Prevelance of Mandibular Anterior Crowding in Tumkur Population

ORIGINAL ARTICLE
1 Department of Orthodontic and
Dentofacial Orthopedic
Sri Siddhartha Dental College
and Hospital, Tumkur
Karnataka, India
INTRODUCTION
Prevelance of Mandibular Anterior Crowding
in Tumkur Population
ABSTRACT
Correct tooth position is an important factor for esthetics,
function and for overall preservation or restoration of
dental health. Individuals with dental crowding are the
most frequent patients in the orthodontic clinic. The
prevalence of dental crowding was highest in the anterior
region (central incisor, lateral incisor, and canine),
whereas it decreased in the premolar and molar region.
The factors that influence dental crowding at the stage of
eruption of the permanent dentition include the position
of the permanent tooth germs, the timing of the loss of
deciduous teeth and permanent tooth eruption, the order
of replacement of the dentition from deciduous to
permanent, the soft tissue pressure, and the position of
the opposite teeth. Lower anterior crowding is a relevant
topic to explore because it has an impact on prognosis,
treatment methods, and retention. As malocclusion is
considered to be a public health problem (Draker, H.L.,
[1]
1960) , the prevalence of occlusal anomalies, the need
and demand for orthodontic treatment should be
ascertained within a given community as reported by
[2]
several authors (Stephens et al., 1985) Therefore, it is
useful to know the contributing factors of dental
crowding for the planning of orthodontic treatment and
Address for correspondence:
Dr. Madhusudhan.V
E-mail: drmadhusud@yahoo.com
Access this article online
Website: http://www.ssdctumkur.org/jdsr.php.
6
Journal of Dental Sciences and Research
Vol. 2, Issue 2, Pages 1-5
1 1
Madhusudhan.V , Mahobia yogesh
This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of incisor crowding in Tumkur population. A
group of one thousands twenty, with an age range (13-22 years) were randomly selected from
governmental and private schools in different districts at Jeddah city from Department of
Orthdodontics ,Sri Siddhartha dental college and hospital Tumkur. Clinical examinations were
performed to evaluate the maxillary and mandibular incisors crowding using the method described
by (little, 1975). The findings indicated that 43.33% of the patients have well-aligned incisors.
Incisor crowding decreases by age in lower arches. (56.66 %) of the examined sample had different
degrees of incisors crowding.
Keywords: Anterior crowding, Prevelance.
achieving stability in retention. The purpose of this study
is to determine the prevalence of mandibular incisor
crowding in Tumkur population.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
This investigation comprised of 120 patient cast , within
an age range13 – 22. They are randomly selected from
Department of Orthdodontics, Sri Siddhartha dental
college and hospital TUMKUR.
Inclusion criteria
❖Age 13 - 22
❖ No pervious orthodontic treatment.
❖ Presence and complete eruption of all permanent
teeth excluding third molars.
❖ Absence of large fillings, fractured anterior teeth.
❖ No pervious history of permanent teeth extraction.
The examination is done by using vernier caliper. The
[3]
little's irregularity index is used as scoring method of
incisor crowding involves measurement of liner
displacement (labio -lingually) of anatomic contact
points of each mandibular incisor from the adjacent
tooth. Five displacements from the mesial aspect of the
right canine to the mesial aspect of left canine were
examined (Fig. 1). Measurements are obtained directly
from the mandibular cast. Caliper is held parallel to the

occlusal plane. Each of the five measurements represents
a horizontal linear distance between the anatomic point
of the adjacent teeth.
Fig. 1 : Measurement of anatomic contact points of each
mandibular incisors
Scoring are given foe each patient cast according to
little's irregularity index
0 perfect alignment
1-3 minimal irregularity
4-6 moderate irregularity
7-9 severe irregularity
10 Very severe irregularity
Table 1. Overall frequency (n) and percentage (%)
distribution of incisors crowding
Incisor Crowding Frequency Percentage
(n) (%)
Incisor crowding 68 56.66%
No incisor crowding 52 43.33%
Total 120 100%
Table 2. frequency (n) and percentage (%)
distribution of incisor crowding
Incisor Crowding Frequency Percentage
(n) (%)
Lower Incisor crowding 68 31.19%
Upper incisor crowding 15 6.8%
Both upper and lower
incisor crowding 83 38.07%
No incisor crowding 52 23.85%
Table 3. Cross-tabulation between the overall incisors
crowding frequency (n) and the age ranges in tumkur
population
Age Range Incisor No Incisor
(years) Crowding Crowding Total
RESULT
13- 15 25 12 37
15 - 17 17 16 33
17-19 12 10 22
19-22 14 14 28
Table (1) represents the overall percentage (%)
distribution of incisor crowding among the 120 patients.
(56.66%) of the sample had different degree incisor
crowding. Whereas, (43.33%) of the total sample size
have well aligned incisors .Table ( 2 ) presents, the
percentage (%) distribution of incisors crowding pattern
among the 120 tumkur population. (38.07%) of the
examined patients shows crowding in both arches
(Bimaxillary crowding). Whereas lower incisors
crowding alone were seen in (31.9%) and upper incisors
crowding alone were seen in (6.8%).
DISCUSSION
Vol. 2, Issue 2, September 2011
The number of patients seeking orthodontic treatment in
Tumkur has increased markedly during recent years.
Therefore it is important to have relevant
epidemiological data on different types of malocclusion
in order to estimate the total need for treatment. Studies
concerning the prevalence and incidence of occlusal trait
such as incisor crowding in young adults provide
essential epidemiological data, The information obtained
may be used to assess the state of dental health and form a
baseline for planning future dental care programs in the
society.
The age ranges of the examined sample were (13-19
years) because at this age range all the permanent incisors
are full erupted to the level of occlusion and this was
necessary in order to obtain a clear and valid picture of the
prevalence and distribution pattern of incisors crowding
in the presence of all of the permanent teeth This study
shows a low incidence of well aligned incisors (43.33%)
and high incidence of incisors crowding (56.66%), which
were in agreement with other the investigators that have
reported similar incidence .The prevalence of incisor
crowding in the Nigerian population done by Isiekwe
[4]
1983 , was much less prevalent (12.9%), compared to
7

Journal of Dental Sciences and Research
the results of the present study (56.66%). This difference
could be due to different of racial and ethnic origins of
both populations. The Nigerian population are black
African in origin (Negroid race), whereas, the subjects of
the present study are of tumkur population asian race.
Isiekwe, stated that the low prevalence of incisors
crowding in black Africans maybe attributed to the broad
arches, and favorable dento-alveolar ratio.
In the present study, the age range 17-19 years exhibits
the highest frequency of well aligned incisor and age
ranges 13-15 years shows the highest frequency incisors
crowding among all of the age groups. The significant
reduction in the percentage of students presenting with
incisor crowding with age have been also noticed by
others .as age advances there is increase in arch length.
[5]
Helm noticed that crowding in the anterior segment
increases during development especially in the
[6]
mandible. Foster et al. , demonstrated that crowding
tends to increase until 13 or 14 years of age than tends to
decrease until late teens. The role of third molars in
lower incisor crowding has been debated for more than a
century. The literature is almost equally divided with
arguments for both sides. One theory commonly reported
is that of the their molars creating space to erupt by
[7] [8]
causing anterior teeth to crowd . Woodside postulated
that in the absence of third molars, the dentition could
settle distally in response to forces generated by growth
changes or soft tissue pressures. This implies a passive
role of the third molars in the development of late
[9]
crowding by hindering that adjustment. Richardson
demonstrated a significant forward movement of first
molars between the ages of 13 and 17 years. This was
correlated with the increase in lower arch crowding that
occurred during the same period. Mesiodistal incisor
lengths are significantly correlated with crowding. it is
somewhat surprising that the magnitude of the
correlation is relatively low. Even the mesiodistal length
of incisor teeth contributes little to differences among
individuals in incisor crowding. It is rapidly becoming a
cliche to suggest that many factors contribute to lower
[10]
incisor crowding or relapse . There are various factors
affect the prevalence of mandibular crowding since
Tumkur population is more of vegetarian food habit, soft
diet and refined food habit which might have led to lower
anterior crowding.
CONCLUSION
The conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that
the prevalence crowding of one or more incisors was a
common feature in the Tumkur population. It was more
common in the mandibular arch than the maxillary arch
and incisor crowding tends to decrease with age.
8
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