The Art And Architecture of Islamic Cairo

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14 Behrens-Abouseif, D., op. cit., p. 82. 15 Cited by Cresswell in The Muslim Architecture of Egypt, vol. 11 (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1959) p. 260. 16 Hillenbrand, R., op. cit., p. 200. 17 Fernandes, L., ‘The Foundation of Baybars Al-Jashankir: Its Waqf, History, and Architecure’, Muqarnas, vol. 4, ed. Oleg Grabar (Leiden, E. J. Brill, 1987) p. 23. 18 Fernandes, L., op. cit., pp. 25–7. 19 Meinecke, Michael, ‘Die Moschee des Amirs Aqsunqur an-Nasiri in Kairo’, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Kairo, 29, 1973, pp. 9 ff. 20 Hillenbrand, R., op. cit., p. 196. 21 See Behrens-Abouseif, D., op. cit., p. 128, and S. Blair and J. Bloom, The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250–1800 (New Haven & London, Yale University Press, 1995) p. 84. CHAPTER SIX The Decorative Arts of the Ayyubids and Mamluks 1 Abd al-Ra’uf Ali Yusuf, ‘Egyptian Luster-painted Pottery from the Ayyubid and Mamluk Periods’, in D. Behrens-Abouseif, ed., The Cairo Heritage (Cairo & New York, The American University in Cairo Press, 2000) pp. 263–74. 2 Fehévári, G., op. cit., p. 254. 3 El. Basha, H., ‘Mamluk Artifacts at Cairo Museum revealing Chinese Influences’, Islamic Archaeological Studies, vol. 4, 1991 (Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt Organisation of Antiquities Museum Service) p. 78. 4 Kuhnel, E., Islamic Arts (London, Bell & Sons, 1970) p. 129. 5 El. Basha, op. cit., pp. 78–80. 6 The Arts Council of Great Britain, The Arts of Islam, op. cit., p. 181. 7Ward, R., op. cit., p. 85. 8 Ettinghausen, R. and O. Grabar, op. cit., p. 371. 9Ward, R., op. cit., p. 26. 10 Blair, S. and J. Bloom, op. cit., p. 97. 11 The Arts Council of Great Britain, The Arts of Islam, op. cit., p. 182. 12 Blair, S. and J. Bloom, op. cit., p. 99. 13 Lane-Poole, S., The Art of the Saracens in Egypt (Beirut, Librairie Byblos) first printed 1886, p. 182. Notes and References 247
248 The Art and Architecture of Islamic Cairo 14 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art: The Islamic World (New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1987) p. 55. 15 Ward, R., op. cit., p. 108. 16 The Arts Council of Great Britain, The Arts of Islam, op. cit., p. 187. 17 Lane-Poole, S. (1886), op. cit., pp. 226–31. 18 Ellis, M., op. cit., p. 80. 19 The Metropolitan Museum of Art: The Islamic World, op. cit., p. 48. 20 Ward, R., op. cit., p. 35. 21 In 1415 Sultan al-Mu’ayyad illegally obtained Sultan Hasan’s doors and installed them in his new mosque near Bab Zuwaila, where they can now be seen. A more recent example of cultural plunder is their appearance in the background to Valentine Princep’s painting At the Golden Gate (1882) in Manchester City Art Gallery. Princep exercised considerable poetic licence by using fourteenth-century Mamluk art to illustrate a New Testament parable – that of the wise and foolish virgins. 22 Critchlow, K., Islamic Patterns (London, Thames & Hudson, 1976) p. 189. 23 Lings, M., The Quranic Art of Calligraphy and Illumination (London, World of Islam Festival Trust, 1976) pp. 115–17. 24 Rogers, M., ‘The Stones of Barquq: Building materials and architectural decoration in late fourteenth-century Cairo’, Apollo, vol. CIII, no. 170 (new series) (London, April 1976) p. 312. 25 Herzfeld, E., Materiaux pour un Corpus Inscriptiorum Arabicarum, III, Syrie du Nord: Inscriptions et Monuments d’ Alep, 1, Cairo, 1955, pp. 124–8. 26 Lane-Poole, S. (1886), op. cit., p. 137. 27 Lane, E. W., op. cit., pp. 7–9. 28 The Arts Council of Great Britain, The Arts of Islam, op. cit., p. 291. 29 Folio 6. India Office Library, Ethe 2221. Quoted in Arnold, T., Painting in Islam (New York, Dover, 1965) p. 2. 30 Lings, M., The Qur’an: A British Library Exhibition (London, World of Islam Festival Publishing Company, 1976) p. 13. 31 Lings, M., op. cit. (British Library Exhibiton), p. 14. 32 The words of al-Hariri quoted from H. A. R. Gibb, Arabic Literature (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1974) p. 124. 33 Mathews, T., The Art of Byzantium (London, Everyman Art Library, 1988) p. 74. 34 Hitti, P., op. cit., pp. 302–3. 35 Metropolitan Museum of Art, op. cit., p. 51
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THE ART AND ARCHITECTURE OF ISLAMIC
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THE ART AND ARCHITECTURE OF ISLAMIC
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Contents Map of Cairo vi Preface 1
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Preface When I first visited Egypt
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Art and Architecture of Islam, 650-
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exploitation and persecution under
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The ecumenical councils defined ort
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any further conquest of Egypt would
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negotiations took place between Cyr
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altogether, Amr subsequently played
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as ‘a people who love death bette
Page 26 and 27:
point for urban development, but as
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He ordered them to place the stone
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Amr frequently preached the khutba
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After Salah al-Din, Sultan Baibars
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Its daily use in Amr’s time, serv
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AL-QATA’I With the fall of the Um
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throne in 870 he divided the empire
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in those days to recycle and use ex
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in an anti-clockwise direction up t
Page 44 and 45:
on the north-west and south-east si
Page 46 and 47:
plaster with cement or concrete. It
Page 48 and 49:
organic and geometrical form. The r
Page 50 and 51:
that of his wives in heroic size, a
Page 52 and 53:
significant and legitimate minority
Page 54 and 55:
knowledge of Egypt, both before and
Page 56 and 57:
evidence here supports that view (t
Page 58 and 59:
Bab al-Futuh, like Bal al-Nasr, is
Page 60 and 61:
Although little remains of its orig
Page 62 and 63:
oth al-Azhar and the palace were wi
Page 64 and 65:
with fluted hoods. The whole façad
Page 66 and 67:
Madrasa and tomb of Gawhar al-Qanaq
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vegetarian dish known as mulukhiyya
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monument, being restored by a numbe
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strong horizontal ribs at the botto
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formal religious gatherings found a
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out invocations, weeping and entrea
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Egypt and Sunni territory ruled by
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wooden fragments of this period in
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where it was developed in glass mak
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ecause this tiraz was woven in the
Page 86 and 87:
sense of legitimacy in the wake of
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that of the delicate stucco mihrab
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craftsmen, although their origin is
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St Catherine’s monastery, Sinai,
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and to her left is a bottle-shaped
Page 96 and 97:
oken by a spotted white underbelly
Page 98 and 99:
and grotesques, and what distinguis
Page 100 and 101:
decorated with palmettes, but the K
Page 102 and 103:
lustre-painted bottle in the David
Page 104 and 105:
from the second quarter of the elev
Page 106 and 107:
shows a central palm tree dividing
Page 108 and 109:
most illustrious lord al-Afdal, the
Page 110 and 111:
Raynard of Chatillon’s attacks on
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0 0 100 200 100 200 Tomb of Sayyida
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the main Citadel, fortifications we
Page 116 and 117:
Ibn Jubayr’s account is supported
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gone so far as to offer his sister
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largest. Its plan is divided into t
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height of 29 metres is almost that
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disciplined spirit of the age. The
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Mausoleum Madrasa Qibla iwan North-
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this new centre of government in th
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imprisonment in the Red Tower on th
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doors on the exterior are matched i
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literature, the sciences, art and a
Page 136 and 137:
chase he was murdered, but accounts
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tough unyielding personality of its
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over the world. The intellectual cl
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left: The minaret and dome of the S
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patterns of the central window gril
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138 The Art and Architecture of Isl
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above: The sahn of the madrasa of S
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elow: The minaret of the madrasa of
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ight: The khanqah- madrasa of Amir
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elow: The khanqah of Baibars al-Jas
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top: The mosque of al-Maridani. abo
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elow: Mosque of Sultan Hasan taken
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elow: Plan of the Sultan Hasan mosq
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above: The qibla iwan of the Sultan
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above: Mausoleum of Gur-i Amir, Sam
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CHAPTER SIX The Decorative Arts of
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above: Twelfth-century Persian frit
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above: Brass basin incised and inla
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top: Brass candlestick inlaid with
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above: Incense burner: 1268-79 (Bri
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elow: Brass basin inlaid with silve
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top: Mosque lamp: c. 1350-60. above
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top: Doors of the Sultan Hasan mosq
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above: Panel from the mausoleum of
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top: Stone minbar in the khanqah of
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above: Frontispiece of a Qur’an w
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above: ‘Hand-Washing Machine’ f
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above: Frontispiece to the Maqamat
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above: The Simonetti Carpet: late f
Page 205 and 206: above: Child’s tunic: late fourte
Page 207 and 208: CHAPTER SEVEN The Architecture of t
Page 209 and 210: 200 The Art and Architecture of Isl
Page 211 and 212: above: View of the Eastern Cemetery
Page 213 and 214: above: The domes of the khanqah of
Page 215 and 216: above: One of the mausoleum chamber
Page 221 and 222: above: Khanqah-madrasa complex of B
Page 223 and 224: top: Plan of funerary complex of Su
Page 225 and 226: elow: Plan of funerary complex of A
Page 227 and 228: elow: Plan of funerary complex of Q
Page 230 and 231: masonry and bands of joggled lintel
Page 232 and 233: marbling in the mihrab has been str
Page 234 and 235: oundels. The largest in the centre
Page 236 and 237: al-Ahmar and Sharia Abu Huraybah, n
Page 238 and 239: The Mamluk factions that precipitat
Page 240 and 241: lower floors contained latrines, ni
Page 242 and 243: cessors. Egypt then became a provin
Page 244: The use of terracotta- and biscuit-
Page 247 and 248: above: Interior of the mosque of Mu
Page 249 and 250: Notes and References 240 The Art an
Page 255: 246 The Art and Architecture of Isl
Page 265 and 266: Chronology of Dynasties and Rulers
Page 267 and 268: Table of Dynasties Islamic Calendar
Page 273 and 274: Acknowledgements The Publishers wou
Page 275 and 276: Armenian district 104 Armenians 46,
Page 277 and 278: ewers (aquamaniles) metalwork 83-4,
Page 279 and 280: al-Salih’s (Salihiya) 116-18, 137
Page 281 and 282: 60-1, 225 Philo of Byzantium 188 Ph
Page 283 and 284: ulers 257 textiles 73-6, 195 woodwo
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