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September 1999] KRON ET AL.—PHYLOGENETICS OF ANDROMEDEAE<br />
1293<br />
TABLE 2. Characters used in morphology-based cladistic analysis <strong>of</strong> Andromedeae. Plesiomorphic characters are listed first, followed by apomorphic<br />
ones. (Polarity decisions based on trees rooted with Enkianthus.)<br />
1. Secondary phloem without bands <strong>of</strong> fibers (0); secondary phloem with bands <strong>of</strong> fibers (1).<br />
2. Pith heterogeneous (0); pith homogeneous (1); pith Calluna-type (2). [unordered]<br />
3. Bud scales numerous to 2, if the latter then minute (0); bud scales 2, enlarged (1).<br />
4. Leaves convolute in bud (0); leaves revolute in bud (1).<br />
5. Leaves alternate (0); leaves whorled (1).<br />
6. Leaf venation pinnate (0); leaf venation parallel (1).<br />
7. Vein reticulum open, the secondary and tertiary veins not equally prominent (0); vein reticulum dense, the secondary and tertiary veins <br />
equally prominent (1).<br />
8. Leaf margin serrate or serrulate (0); leaf margin entire (1).<br />
9. Leaf margin lacking raised glands (0); leaf margin with raised glands (1).<br />
10. Leaves deciduous (0); leaves persistent (1). [polarity questionable; see Table 3]<br />
11. Leaf midrib (as seen in cross section) unifacial (0); leaf midrib bifacial (1).<br />
12. Fiber strands absent from leaf mesophyll (0); fiber strands present in leaf mesophyll (1).<br />
13. Leaf epidermis not lignified (0); leaf epidermis at least slightly lignified (1).<br />
14. Leaf epidermal cells not elongated (as seen in cross section) (0); epidermal cells elongated (1).<br />
15. Hypodermis lacking (0); hypodermis present (1).<br />
16. Multicellular hairs on leaves present (0); multicellular hairs lacking (1).<br />
17. Multicellular hairs with small glandular head (or hairs not glandular) (0); multicellular hairs with expanded and elongated, glandular head (1).<br />
18. Peltate scales lacking (0); peltate scales present (with margin irregular-erose) (1); peltate scales present (with margin entire) (2). [unordered]<br />
19. Stalk <strong>of</strong> multicellular hair multiseriate (0); stalk <strong>of</strong> multicellular hair biseriate (1).<br />
20. Stomata anomocytic (0); stomata paracytic (1); stomata tetracytic (2). [unordered]<br />
21. Inflorescences monotelic, i.e., terminal flowers present (0); inflorescences polytelic, i.e., terminal flowers lacking (1).<br />
22. Inflorescences developing (and producing flowers and fruits) on shoots <strong>of</strong> the current season (0); inflorescences developing (and producing<br />
flowers and fruits) on shoots <strong>of</strong> the previous season (1).<br />
23. Inflorescences within bud (0); inflorescences exposed during winter or dormant season (1).<br />
24. Pedicel lacking bracteoles (0); pedicel with two bracteoles (1); pedicel with several bracteoles (2). [unordered]<br />
25. Bracteoles distinct, variably positioned (0); bracteoles connate, apical (1).<br />
26. Pedicel not articulated with flower (0); pedicel articulated with flower (1).<br />
27. Calyx <strong>of</strong> imbricate lobes (0); calyx <strong>of</strong> valvate lobes (1).<br />
28. Calyx lobes brown, dry at maturity (0); calyx lobes usually colorful, fleshy at maturity (1).<br />
29. Adaxial calyx stomata lacking (0); adaxial calyx stomata present (1).<br />
30. Corolla lacking unicellular hairs on inside surface (0); corolla with unicellular hairs on inside surface (1).<br />
31. Corolla lacking multicellular hairs on outer surface (0); corolla with multicellular hairs on outer surface (1).<br />
32. Abaxial corolla stomata present (0); abaxial corolla stomata absent (1).<br />
33. Filaments straight (0); filaments S-shaped (1).<br />
34. Filaments distinct (0); filaments connate (1).<br />
35. Filaments free from corolla (0); filaments adnate to corolla (1).<br />
36. Filaments with unicellular hairs (0); filaments papillose or minutely roughened (1); filaments smooth (2). [unordered]<br />
37. Anthers inverting late in development (0); anthers inverting early in development (1).<br />
38. Anthers with projections (awns or spurs) (0); such projections absent (1).<br />
39. Projections borne on anther, erect to deflexed (0); projections borne at junction <strong>of</strong> anther and filament (1); projections borne on filament (2).<br />
[unordered]<br />
40. Projections single (or lacking) (0); projections divided (1).<br />
41. Tubules on anthers absent (0); tubules on anthers present (1).<br />
42. Disintegration tissue on back <strong>of</strong> anthers absent (0); disintegration tissue present (1).<br />
43. Disintegration tissue not extending onto the spurs (or spurs lacking) (0); disintegration tissue extending onto the spurs (1).<br />
44. Anthers open by longitudinal slits (0); anthers open by ‘‘terminal’’ pores (1).<br />
45. Pollen shed as monads (0); pollen shed as tetrads (or modified tetrads) (1).<br />
46. Ovary superior (0); ovary inferior (1).<br />
47. Ovary lacking multicellular gland-headed hairs (0); ovary with multicellular gland-headed hairs (or homologous hair types, e.g., scales) (1).<br />
48. Locules not divided (0); locules incompletely divided by outgrowth <strong>of</strong> ovary wall (1).<br />
49. Fruit dehiscent (0); fruit indehiscent (1).<br />
50. Fruit lacking thickened sutures (0); fruit with thickened sutures that <strong>of</strong>ten separate from the valves in dehiscence (1).<br />
51. Fruit a capsule (0); fruit a berry (1).<br />
52. Seed with vascular bundle in the raphe (0); seed lacking vascular bundle in the raphe (1).<br />
53. Seed lacking fringe formed from differentiated cells (0); seed with fringe due to expanded and/or elongated, bulging cells (1).<br />
54. Seed lacking tails (0); seed with tails, i.e., expanded portion <strong>of</strong> testa at hilum and chalazal ends (1).<br />
55. Seed lacking unilateral wing (0); seed with unilateral wing (resulting from a flattening <strong>of</strong> chalazal end <strong>of</strong> seed, with cells <strong>of</strong> the wing not<br />
differentiated from those <strong>of</strong> the body) (1).<br />
56. Testa one-layered (except sometimes in the raphe) (0); testa with several cell layers (1).<br />
57. Testa cells isodiametric (in surface view) (0); testa cells much elongated (1).<br />
58. Methyl salicylate lacking (0); methyl salicylate present (1).<br />
59. Basic chromosome number 11 (0); 12 (1); 18 (2). [unordered]<br />
60. Toxic diterpenes <strong>of</strong> andromedotoxin type absent (0); toxic diterpenes <strong>of</strong> andromedotoxin type present (1).