a concert on Széchenyi Square at 4pm -- the time when the city was supposed to have been handed over. Baron Frigyes Villani, deputy to Chief Government Commissioner Sigray, included in his noon report of August 30 to PM Bethlen that, according to his latest information, Robert Davy did not resign. He had installed his offices in 320 MOL. K 26. 1388. csomó 1922–„H” tétel, pp. 298-301. 321 Ibid, p. 290. 322 Ibid, p. 292. 323 Ibid, p. 293. 125
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The Fate of Western Hungary 1918-19
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CONTENTS Foreword………………
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contemplate - no matter how the cra
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declaration.” 3 The basis for the
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1918, in its second edition. 8 ) Ge
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of President Woodrow Wilson’s 14
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assessed from this perspective.”
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agreement regarding the delivery of
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goal was to organize, in advance, t
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accompanied by an Austrian military
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The reasons for the minuscule milit
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statements, among other things, is
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counties. The Romanian Army advanci
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were made up of about 20,000 armed
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The tacit support by the Austrian g
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addressed a memorandum 63 to Prime
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county directorates published their
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with its seat in Sopron. It brought
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The later name of ‘Burgenland,’
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the representatives of Romania, Cze
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Romanians, in like manner, wanted t
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191,000 (13.5%) Slavs would have be
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committee of the Peace Conference u
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to a rejection of the Anschluss (un
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Pozsony County and, in the Paris Pe
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István Széchenyi (1791-1860) and
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and consultation of the affected po
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Also significant was the trade in p
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Austria,” and Zoltán Palotás,
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August 16, stating that every armed
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Finally, and once more, we must fir
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The center of the Vend region, 143
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Szombathely travelled to the Vend r
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his co-nationals in the Vend region
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force - 7 battalions, 8 mounted com
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Incidentally, to bolster their clai
Page 73 and 74: two Szekler battalions and an artil
Page 75 and 76: odies and contact with foreign enti
Page 77 and 78: large volumes of maps and statistic
Page 79 and 80: agenda.” Lansing: “Perhaps it w
Page 81 and 82: the subject matter and content of t
Page 83 and 84: consideration the existing western
Page 85 and 86: external political education, raisi
Page 87 and 88: Proclamation: “Our historical iss
Page 89 and 90: amount).” 210 French Prime Minist
Page 91 and 92: 31, 1920. 215 French forces pulled
Page 93 and 94: supported by the Styrian government
Page 95 and 96: stronger stance with regard to West
Page 97 and 98: continue talks with Hungary. Howeve
Page 99 and 100: Hungarian Cabinet meeting, that und
Page 101 and 102: involvement in the royal coup attem
Page 103 and 104: closed case - Please do something,
Page 105 and 106: it was a secret report by Lt.Col. O
Page 107 and 108: e ceded to Austria. The area is to
Page 109 and 110: trade concessions. This was justifi
Page 111 and 112: etained lawyer József Östör to a
Page 113 and 114: manifestation, any encouraging word
Page 115 and 116: ackground of this institution becau
Page 117 and 118: Chapter 6: The Western Hungary insu
Page 119 and 120: destination of Felsőőr, the distr
Page 121 and 122: the first clash of Ágfalva. This w
Page 123: they expressed their thanks for our
Page 127 and 128: and not to start to travel towards
Page 129 and 130: doctors, and, based on purely their
Page 131 and 132: in the skirmish and the gendarmes t
Page 133 and 134: evening. 348 Still back on the 4 th
Page 135 and 136: international news media and focuse
Page 137 and 138: Zárány was taken into custody by
Page 139 and 140: enemy incursion into Hungarian terr
Page 141 and 142: The second battle of Ágfalva - as
Page 143 and 144: Mayor Mihály Thurner of Sopron and
Page 145 and 146: On September 12, the prime minister
Page 147 and 148: insurrection was the already mentio
Page 149 and 150: the Hungarian government for financ
Page 151 and 152: police bodyguards, which he might n
Page 153 and 154: [Entente] generals’ mission deman
Page 155 and 156: well, they kept the pressure on the
Page 157 and 158: proclamation of the state of Lajta-
Page 159 and 160: They also burned the stamp inventor
Page 161 and 162: our principles from the flood of th
Page 163 and 164: The post of overall commander of th
Page 165 and 166: peace, attempting to bring down pub
Page 167 and 168: Kismarton and Ruszt). According to
Page 169 and 170: handling of issues, as decreed by t
Page 171 and 172: pensions, as well as stipulating a
Page 173 and 174: Banate was declared to be Hungarian
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expected. Thus, he asked Bethlen to
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Thus, it is clearly evident that th
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face, rather it carried four lines
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newspapers of the ‘20s and ‘30s
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Paris Peace Conference rejected it
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Aladár Boroviczény - Charles Habs
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prerogatives, although they must ha
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Borderland, although not openly wel
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Sopron and János Ambroschitz, colu
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Austria - who were ineligible to vo
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the voting stations, while attempti
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the Hungarians that they must submi
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inventoried the entire house and co
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planted by the bridge over the cree
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territory and 16.1% of the populati
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Bibliography 525 Chapter 1: From al
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Sopronyi-Thurner, Mihály: A magyar
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Romhányi, Zsófia: A saint-germain
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Fogarassy, László: Háború hadü
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Sopron, 1925.) Német nyelven: Trä
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Gévay-Wolff, Lajos: Csoda történ
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Gecsényi, Lajos: Iratok Magyarorsz
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