23.1 – Dictators and War PPT NOTES
23.1 – Dictators and War PPT NOTES 23.1 – Dictators and War PPT NOTES
Name _________________________________ Period ____ Date _______________ 23.1 – Dictators and War PPT NOTES World War I ended when Germany surrendered to the Allies. An uneasy peace followed. • Germans resented the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, feeling humiliated in defeat. • Italy and Japan were angered by the treaty, expecting to receive more land as Allied victors. • Worldwide depression brought despair to many already suffering from war. Overwhelming problems led some to turn to a new form of government called totalitarianism. Totalitarianism is a theory of government in which a single party or leader controls the economic, social, and cultural lives of its people. 1
- Page 2 and 3: Totalitarian governments developed
- Page 4 and 5: Japan d. he would express lebensrau
Name _________________________________ Period ____ Date _______________<br />
<strong>23.1</strong> <strong>–</strong> <strong>Dictators</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>War</strong> <strong>PPT</strong> <strong>NOTES</strong><br />
World <strong>War</strong> I ended when Germany surrendered to the Allies. An uneasy peace followed.<br />
• Germans resented the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, feeling humiliated in defeat.<br />
• Italy <strong>and</strong> Japan were angered by the treaty, expecting to receive more l<strong>and</strong> as Allied victors.<br />
• Worldwide depression brought despair to many already suffering from war.<br />
Overwhelming problems led some to turn to a new form of government called totalitarianism.<br />
Totalitarianism is a theory of government in which a single party or leader controls the economic, social,<br />
<strong>and</strong> cultural lives of its people.<br />
1
Totalitarian governments developed in several countries during the 1930s.<br />
Country Leader<br />
Soviet Union Joseph Stalin<br />
Italy Benito Mussolini<br />
Germany Adolf Hitler<br />
‐Each of these countries faced crushing problems.<br />
‐Unemployment, hunger, <strong>and</strong> homelessness were rampant.<br />
‐Totalitarian leaders promised to bring jobs, food, <strong>and</strong> prosperity.<br />
‐They promised to make their countries great again.<br />
‐In reality, however, the brutal tactics used by totalitarian leaders resulted in the deaths of millions of<br />
people.<br />
The Soviet Union<br />
Joseph Stalin took control of the Soviet Union following the death of Vladimir Lenin.<br />
• Attempted to turn the Soviet Union into an industrial power<br />
• Forced people to work in factories <strong>and</strong> on state‐run farms<br />
• Killed or imprisoned suspected traitors during the Great Terror<br />
• Ruled through fear <strong>and</strong> massive propag<strong>and</strong>a<br />
Stalin consolidated his power <strong>and</strong> introduced his Five Year Plan to concentrate on the development of<br />
iron <strong>and</strong> steel, machine‐tools, electric power <strong>and</strong> transportation with high quotas to be reached; those<br />
who did not reach those goals would be executed or sent to Siberia<br />
Stalin would target the farmers who were given larger tracts of l<strong>and</strong>s to produce more <strong>and</strong> they were<br />
called “kulaks”<br />
Italy<br />
Another totalitarian regime formed in Italy.<br />
‐The government seemed unable to deal with the country’s many problems.<br />
‐Benito Mussolini formed the Fascist Party.<br />
‐Mussolini <strong>and</strong> his followers, the Black Shirts, fought to gain power.<br />
2
Mussolini, called Il Duce (the leader), took control of the government, using secret police to<br />
maintain control.<br />
1. unhappy over what l<strong>and</strong> it gained from the Treaty of Versailles, Benito Mussolini forms the Black<br />
Shirts in 1921 as a political party <strong>and</strong> gain seats in Italy’s Parliament<br />
2. led the Black Shirts with a March on Rome in 1922 seizing government offices <strong>and</strong> the king<br />
trying to avoid bloodshed struck a deal with Mussolini making him prime minister<br />
3. Mussolini forms a coalition to control Parliament; uses violence <strong>and</strong> intimidation for his fascists<br />
to make gains, <strong>and</strong> even has his main opponent murdered<br />
4. In 1926, after an unsuccessful assassination attempt outlaws all other parties, free press, <strong>and</strong><br />
creates a secret police<br />
5. 5. sides with the fascists under Francisco Franco in Spain against the loyalists in Spain’s Civil<br />
<strong>War</strong> <strong>and</strong> makes the Rome‐Berlin Axis with Hitler<br />
Germany<br />
In Germany, the Weimar Republic struggled with overwhelming economic <strong>and</strong> social problems.<br />
Adolf Hitler, the leader of the Nazi Party, was appointed chancellor.<br />
Hitler seized power <strong>and</strong> created a totalitarian state.<br />
Hitler rebuilt the nation’s army. His economic policies put people back to work. Many cheered his<br />
success.<br />
Yet Hitler ruled with unlimited power.<br />
• Controlled the press <strong>and</strong> education system<br />
• Used propag<strong>and</strong>a to boost his popularity<br />
• Used the secret police to silence opposition<br />
Violently anti‐Semitic, Hitler openly attacked Jews, blaming them for all of the country’s problems.<br />
3<br />
a. the Nazi party<br />
b. led by an Austrian, Adolf Hitler<br />
c. he would try to lead an insurrection in Munich at a Bavarian Beer Hall <strong>and</strong> fail; arrested <strong>and</strong> sent<br />
to jail while in jail he would recite his ideas <strong>and</strong> future of Germany in a book that would be later<br />
called Mein Kampf where he would give explicit details of how he would lead Germany into its<br />
greatest days <strong>and</strong> a thous<strong>and</strong> year Reich
Japan<br />
d. he would express lebensraum or living space for Germans<br />
e. racist views were prevalent where he expressed Aryan supremacy <strong>and</strong> anti‐Semitism<br />
f. later when he would lead Germany, it would be m<strong>and</strong>atory for every German to read <strong>and</strong><br />
possess it<br />
g. h) after Hitler’s release he vowed he would lead Germany through elected means<br />
h. i) in 1933 Hitler will be elected Chancellor of Germany where he will begin to implement his<br />
dictatorship<br />
i. j) his first act is a proclamation for the Germans to boycott Jewish businesses<br />
j. k) that same year he pulls Germany out of the League of Nations<br />
Japan did not become a totalitarian dictatorship, but it did come under the influence of strong military<br />
leaders.<br />
These leaders attempted to solve their country’s economic problems through aggressive military<br />
conquests.<br />
1. with a dem<strong>and</strong> for more resources, Japanese military leaders under Hideki Tojo usurped power<br />
from Hirohito <strong>and</strong> sought to gain more territory<br />
2. in 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria<br />
3. League of Nations condemns attack; Japan quits the League<br />
4. US under Sec’t of State Robert Stimson issues a doctrine where US refuses to acknowledge the<br />
new Japan conquers Manchuria <strong>and</strong> renames it Manchukuo<br />
5. In 1937 Japan wages a war with China<br />
6. Panay incident where US gunboat was shot at by Japan in China; Japan apologizes<br />
7. Japan will be part of the tripartite agreement with Germany <strong>and</strong> Italy forming an axis<br />
8. relations with the US thaw in late thirties over China<br />
9. Japanese possession<br />
Japanese Expansion, 1931‐1939<br />
‐Japan invaded Manchuria, then China.<br />
‐The attack on Nanjing was especially brutal.<br />
4
Acts of Aggression in Europe <strong>and</strong> Asia<br />
Germany • rebuilt military<br />
• reclaimed Saar region from France<br />
• invaded the Rhinel<strong>and</strong><br />
• Anschluss (the union in which Hitler<br />
forced Austria to become part of<br />
Germany’s territory<br />
• invaded the Sudetenl<strong>and</strong><br />
Italy • invaded Ethiopia<br />
Spain • Fascists rebel against the<br />
government<br />
Japan • conquered Manchuria <strong>and</strong> parts of<br />
China<br />
A weak League of Nations did little to stop the aggression of the totalitarian states or of Japan.<br />
• Many feared involvement in another war.<br />
• Some believed the Soviet Union posed a greater threat than Nazi Germany.<br />
• Others questioned the resolve of their own country <strong>and</strong> their allies, <strong>and</strong> embraced a<br />
policy of isolationism.<br />
The appeasement of Hitler continued with the Munich<br />
‐Appeasement is the policy of granting concessions to a potential enemy in the hope that it will<br />
maintain peace<br />
‐The Munich Pact was an agreement in which Britain <strong>and</strong> France attempted to preserve peace<br />
by allowing Hitler to take more territory<br />
Britain <strong>and</strong> France sacrificed the Sudetenl<strong>and</strong> to Germany in return for peace.<br />
But peace was not to come.<br />
5