Grube, E., <strong>The</strong> World <strong>of</strong> Islam (London, Paul Hamlyn, 1966) Halm, H., <strong>The</strong> Fatimids and their Traditions <strong>of</strong> Learning (London, I. B. Tauris in association with <strong>The</strong> Institute <strong>of</strong> Ismaili Studies, 1997) Hayes, J. R., ed., <strong>The</strong> Genius <strong>of</strong> Arab Civilisation: Source <strong>of</strong> Renaissance (Oxford, Phaidon, 1978) Hillenbrand, R., <strong>Islamic</strong> <strong>Architecture</strong>: Form, Function and Meaning (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 1994) Hitti, P., History <strong>of</strong> the Arabs (10th ed.) (London, Macmillan, 1996) Hoag, J., <strong>Islamic</strong> <strong>Architecture</strong> (London & New York, Faber & Faber/Electra, 1975) Hoag, J., Western <strong>Islamic</strong> <strong>Architecture</strong> (London, Studio Vista, 1968) Holt, P. M., <strong>The</strong> Age <strong>of</strong> the Crusades (London, Longman, 1986) Holt, P., A. Lampton, and B. Lewis, eds., <strong>The</strong> Cambridge History <strong>of</strong> Islam, vol. 1A (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1970) Honderlink, H., ed., Coptic <strong>Art</strong> and Culture (<strong>Cairo</strong>, Shoudy Publishing House, 1990) Howard, D., Venice and the East (New Haven, Yale University Press, 2000) Irwin, R., <strong>Islamic</strong> <strong>Art</strong> in Context (New York, Abrams, 1997) Jairazbhoy, R., An Outline <strong>of</strong> <strong>Islamic</strong> <strong>Architecture</strong> (Bombay, Asia Publishing House, 1972) Jenkins, M., ‘New Evidence for the History and Provenance <strong>of</strong> the so-called Pisa Griffen,’ <strong>Islamic</strong> Archaeological Studies, vol. 1, 1978 (<strong>Cairo</strong>, Arab Republic <strong>of</strong> Egypt Organisation <strong>of</strong> Antiquities Museum Service) Jones, O., <strong>The</strong> Grammar <strong>of</strong> Ornament (London, Studio Editions, reprinted 1988) Kamil, J., Coptic Egypt (<strong>Cairo</strong>, <strong>The</strong> American University in <strong>Cairo</strong> Press, 1987) King, J. W., Historical Dictionary <strong>of</strong> Egypt (<strong>Cairo</strong>, <strong>The</strong> American University in <strong>Cairo</strong> Press, 1989) Kubiak, W. B., Al-Fustat (<strong>Cairo</strong>, <strong>The</strong> American University in <strong>Cairo</strong> Press, 1987) Kuhnel, E., <strong>Islamic</strong> <strong>Art</strong>s (London, Bell & Sons, 1970) Kybalová, L., Coptic Textiles (London, Paul Hamlyn, 1967) Lane, A., Early <strong>Islamic</strong> Pottery (London, Faber & Faber, 1947) Lane, E. W., An Account <strong>of</strong> the Manners and Customs <strong>of</strong> the Modern Egyptians (New York, Dover, 1973) Lane-Poole, S., <strong>The</strong> <strong>Art</strong> <strong>of</strong> the Saracens in Egypt (first printed London 1886) (Beirut, Librairie Byblos) Bibliography 261
262 <strong>The</strong> <strong>Art</strong> and <strong>Architecture</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Islamic</strong> <strong>Cairo</strong> — A History <strong>of</strong> Egypt (London, Frank Cass, 1968) (first published 1901) Lawrence, T. E., Crusader Castles (London, Immel Publishing, 1992) Lewis, B., <strong>The</strong> Assassins (London, Al Saqi Books, 1985) Lings, M., <strong>The</strong> Qur’an: A British Library Exhibition (London, World <strong>of</strong> Islam Festival Publishing Company, 1976) — <strong>The</strong> Quranic <strong>Art</strong> <strong>of</strong> Calligraphy and Illumination (London, World <strong>of</strong> Islam Festival Publishing Company, 1976) Lyster, W., <strong>The</strong> Citadel <strong>of</strong> <strong>Cairo</strong>: A History and Guide (<strong>Cairo</strong>, <strong>The</strong> Palm Press, 1993) Maalouf, A., <strong>The</strong> Crusades through Arab Eyes (<strong>Cairo</strong>, <strong>The</strong> American University in <strong>Cairo</strong> Press, 1990). First published as Les croisades vues par les Arabes (Paris, Editions J. C. Lattes, 1983) MacKenzie, N. D., Ayyubid <strong>Cairo</strong> (<strong>Cairo</strong>, <strong>The</strong> American University in <strong>Cairo</strong> Press, 1992) Mayer, L. A., <strong>Islamic</strong> Wood Carvers and <strong>The</strong>ir Works (Geneva, 1958) <strong>The</strong> Metropolitan Museum <strong>of</strong> <strong>Art</strong>: <strong>The</strong> <strong>Islamic</strong> World (New York, <strong>The</strong> Metropolitan Museum <strong>of</strong> <strong>Art</strong>, 1987) Michell, G., ed., <strong>Architecture</strong> <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Islamic</strong> World (London, Thames & Hudson, 1978) Nasr, S. H., <strong>Islamic</strong> Science: An Illustrated Study (London, World <strong>of</strong> Islam Festival Publishing Co. Ltd, 1976) Norwich, J. J., Byzantium: <strong>The</strong> Early Centuries (London, Guild Publishing, 1988) Öney, G., Ceramic Tiles in <strong>Islamic</strong> <strong>Architecture</strong> (Istanbul, Ada Press, 1987) Parker, R. and S. Sabin, A Practical Guide to the <strong>Islamic</strong> Monuments in <strong>Cairo</strong> (<strong>Cairo</strong>, American University in <strong>Cairo</strong> Press, 1973) Porter, V., <strong>Islamic</strong> Tiles (London, British Museum Press, 1995) Robinson, B. W., ed., <strong>Islamic</strong> <strong>Art</strong> in the Keir Collection (London, Faber & Faber, 1998) Rogers, M., <strong>The</strong> Making <strong>of</strong> the Past: <strong>The</strong> Spread <strong>of</strong> Islam (Oxford, Elsevier/Phaidon, 1975) — ‘<strong>The</strong> Stones <strong>of</strong> Barquq: Building materials and architectural decoration in late fourteenth-century <strong>Cairo</strong>’, Apollo, vol. CII, no. 170 (new series) (London, April 1976) Runciman, S., A History <strong>of</strong> the Crusades: 1. <strong>The</strong> First Crusade (London, Penguin, 1990) — A History <strong>of</strong> the Crusades: 2. <strong>The</strong> Kingdom <strong>of</strong> Jerusalem (London, Penguin, 1990) — A History <strong>of</strong> the Crusades: 3. <strong>The</strong> Kingdom <strong>of</strong> Acre (London, Penguin, 1990)
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THE ART AND ARCHITECTURE OF ISLAMIC
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THE ART AND ARCHITECTURE OF ISLAMIC
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Contents Map of Cairo vi Preface 1
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Preface When I first visited Egypt
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Art and Architecture of Islam, 650-
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exploitation and persecution under
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The ecumenical councils defined ort
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any further conquest of Egypt would
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negotiations took place between Cyr
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altogether, Amr subsequently played
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as ‘a people who love death bette
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point for urban development, but as
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He ordered them to place the stone
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Amr frequently preached the khutba
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After Salah al-Din, Sultan Baibars
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Its daily use in Amr’s time, serv
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AL-QATA’I With the fall of the Um
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throne in 870 he divided the empire
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in those days to recycle and use ex
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in an anti-clockwise direction up t
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on the north-west and south-east si
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plaster with cement or concrete. It
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organic and geometrical form. The r
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that of his wives in heroic size, a
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significant and legitimate minority
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knowledge of Egypt, both before and
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evidence here supports that view (t
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Bab al-Futuh, like Bal al-Nasr, is
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Although little remains of its orig
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oth al-Azhar and the palace were wi
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with fluted hoods. The whole façad
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Madrasa and tomb of Gawhar al-Qanaq
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vegetarian dish known as mulukhiyya
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monument, being restored by a numbe
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strong horizontal ribs at the botto
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formal religious gatherings found a
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out invocations, weeping and entrea
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Egypt and Sunni territory ruled by
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wooden fragments of this period in
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where it was developed in glass mak
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ecause this tiraz was woven in the
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sense of legitimacy in the wake of
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that of the delicate stucco mihrab
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craftsmen, although their origin is
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St Catherine’s monastery, Sinai,
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and to her left is a bottle-shaped
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oken by a spotted white underbelly
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and grotesques, and what distinguis
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decorated with palmettes, but the K
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lustre-painted bottle in the David
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from the second quarter of the elev
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shows a central palm tree dividing
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most illustrious lord al-Afdal, the
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Raynard of Chatillon’s attacks on
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0 0 100 200 100 200 Tomb of Sayyida
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the main Citadel, fortifications we
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Ibn Jubayr’s account is supported
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gone so far as to offer his sister
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largest. Its plan is divided into t
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height of 29 metres is almost that
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disciplined spirit of the age. The
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Mausoleum Madrasa Qibla iwan North-
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this new centre of government in th
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imprisonment in the Red Tower on th
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doors on the exterior are matched i
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literature, the sciences, art and a
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chase he was murdered, but accounts
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tough unyielding personality of its
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over the world. The intellectual cl
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left: The minaret and dome of the S
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patterns of the central window gril
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138 The Art and Architecture of Isl
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above: The sahn of the madrasa of S
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elow: The minaret of the madrasa of
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144 The Art and Architecture of Isl
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ight: The khanqah- madrasa of Amir
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elow: The khanqah of Baibars al-Jas
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150 The Art and Architecture of Isl
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top: The mosque of al-Maridani. abo
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elow: Mosque of Sultan Hasan taken
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elow: Plan of the Sultan Hasan mosq
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158 The Art and Architecture of Isl
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above: The qibla iwan of the Sultan
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above: Mausoleum of Gur-i Amir, Sam
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CHAPTER SIX The Decorative Arts of
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above: Twelfth-century Persian frit
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above: Brass basin incised and inla
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top: Brass candlestick inlaid with
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above: Incense burner: 1268-79 (Bri
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elow: Brass basin inlaid with silve
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top: Mosque lamp: c. 1350-60. above
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top: Doors of the Sultan Hasan mosq
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above: Panel from the mausoleum of
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top: Stone minbar in the khanqah of
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above: Frontispiece of a Qur’an w
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186 The Art and Architecture of Isl
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188 The Art and Architecture of Isl
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above: ‘Hand-Washing Machine’ f
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above: Frontispiece to the Maqamat
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above: The Simonetti Carpet: late f
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above: Child’s tunic: late fourte
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CHAPTER SEVEN The Architecture of t
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200 The Art and Architecture of Isl
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above: View of the Eastern Cemetery
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above: The domes of the khanqah of
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above: One of the mausoleum chamber
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208 The Art and Architecture of Isl
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- Page 221 and 222: above: Khanqah-madrasa complex of B
- Page 223 and 224: top: Plan of funerary complex of Su
- Page 225 and 226: elow: Plan of funerary complex of A
- Page 227 and 228: elow: Plan of funerary complex of Q
- Page 230 and 231: masonry and bands of joggled lintel
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- Page 265 and 266: Chronology of Dynasties and Rulers
- Page 267 and 268: Table of Dynasties Islamic Calendar
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- Page 273 and 274: Acknowledgements The Publishers wou
- Page 275 and 276: Armenian district 104 Armenians 46,
- Page 277 and 278: ewers (aquamaniles) metalwork 83-4,
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