The Art And Architecture of Islamic Cairo

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the main Citadel, fortifications were also built at Rawdah Island and Giza. Rawdah Island had been a major military base since Nile before the Muslim conquest, and the garrisons both here and at the Citadel were to play a significant part in subsequent Birkat Azbakiyya Egyptian history. The building of the Citadel on the Muqattam hills has to be Salah al-Din’s most spectacular contribution to Cairo’s Zamalek Island AL-QAHIRA (969) Mosque architectural history. According to al- of al-Azhar Maqrizi he chose this location because the (970) Walls of air was fresher, and tested it by hanging Salah al-Din (1183) carcasses of meat on the site. He discovered AL-QATA’I (870) that meat here remained fresh for more than two days, unlike the rest of Cairo Mosque of Ibn Tulun (879) Citadel (1176) where it went off after a day and a night. AL-ASKAR Pollution and bad air had been an important factor in Cairo’s planning and (641) development, but the building of the Citadel was determined not so much by its salubrious atmosphere, but by defensive Mosque of Amr (1641) AL-FUSTAT (641) Southern Cemetery necessity and the example of Syrian and Crusader military architecture. Salah al-Din was familiar with the Syrian citadels and BABYLON (c. 100 AD) the remoter strongholds of the Crusaders, and no doubt he had a vision of these in mind when he came to consider Cairo’s defences. The spur of the Muqattam hills provided the ideal strategic and elevated position on which to build. It was perfectly situated to defend the city from external attack on the northeastern side, as well as providing internal security for both the government and the military. The Citadel today is roughly divided into the northern, southern and lower enclosures, and from the outset the residential and administrative area in the western enclosure was separate from the military compound in the north. The walls and towers of the northern section, which remain the most heavily fortified, are the surviving work of Salah al-Din and al-Kamil. According to al-Maqrizi, some of the smaller pyramids at Giza were demolished to provide the masonry, but the vast bulk of the building material was quarried nearby, thus carving out a substantial gap between the eastern walls of the Citadel and the main spur of the Muqattam above: Salah al-Din’s walls. Nile Rawdah Island Current borders of the Nile Borders o f the Nile 1200 AD Borders of the Nile 600 AD Walls of Salah al-Din Red Sea Canal Walls ofSalahal-Din (1183) 0 0 500 500 1000 metres 1000 yards Ayyubid Architecture 105 N Bab al-Futuh (1087) Eastern Cemetery Muqatta m Hills
Bab al-‘Azab (555) 0 0 Mosque of Ah. Katkhuda al-’Azab (145) Remains of the Qasr al-Ablaq (549) Mosque of Muhammad Ali (503) Mosque of Qara Muhammad Ali (377) above: The Citadel. Tomb of Qansuh Abu Sa’id (360) SIKKAT AL-MAHGAR 100 metres 100 yards Zawiyat Hasan al-Rumi (258) Bab al-Wustani Mosque of Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad (143) Joseph's Well well (Bir Yusuf) (305) South Enclosure Mint (606) al-Gawharah palace (505) 106 The Art and Architecture of Islamic Cairo Harim H.... Palace palace (612) Military Museum museum Burg al-Wustani Bab al-Qulla Burg al-Suffah Tomb of Ragab al-Shirazi (476) Bab al-Hattaba Archive Burg al-Aghar Building (605) Bab al-Gadid Bab al- Mudarrag Mudarraj (556) Burg al-Muqattam Burg al-‘Alwah Tower of Muhammad Ali Burg Kirkilyan Tomb of Shaykh al-Shurafa (357) Tower Burg at Turfa TARIQ SALAH SALIM North Enclosure Burg al-Matar hills. Writing in his Travels (1183), the Andalusian traveller Ibn Jubayr observed much of this work carried out by Crusader prisoners of war: The forced labourers on this construction, and those executing all the skilled services and vast preparations such as sawing the marble, cutting the huge stones, and digging the fosse [defensive trench] that girdles the walls of the fortress noted above – a fosse hollowed out with pick-axes from the rock to be a wonder among wonders of which many traces remain – were the foreign Rumi prisoners whose numbers were beyond computation. 6 N Burg al-Ramla Burg al-Haddad Burg al-Sahra’ Tower Mosque of Süleyman Pasha (142) Tower Tower Burg al-Imam Bab al-Qarafa Burg al-Muqusar Burg al-Muballat Tomb of Ya‘qub al-Mihmandar AL-NASR ROAD to Fort of Muhammad Ali
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THE ART AND ARCHITECTURE OF ISLAMIC
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THE ART AND ARCHITECTURE OF ISLAMIC
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Contents Map of Cairo vi Preface 1
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Preface When I first visited Egypt
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Art and Architecture of Islam, 650-
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exploitation and persecution under
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The ecumenical councils defined ort
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any further conquest of Egypt would
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negotiations took place between Cyr
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altogether, Amr subsequently played
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as ‘a people who love death bette
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point for urban development, but as
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He ordered them to place the stone
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Amr frequently preached the khutba
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After Salah al-Din, Sultan Baibars
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Its daily use in Amr’s time, serv
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AL-QATA’I With the fall of the Um
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throne in 870 he divided the empire
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in those days to recycle and use ex
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in an anti-clockwise direction up t
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on the north-west and south-east si
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plaster with cement or concrete. It
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organic and geometrical form. The r
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that of his wives in heroic size, a
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significant and legitimate minority
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knowledge of Egypt, both before and
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evidence here supports that view (t
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Bab al-Futuh, like Bal al-Nasr, is
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Although little remains of its orig
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oth al-Azhar and the palace were wi
Page 64 and 65: with fluted hoods. The whole façad
Page 66 and 67: Madrasa and tomb of Gawhar al-Qanaq
Page 68 and 69: vegetarian dish known as mulukhiyya
Page 70 and 71: monument, being restored by a numbe
Page 72 and 73: strong horizontal ribs at the botto
Page 74 and 75: formal religious gatherings found a
Page 76 and 77: out invocations, weeping and entrea
Page 78 and 79: Egypt and Sunni territory ruled by
Page 80 and 81: wooden fragments of this period in
Page 82 and 83: where it was developed in glass mak
Page 84 and 85: ecause this tiraz was woven in the
Page 86 and 87: sense of legitimacy in the wake of
Page 88 and 89: that of the delicate stucco mihrab
Page 90 and 91: craftsmen, although their origin is
Page 92 and 93: St Catherine’s monastery, Sinai,
Page 94 and 95: and to her left is a bottle-shaped
Page 96 and 97: oken by a spotted white underbelly
Page 98 and 99: and grotesques, and what distinguis
Page 100 and 101: decorated with palmettes, but the K
Page 102 and 103: lustre-painted bottle in the David
Page 104 and 105: from the second quarter of the elev
Page 106 and 107: shows a central palm tree dividing
Page 108 and 109: most illustrious lord al-Afdal, the
Page 110 and 111: Raynard of Chatillon’s attacks on
Page 112 and 113: 0 0 100 200 100 200 Tomb of Sayyida
Page 116 and 117: Ibn Jubayr’s account is supported
Page 118 and 119: gone so far as to offer his sister
Page 120 and 121: largest. Its plan is divided into t
Page 122 and 123: height of 29 metres is almost that
Page 124 and 125: disciplined spirit of the age. The
Page 126 and 127: Mausoleum Madrasa Qibla iwan North-
Page 128 and 129: this new centre of government in th
Page 130 and 131: imprisonment in the Red Tower on th
Page 132 and 133: doors on the exterior are matched i
Page 134 and 135: literature, the sciences, art and a
Page 136 and 137: chase he was murdered, but accounts
Page 138 and 139: tough unyielding personality of its
Page 140 and 141: over the world. The intellectual cl
Page 142 and 143: left: The minaret and dome of the S
Page 144: patterns of the central window gril
Page 147 and 148: 138 The Art and Architecture of Isl
Page 149 and 150: above: The sahn of the madrasa of S
Page 151 and 152: elow: The minaret of the madrasa of
Page 155 and 156: ight: The khanqah- madrasa of Amir
Page 157 and 158: elow: The khanqah of Baibars al-Jas
Page 161 and 162: top: The mosque of al-Maridani. abo
Page 163 and 164: elow: Mosque of Sultan Hasan taken
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elow: Plan of the Sultan Hasan mosq
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158 The Art and Architecture of Isl
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above: The qibla iwan of the Sultan
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above: Mausoleum of Gur-i Amir, Sam
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CHAPTER SIX The Decorative Arts of
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above: Twelfth-century Persian frit
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above: Brass basin incised and inla
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top: Brass candlestick inlaid with
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above: Incense burner: 1268-79 (Bri
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elow: Brass basin inlaid with silve
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top: Mosque lamp: c. 1350-60. above
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top: Doors of the Sultan Hasan mosq
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above: Panel from the mausoleum of
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top: Stone minbar in the khanqah of
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above: Frontispiece of a Qur’an w
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above: ‘Hand-Washing Machine’ f
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above: Frontispiece to the Maqamat
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above: The Simonetti Carpet: late f
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above: Child’s tunic: late fourte
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CHAPTER SEVEN The Architecture of t
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above: View of the Eastern Cemetery
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above: The domes of the khanqah of
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above: One of the mausoleum chamber
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above: Khanqah-madrasa complex of B
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top: Plan of funerary complex of Su
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elow: Plan of funerary complex of A
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elow: Plan of funerary complex of Q
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masonry and bands of joggled lintel
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marbling in the mihrab has been str
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oundels. The largest in the centre
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al-Ahmar and Sharia Abu Huraybah, n
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The Mamluk factions that precipitat
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lower floors contained latrines, ni
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cessors. Egypt then became a provin
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The use of terracotta- and biscuit-
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above: Interior of the mosque of Mu
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Notes and References 240 The Art an
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Chronology of Dynasties and Rulers
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Table of Dynasties Islamic Calendar
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Acknowledgements The Publishers wou
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Armenian district 104 Armenians 46,
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ewers (aquamaniles) metalwork 83-4,
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al-Salih’s (Salihiya) 116-18, 137
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60-1, 225 Philo of Byzantium 188 Ph
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ulers 257 textiles 73-6, 195 woodwo
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The Art And Architecture of Islamic Cairo

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