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104 R.L.B. de Borges et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 154 (2009) 91–105 Table 4 Summary of pollen characteristics of Eriocaulaceae genera Taxa No. of studied spp. Carpocephalus, andGroup2— S. sect. Eulepis together with S. sect. Thysanocephalus. Thus, pollen data allied with others, raise the possibility of separating Syngonanthus into two distinct genera, as proposed by M. J. G. Andrade (unpubl. data.). The homogeneity of Syngonanthus sect Eulepis with 2-zonasulcate pollen grains is strong evidence supporting the new genus, but the position of S. sect. Thysanocephalus with spiraperturate pollen grains needs more study. According to Hensold and Giulietti (1991), the genus Rondonanthus appears to combine characteristics from both the Eriocauloideae and Paepalanthoideae subfamilies. Rondonanthus was the only representative of Paepalanthoideae having a thick exine, a characteristic found in the species of Eriocaulon. However, in this latter genus, the nexine is thicker than the sexine, whereas the sexine and nexine are of equal thickness in Rondonanthus. The genera Paepalanthus and Syngonanthus demonstrated the greatest variation in pollen characteristics, but only the zonasulcate species of Syngonanthus sect Eulepis can be differentiated from the others. All of the characteristics of Actinocephalus fit with those of Paepalanthus, as recorded by Santos et al. (2000) in studying species of both genera. A more detailed study of these pollen grains under transmission electron microscopy could provide important data for the taxonomy of the Eriocaulaceae, especially in terms of a better diagnosis of their apertures. 5. Conclusion Size class Subfam. Eriocauloideae Eriocaulon 4 Medium Spiraperturate, 2–3 apertures; interapertural exine in a crosshatch pattern Subfam. Paepalanthoideae Actinocephalus 6 Small to medium Apertural type Exine layers under LM Spines Granules Spiraperturate, only one spiral (helicoidal) or two spirals in Blastocaulon 2 Small varied arrangement Spiraperturate, only one spiral (helicoidal) Lachnocaulon 2 Small Spiraperturate, only one spiral in tennis ball pattern Leiothrix 9 Medium Spiraperturate, perfect spiral (helicoidal), or in tennis ball pattern Paepalanthus 15 Small to medium Spiraperturate, many arrangements The stenopalynous condition stated to Eriocaulaceae family is not well-supported here, because pollen characteristics are usefull to the characterization of some taxonomic groups. This study of the diversity of Eriocaulaceae pollen brought to light characteristics previously unrecorded: the grooved spines of Tonina fluviatilis and the 2-zonasulcate grains of pollen of Syngonanthus sect. Eulepis. Furthermore the pollen grains of 26 species are described here for the first time and 41 species have been subjected to more detailed examination through SEM. SbN Obtuse microspines, regularly distributed S=N but SNN inA. denudatus Acute spines and acute and obtuse microspines with irregular distribution Undifferentiated Acute spines with acute and obtuse microspines disperse among they SNN Acute spines with acute (larger) and obtuse (smaller) microspines disperse among they Undifferentiated but S=N inL. flavescens and L. plantago Undifferentiated but SNN inP. applanatus and P. comans and S=N inP. bromelioides and P. giganteus Acknowledgments Acute (micro)spines with irregular distribution Acute spines and acute and obtuse microspines with irregular distribution The authors wish to express their thanks to: Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia (MCT) for financial support and grants; IMSEAR for permitting use of the SEM; directive board of the herbaria HUEFS, MU, SP and SPF for providing pollen samples; Dr. Raymond Mervin Harley (RBG, Kew) for critical reading of the text; Mrs. Gisele Pinto Rocha (UEFS) for technical assistance with SEM; Mrs. Neuza Magalhães Moraes Santos (SISBI/UEFS) for providing copies of many of articles cited on this paper; Drs. Maria José Gomes de Andrade (UNEB), Paulo Takeo Sano (USP) e Vera Lucia Scatena (UNESP) for giving some specimens. Authors are deeply thankful to three anonymous referees of RPP for their suggestions and corrections. Appendix A. Specimens investigated Absent On the edge of exine strips and irregularly scattered Few, distributed close to the spines On the edge of exine strips and between the spines Absent, except for L. plantago (Mart.) Giul. Irregularly distributed and on the edge of exine strips Philodice 1 Small Spiraperturate, one aperture in different arrangements S=N Acute microspines Absent Rondonanthus 1 Medium Spiraperturate, one aperture in S=N Acute spines and acute and obtuse Rare varied arrangement microspines with irregular distribution Syngonanthus 14 Small to Zonasulcate (2 apertures), S=N but undifferentiated in S. caulescens, S. Acute spines with convex walls and Irregular distributed medium spirapertures in many cipoensis, S. schwackei and SbN inS. acute and obtuse microspines and on the edge of arrangements imbricatus, S. vernonioides exine strips Tonina 1 Small⁎ Spiraperturate – Acute and obtuse microspines with straight walls; acute grooved spines Absent Sizes: small (≤25 µm), medium (N25 µm); S = sexine; N = nexine. ⁎Based on SEM measurements (av. 20.51 µm). Actinocephalus bongardii (A. St.-Hill.) Sano, A. M. Giulietti et al. 932- 80, SPF; Actinocephalus cabralensis (Silveira) Sano, CFCR 15363, SPF; Actinocephalus denudatus (Körn.) Sano, CFCR 2428, SPF; Actinocephalus divaricatus (Bong.) Sano, CFCR 2258, SPF; Actinocephalus polyanthus (Bong.) Sano, CFCR 6349, SPF; Actinocephalus ramosus (Wikstr.) Sano, A. M. Carvalho & J. Saunders 3140, SPF. Blastocaulon albidum Ruhland, N. Hensold 234, HUEFS; Blastocaulon scirpeum (Mart.) Giul., CFCR, SPF 3006. Eriocaulon elichrysoides Bong., W. Monteiro 9, HUEFS; Eriocaulon humboldtii Kunth, Almeida & Cordeiro552, HUEFS; Eriocaulon ligulatum (Vell.) L. B. Sm., CFCR 1522, SPF; Eriocaulon sellowianum Kunth, Farias et al. 97/127, HUEFS. Lachnocaulon engleri Ruhland, Unwin 237, MU; Lachnocaulon minus Small, Unwin 230, MU. Leiothrix angustifolia (Körn.) Ruhland, CFCR 1427, SPF; Leiothrix distichoclada Herzog, W. Ganev 1964, HUEFS; Leiothrix flavescens (Bong.)
Ruhland, W. Ganev 2735, HUEFS; Leiothrix fluitans (Mart.) Ruhland, CFCR 8317, SPF; Leiothrix hirsuta (Wikstr.) Ruhland, W. Ganev 830, HUEFS; Leiothrix plantago (Mart.) Giul., J. Semir et al. 2753, HUEFS; Leiothrix rufula (A. St. Hil.) Ruhland, CFCR 1895, SPF; Leiothrix spiralis (Körn.) Ruhland, CFSC 3903, SPF; Leiothrix vivipara (Bong.) Ruhland, CFCR 3802, SPF. Paepalanthus applanatus Ruhland, N. Hensold 600, SPF; Paepalanthus bromelioides Silveira, CFSC 9068, SPF; Paepalanthus chrysolepis Silveira, M. J. G. Andrade 531, HUEFS; Paepalanthus comans Silveira, N. Hensold 510, SPF; Paepalanthus giganteus Sano, CFCR 3592, SPF; Paepalanthus leucocephalus Ruhland, M. J. G. Andrade et al. 549, HUEFS; Paepalanthus myocephalus Mart. ex Körn., M. J. G. Andrade 613, HUEFS; Paepalanthus planifolius (Bong.) Körn., CFSC 12292, SPF; Paepalanthus pulchelus Herzog, M. J. G. Andrade 350, HUEFS; Paepalanthus pulvinathus N. E. Br., M. J. G. Andrade 106, HUEFS; Paepalanthus scleranthus Ruhland, M. J. G. Andrade 537, HUEFS; Paepalanthus sphaerocephalus Ruhland, W. Ganev 3430, HUEFS; Paepalanthus subtilis Miq., F. Juchum 16, HUEFS; Paepalanthus superbus Ruhland, A. M. Giulietti 2504, HUEFS; Paepalanthus tortilis (Bong.) Mart., HUEFS 40087, HUEFS. Philodice hoffmannseggii Mart., A. M. Giulietti 122, HUEFS. Rondonanthus duidae (Gleason) Hensold & Giul., R. Liesner 25223, SPF. Syngonanthus arenarius (Gardn.) Ruhland, M. J. G. Andrade 493, HUEFS; Syngonanthus bisulcatus (Körn.) Ruhland, M. J. G. Andrade 494, HUEFS; Syngonanthus brasiliana Giul., CFCR 10199, SPF; Syngonanthus caulescens (Poir.) Ruhland, W. Ganev 2142, SPF; Syngonanthus cipoensis Ruhland, CFSC 10467, SPF; Syngonanthus elegans var. elegans (Körn.) Ruhland, Parra et al. 86, SPF; Syngonanthus euschemus Ruhland, Hatschback 51849, HUEFS; Syngonanthus fuscescens Ruhland, Hatschback 49593, SPF; Syngonanthus giuliettiae L. R. Parra, I. S. Santos 03, HUEFS; Syngonanthus imbricatus (Körn.) 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