The Art And Architecture of Islamic Cairo

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literature, the sciences, art and architecture. All this was shattered by the brutality of the Mongol invasions, which began after Chengiz Khan’s unification of the Mongol tribes in 1201. He first invaded China and overthrew the Kin Empire, capturing Beijing in 1215. He then invaded Central Asia, occupying Transoxiana and northern Persia, reaching as far west as Azerbaijan. The great cities of Central Asia – Bukhara, Samarqand, Balkh, Merv and Nishapur – were destroyed, and where resistance occurred, the populations were slaughtered. When Chengiz Khan died in 1227 his empire was divided between his eldest sons. Kublai Khan became the Great Khan and founded the Yuan dynasty in China, and his brother, Hulagu, established the Ilkhanid dynasty in Central Asia and northern Persia. The momentum of the Mongol expansion continued as Hulagu extended his empire into the rest of Persia, Armenia, Georgia and Iraq, capturing Baghdad in 1258. The caliphate and the city were destroyed and the Muslim world was plunged into its worst crisis. The irresistible advance of the Mongols continued into Anatolia and Syria, where they formed alliances with the Armenians and Franks. They captured Aleppo, Damascus, Nablus and Gaza, and eventually sent ambassadors to Cairo demanding the submission of Egypt. The Mamluk sultan, Qutuz, defiantly refused, and by way of reply, executed the ambassadors and displayed their heads on the Bab Zuwaila. After negotiating with the Franks, he obtained free passage for his army through Palestine, and with his general, al-Zahir Baibars, he attacked the Mongols at Ayn Jalut. It was a decisive victory for the Mamluks and for the first time the Mongol army was defeated. They were no longer invincible and the tide turned quickly against them in Syria as Qutuz went on to liberate Damascus and put Homs, Hama and Aleppo into safe Mamluk and Ayyubid hands. Qutuz and Baibars were Turks, and as the thirteenth-century historian Abu Shama has observed, ‘… it is a remarkable thing that the Tartars were defeated and destroyed by men of their own kind, who were Turks …’ 1 The victory at Ayn Jalut was due in part to Baibars’ brilliant leadership of the vanguard, but a bitter quarrel broke out between him and Qutuz. According to the historian Ibn Taghribirdi (d. 1469/70), Qutuz had promised Baibars the governorship of Aleppo if they won the battle, but he then reneged on the deal. 2 When Qutuz returned to Cairo, Baibars and a number of other disaffected amirs conspired to murder him. Qutuz had a passion for hunting, and they managed to lure him away from the security of his army by persuading him to course hare. After the The Architecture of the Bahri Mamluks 125
AL-AZHAR STREET 0 0 Fatimid Ayyubid AL-GHURIYA Bahri Mamluk Circassian Ottoman (from 1517) and Muhammad Ali 100 100 200 metres 200 yards 126 The Art and Architecture of Islamic Cairo Mosque of Sulayman Agha (1839) Mosque of al-Aqmar (1125) Sabil-kuttab of Abdul Rahman Katkhuda (1744) Qasr Beshtan (1339) Kamiliyya Madrasa (1225) Mosque of Barquq (1386) Tomb and madrasa of al-Nasir Muhammad (1304) Madrasa, tomb and bimaristan of Qala’un (1385) Mosque of al-Mutahar Madrasa of al-Ashraf Barsbay (1425) Mosque of Sultan al-Ghuri above: From the Fatimid gates to al-Azhar. Ayyubid wall AL-BANHAWI STREET Tomb of Qurqumas (1511) Al-Muwaqqi (1350) AL-MU'IZZ STREET KHAN AL-KHALILI House of AL-MU'IZZ STREET Abu Dahab Mausoleum of Sultan al-Ghuri Fatimid walls Madrasa of the Amir Mithgal (1361) Mosque of al-Hakim Bi Amr Allah (1013) Waqala of Qusun (1341) Bayt al-Suhaymi (1648–1796) Madrasa of Baibars (1262–3) Tomb of Salih Ayyubi Bab al-Futuh (1087) Maq‘ad of Mamay al-Sayfi (1350) Sabil-kuttab of the waqf of Auda Pasha (1673) Door and minaret of Sayyidna al-Husain mosque (1154–1236) Mosque of al-Azhar Fatimid walls Waqala of Qa’it Bay (1481) Bab al-Nasr (1087) Monastery of Baibars al-Jashankir (1310) Madrasa of Qara Sunqur (1300) Sabil-kuttab of Auda Pasha Mosque of Gamal al-Din al-Ustudar (1408) Musafirkhana Palace (1779–88) GOHAR AL-QAID STREET Ayyubid wall GALAL STREET N
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THE ART AND ARCHITECTURE OF ISLAMIC
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THE ART AND ARCHITECTURE OF ISLAMIC
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Contents Map of Cairo vi Preface 1
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Preface When I first visited Egypt
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Art and Architecture of Islam, 650-
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exploitation and persecution under
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The ecumenical councils defined ort
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any further conquest of Egypt would
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negotiations took place between Cyr
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altogether, Amr subsequently played
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as ‘a people who love death bette
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point for urban development, but as
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He ordered them to place the stone
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Amr frequently preached the khutba
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After Salah al-Din, Sultan Baibars
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Its daily use in Amr’s time, serv
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AL-QATA’I With the fall of the Um
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throne in 870 he divided the empire
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in those days to recycle and use ex
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in an anti-clockwise direction up t
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on the north-west and south-east si
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plaster with cement or concrete. It
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organic and geometrical form. The r
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that of his wives in heroic size, a
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significant and legitimate minority
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knowledge of Egypt, both before and
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evidence here supports that view (t
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Bab al-Futuh, like Bal al-Nasr, is
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Although little remains of its orig
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oth al-Azhar and the palace were wi
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with fluted hoods. The whole façad
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Madrasa and tomb of Gawhar al-Qanaq
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vegetarian dish known as mulukhiyya
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monument, being restored by a numbe
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strong horizontal ribs at the botto
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formal religious gatherings found a
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out invocations, weeping and entrea
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Egypt and Sunni territory ruled by
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wooden fragments of this period in
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where it was developed in glass mak
Page 84 and 85: ecause this tiraz was woven in the
Page 86 and 87: sense of legitimacy in the wake of
Page 88 and 89: that of the delicate stucco mihrab
Page 90 and 91: craftsmen, although their origin is
Page 92 and 93: St Catherine’s monastery, Sinai,
Page 94 and 95: and to her left is a bottle-shaped
Page 96 and 97: oken by a spotted white underbelly
Page 98 and 99: and grotesques, and what distinguis
Page 100 and 101: decorated with palmettes, but the K
Page 102 and 103: lustre-painted bottle in the David
Page 104 and 105: from the second quarter of the elev
Page 106 and 107: shows a central palm tree dividing
Page 108 and 109: most illustrious lord al-Afdal, the
Page 110 and 111: Raynard of Chatillon’s attacks on
Page 112 and 113: 0 0 100 200 100 200 Tomb of Sayyida
Page 114 and 115: the main Citadel, fortifications we
Page 116 and 117: Ibn Jubayr’s account is supported
Page 118 and 119: gone so far as to offer his sister
Page 120 and 121: largest. Its plan is divided into t
Page 122 and 123: height of 29 metres is almost that
Page 124 and 125: disciplined spirit of the age. The
Page 126 and 127: Mausoleum Madrasa Qibla iwan North-
Page 128 and 129: this new centre of government in th
Page 130 and 131: imprisonment in the Red Tower on th
Page 132 and 133: doors on the exterior are matched i
Page 136 and 137: chase he was murdered, but accounts
Page 138 and 139: tough unyielding personality of its
Page 140 and 141: over the world. The intellectual cl
Page 142 and 143: left: The minaret and dome of the S
Page 144: patterns of the central window gril
Page 147 and 148: 138 The Art and Architecture of Isl
Page 149 and 150: above: The sahn of the madrasa of S
Page 151 and 152: elow: The minaret of the madrasa of
Page 155 and 156: ight: The khanqah- madrasa of Amir
Page 157 and 158: elow: The khanqah of Baibars al-Jas
Page 161 and 162: top: The mosque of al-Maridani. abo
Page 163 and 164: elow: Mosque of Sultan Hasan taken
Page 165 and 166: elow: Plan of the Sultan Hasan mosq
Page 169 and 170: above: The qibla iwan of the Sultan
Page 171 and 172: above: Mausoleum of Gur-i Amir, Sam
Page 173 and 174: CHAPTER SIX The Decorative Arts of
Page 175 and 176: above: Twelfth-century Persian frit
Page 177 and 178: above: Brass basin incised and inla
Page 179 and 180: top: Brass candlestick inlaid with
Page 181 and 182: above: Incense burner: 1268-79 (Bri
Page 183 and 184: elow: Brass basin inlaid with silve
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top: Mosque lamp: c. 1350-60. above
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top: Doors of the Sultan Hasan mosq
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above: Panel from the mausoleum of
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top: Stone minbar in the khanqah of
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above: Frontispiece of a Qur’an w
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186 The Art and Architecture of Isl
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above: ‘Hand-Washing Machine’ f
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above: Frontispiece to the Maqamat
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above: The Simonetti Carpet: late f
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above: Child’s tunic: late fourte
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CHAPTER SEVEN The Architecture of t
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above: View of the Eastern Cemetery
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above: The domes of the khanqah of
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above: One of the mausoleum chamber
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above: Khanqah-madrasa complex of B
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top: Plan of funerary complex of Su
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elow: Plan of funerary complex of A
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elow: Plan of funerary complex of Q
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masonry and bands of joggled lintel
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marbling in the mihrab has been str
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oundels. The largest in the centre
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al-Ahmar and Sharia Abu Huraybah, n
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The Mamluk factions that precipitat
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lower floors contained latrines, ni
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cessors. Egypt then became a provin
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The use of terracotta- and biscuit-
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above: Interior of the mosque of Mu
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Notes and References 240 The Art an
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Chronology of Dynasties and Rulers
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Table of Dynasties Islamic Calendar
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Acknowledgements The Publishers wou
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Armenian district 104 Armenians 46,
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ewers (aquamaniles) metalwork 83-4,
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al-Salih’s (Salihiya) 116-18, 137
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60-1, 225 Philo of Byzantium 188 Ph
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ulers 257 textiles 73-6, 195 woodwo
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The Art And Architecture of Islamic Cairo

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