Herbarium Recuration Interim Report - Research
Herbarium Recuration Interim Report - Research
Herbarium Recuration Interim Report - Research
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Darwin Initiative Project 17-022<br />
Conservation of the Lowland Savannas of Belize<br />
<strong>Herbarium</strong> <strong>Recuration</strong> <strong>Interim</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
March 2011
1. Introduction................................................................................................................3<br />
1.1. Background .........................................................................................................3<br />
1.2. Curation work as part of Darwin Initiative Project 17-022 ................................3<br />
2. <strong>Herbarium</strong> recuration activities in project year 2 ......................................................3<br />
2.1. Status before recuration ......................................................................................3<br />
2.2. Summary of herbarium recuration activities in May 2010 .................................4<br />
2.3. Summary of recommendations after first session of re-curation in May 2010...4<br />
2.4. Summary of herbarium recuration activities in October – December 2010 .......5<br />
3. Materials and Methods...............................................................................................6<br />
4. Results........................................................................................................................6<br />
5. Next Steps ................................................................................................................16<br />
5.1. Anticipated work in project year 3....................................................................16<br />
5.2. Potential Issues..................................................................................................16<br />
5.2.1. Classification..............................................................................................16<br />
5.2.2. Specimen folders........................................................................................16<br />
5.2.3. Specimen data capture, management and digitisation ...............................16<br />
6. Bibliography ............................................................................................................18<br />
Zoë Goodwin (Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh)<br />
German Lopez (Environmental <strong>Research</strong> Institute, University of Belize)<br />
Hector Mai (Forest Department)<br />
Elspeth Haston (Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh)<br />
David Harris (Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh)<br />
Neil Stuart (PI, Darwin Savanna Conservation Project)<br />
The work for this report was sponsored by the Darwin Initiative, Project 17-022<br />
2
1. Introduction<br />
1.1. Background<br />
The national herbarium of Belize is located at the Forest Department (FD), Belmopan.<br />
The herbarium contains approximately 10,000 specimens (Thiers, accessed September<br />
2010). The limited national capacity for taxonomy in Belize was identified in 2005 as<br />
a major constraint restricting Belize from meeting its target under the CBD (vi/9:<br />
Global Strategy for Plant Conservation). Part of the difficulty is that the national<br />
herbarium is under-resourced with the result that since 1997 the specimens deposited<br />
have not been fully curated or entered into a database. Until this backlog is processed,<br />
it is difficult to assess which species are presently under-collected.<br />
1.2. Curation work as part of Darwin Initiative Project 17-022<br />
The main purpose of the Darwin Initiative Project 17-022, ‘Conservation of the<br />
Lowland Savannas of Belize’ is to ‘increase available data and enhance the capacity<br />
of local institutions to undertake taxonomic research and mapping, required to<br />
identify priority areas for conservation within lowland savannas of Belize’. A key<br />
output of this project is to create an enhanced capacity within the country to conduct<br />
botanical surveys, to collect and name plants and to curate specimens within Belize.<br />
Ensuring that the existing collections are correctly named and properly curated is the<br />
first step in establishing this capacity, since without a well-maintained herbarium<br />
botanists cannot access the specimens or use them as a resource to aid further<br />
identification.<br />
For these reasons the recuration of the existing savanna specimens in the national<br />
herbarium at the Forest Department, Belmopan is one of the key in-country activities<br />
being carried out during the second year of the project. The recuration work is a<br />
specialised task and for this reason it is initially being undertaken by the UK Darwin<br />
Botanist, Zoë Goodwin who can call upon curation staff from RBGE with expert<br />
knowledge. The Belize Darwin Botanist German Lopez is working alongside Zoë<br />
Goodwin throughout the process, improving his identification skills and learning<br />
curation techniques that should enable him to continue this task more independently<br />
in year 3.<br />
2. <strong>Herbarium</strong> recuration activities in project year 2<br />
2.1. Status before recuration<br />
The herbarium of the Forest Department Belmopan (Index Herbariorum code BRH)<br />
contained eleven cabinets of specimens (Appendix 1); these were estimated to contain<br />
approximately 10,000 specimens (Thiers, accessed September 2010). However this is<br />
probably an underestimate of the total number of specimens potentially to be kept at<br />
BRH as there are more than 33,000 Belizean specimen records in the Missouri<br />
Botanical Gardens online herbarium catalogue (Tropicos.org, 01 Sep 2010) and there<br />
are probably several thousand specimens yet to be repatriated to BRH that have been<br />
collected over the years by foreign institutions.<br />
Prior to re-curation families were organised alphabetically at BRH and family<br />
delimitation did not appear to follow a single classification, such as APG III.<br />
Specimens were laid away by label name, without reference to a particular<br />
3
classification or revision; this appeared to result in families being laid away in<br />
multiple locations as explained below.<br />
Classification Systems in Herbaria<br />
Family delimitation and nomenclature can differ between taxonomic systems<br />
accepted by herbaria worldwide. For example North American herbaria have<br />
traditionally favoured Englerian system, British collections have favoured<br />
Bentham & Hooker, now the LAPG III system (Haston et al., 2009) is<br />
increasingly being adopted by herbaria worldwide. Thus specimens of the<br />
same species may potentially have different family names depending on the<br />
institution from they are repatriated. For example the genus Ternstroemia<br />
may be included one of three families; Ternstroemiaceae, Theaceae or<br />
Pentaphylacaceae. Thus Ternstroemia specimens received by BRH from<br />
different non-Belizean herbaria are potentially being laid away under any of<br />
these three different families.<br />
As in most herbaria, a two-tiered folder system has been used at BRH, with one to<br />
many thin paper folders being contained within a thicker cardboard folder. In many<br />
herbaria the inner folders are used to hold specimens of the same species and thus<br />
these are often called species folders; the outer folder are used to hold one to many<br />
species folders of the same genus and thus are called the genus folder. However, at<br />
BRH the inner folders contain specimens of many different species and the outer<br />
folders often contain multiple genera. Both covers are usually unlabelled with no<br />
family, genus or species name present. In addition, both species and genera are often<br />
out of order making the process of laying away or locating specimens very timeconsuming.<br />
Generic and specific names appeared not to have been updated to an appropriate<br />
revision, and specimens were laid away by label name without checking. Thus the<br />
herbarium contained many synonymous and invalid names.<br />
In 2008 approximately 3,000 repatriated plant specimens were mounted by University<br />
of Belize undergraduate students led by Rolando Caballero (University of Belize) at<br />
BRH, following a course in herbarium specimen mounting by Daniel Atha of New<br />
York Botanic Garden (NY). These specimens occupied three full size cabinets and<br />
had been sorted roughly by family, yet were still to be incorporated into the existing<br />
collection.<br />
2.2. Summary of herbarium recuration activities in May 2010<br />
A total of five and half days were spent in the herbarium by Zoë Goodwin and Geman<br />
Lopez during the periods May 10-14 and June 2-4. Approximately 800 specimens in<br />
two families were re-curated. The small family Polygalaceae (3 genera) and two<br />
subfamilies in the Fabaceae, Mimosoideae and Caesalpinoideae, were completely recurated,<br />
the recuration of the Fabaceae subfamily Faboideae was started.<br />
2.3. Summary of recommendations after first session of recuration<br />
in May 2010<br />
Following the results of recuration work that has been carried out on a single cabinet<br />
of 800 specimens by Zoë Goodwin and German Lopez, the project made these<br />
4
ecommendations as to how further recuration work, supported in the first instance by<br />
the Darwin Initiative, should proceed:<br />
• Families to remain ordered alphabetically, however a specific classification<br />
for family and genera needs to be adopted;<br />
• APG III is suggested as the system for angiosperms, using Haston et al<br />
(2009) and Mabberly (2008) as primary references for family and genera<br />
names;<br />
• It is suggested that fern families should follow Smith et al. (2006);<br />
• Species and infraspecific level specimen determinations and species names<br />
should continue to follow Balick et al. (2000) primarily;<br />
• The savanna plant database being created as part of this Darwin project can be<br />
used to generate a comprehensive index of accepted names and synonyms for<br />
all families and genera for use in the herbarium.<br />
• The purchase of additional outer and inner specimen covers is urgently<br />
recommended for the near future.<br />
• It is recommended that the practise of placing a single genus within an<br />
individual outer cover and that of placing a single species within each inner<br />
cover should continue during further recuration. However this is reliant on the<br />
purchase of a sufficient number of further specimen covers.<br />
For a full summary of recommendations made see Goodwin et al. (2010).<br />
2.4. Summary of herbarium recuration activities in October –<br />
December 2010<br />
A total of thirty eight days or half days were spent in the herbarium by Zoë Goodwin<br />
and Geman Lopez during the period October 8 th to December 10 th . Approximately<br />
3,800 specimens in all families (112) from Acanthaceae to Melastomataceae were recurated.<br />
This equated to the recuration of six full-size cabinets of specimens. 24<br />
other families were partially re-curated as their specimens were encountered within<br />
the cabinets. In addition 1200 recently mounted specimens were also recurated and<br />
incorporated into the cabinets.<br />
The seven cabinets re-curated (including the cabinet re-curated in FS2) were<br />
expanded to fill just over 13 cabinets (Appendix 1 and 2) to reduce over crowding of<br />
specimens, to allow the incorporation of the additional mounted specimens and to<br />
allow spare room within cabinets for future additions to the collection.<br />
5
3. Materials and Methods<br />
Genus and species folders were re-curated by updating names on folder covers in<br />
pencil; genera were placed into separate genus covers, species were placed into<br />
separate species covers.<br />
Determinations on all specimens were checked<br />
against species names and specimens cited in<br />
Balick et al. (2000) as a primary source and against<br />
specimen information from TROPICOS<br />
(Tropicos.org, 01 Sep 2010) as a secondary source.<br />
As a result some of the determinations were<br />
updated by inserting a standardised citation slip<br />
(Figure 1) designed for this purpose.<br />
Taxonomic judgements were generally not made<br />
except where the authors had full confidence;<br />
however synonymy was updated to the latest<br />
accepted name, following Balick et al. (2000) or<br />
other literature where appropriate (for example<br />
Pennington, 1997). If there was doubt over<br />
whether a species name should be accepted or not,<br />
the name was kept (it was assigned a species<br />
folder, not sunk into another species).<br />
Specimens re-curated at BRH were all logged in<br />
the project’s plant specimen database. Specimens<br />
encoutered that were duplicates of botanical<br />
records already present in the database, only the<br />
creation of the duplicate record at BRH with a<br />
filing name was needed. Partial data capture was performed for specimens not<br />
previously in the database; collector name, collection number, filing name and<br />
gazetteer location was recorded. Full data capture was performed for novel specimens<br />
only if the specimen was a type.<br />
4. Results<br />
Approximately 4670 specimens were re-curated in approximately 45 days of<br />
recuration. This equated to the recuration of seven full-size cabinet of specimens.<br />
112 families from Acanthaceae to Melastomataceae in addition to Polygalaceae were<br />
fully re-curated, and the 24 other families were partially re-curated as their specimens<br />
were encountered within the cabinets (Table 1). In addition 1200 recently mounted<br />
specimens were also recurated and incorporated into the cabinets. A total of 720<br />
citation and 405 determination slips were used (Table 2). The seven cabinets were<br />
expanded to fill 13 cabinets plus 3 shelves.<br />
A total of 5294 herbarium specimens have been recorded in the project database from<br />
the BRH herbarium during the recuration to date, some herbarium specimens are<br />
represented at BRH by more than one duplicate (herbarium sheet) so a larger number<br />
of total duplicates (5877) were recorded from BRH. Of these herbarium specimens<br />
2266 specimens (42.8%) were new specimens to the database.<br />
6<br />
Figure 1 Specimen (above) with<br />
determination updated using a<br />
standardised citation slip (below).
To cover the shortage of specimen folders in the herbarium the project funded the<br />
purchase of 1,900 archive quality inner specimen folders (species covers); 400 in<br />
September 2010 and 1,500 in March 2011.<br />
Table 1. Families re-curated during project year 2 and numbers of duplicates processed per<br />
family (A-Z by family).<br />
Count Family Count Family<br />
132 Acanthaceae 93 Chrysobalanaceae<br />
3 Achariaceae 7 Cleomaceae<br />
9 Actinidiaceae 11 Clethraceae<br />
1 Agavaceae 77 Clusiaceae<br />
14 Aizoaceae 8 Cochlospermaceae<br />
6 Alismataceae 123 Combretaceae<br />
2 Altingiaceae 40 Commelinaceae<br />
40 Amaranthaceae 15 Connaraceae<br />
14 Amaryllidaceae 103 Convolvulaceae<br />
73 Anacardiaceae 25 Costaceae<br />
97 Annonaceae 7 Crassulaceae<br />
11 Apiaceae 28 Cucurbitaceae<br />
205 Apocynaceae 1 Cupressaceae<br />
24 Aquifoliaceae 6 Cyatheaceae<br />
98 Araceae 2 Cyclanthaceae<br />
36 Araliaceae 7 Cymodoceaceae<br />
1 Araucariaceae 234 Cyperaceae<br />
193 Arecaceae 12 Cyrillaceae<br />
21 Aristolochiaceae 10 Dennstaedtiaceae<br />
12 Asparagaceae 12 Dichapetalaceae<br />
5 Asphodelaceae 48 Dilleniaceae<br />
11 Aspleniaceae 19 Dioscoreaceae<br />
467 Asteraceae 5 Droseraceae<br />
2 Balanophoraceae 11 Dryopteridaceae<br />
2 Balsaminaceae 7 Ebenaceae<br />
1 Basellaceae 13 Elaeocarpaceae<br />
12 Bataceae 8 Ericaceae<br />
15 Begoniaceae 8 Eriocaulaceae<br />
124 Bignoniaceae 26 Erythroxylaceae<br />
14 Bixaceae 269 Euphorbiaceae<br />
6 Blechnaceae 5 Fabaceae<br />
132 Boraginaceae 203 Fabaceae - Caesalpinioideae<br />
4 Brassicaceae 414 Fabaceae - Faboideae<br />
73 Bromeliaceae 226 Fabaceae - Mimosoideae<br />
6 Burmanniaceae 34 Fagaceae<br />
65 Burseraceae 33 Gentianaceae<br />
2 Buxaceae 12 Gesneriaceae<br />
13 Cactaceae 5 Gleicheniaceae<br />
9 Campanulaceae 7 Haemodoraceae<br />
6 Cannaceae 1 Haloragidaceae<br />
15 Capparaceae 37 Heliconiaceae<br />
22 Caricaceae 7 Hydroleaceae<br />
9 Casuarinaceae 15 Hymenophyllaceae<br />
52 Celastraceae 16 Hypericaceae<br />
2 Chloranthaceae 2 Hypoxidaceae<br />
7
Count Family Count Family<br />
3 Icacinaceae 1 Philydraceae<br />
10 Iridaceae 36 Phyllanthaceae<br />
26 Lacistemataceae 7 Plantaginaceae<br />
62 Lamiaceae 30 Polygalaceae<br />
147 Lauraceae 1 Potamogetonaceae<br />
3 Lecythidaceae 60 Pteridaceae<br />
25 Lentibulariaceae 1 Rhamnaceae<br />
3 Lindsaeaceae 1 Rubiaceae<br />
36 Loganiaceae 1 Saccolomataceae<br />
7 Lomariopsidaceae 83 Salicaceae<br />
40 Loranthaceae 12 Santalaceae<br />
8 Lycopodiaceae 1 Sapindaceae<br />
37 Lythraceae 3 Schlegeliaceae<br />
1 Magnoliaceae 4 Scrophulariaceae<br />
127 Malpighiaceae 1 Smilacaceae<br />
260 Malvaceae 1 Sphenocleaceae<br />
47 Marantaceae 15 Tectariaceae<br />
4 Marattiaceae 8 Thelypteridaceae<br />
7 Marcgraviaceae 22 Urticaceae<br />
1 Mayacaceae 2 Verbenaceae<br />
390 Melastomataceae 2 Woodsiaceae<br />
5 Meliaceae 5 Zamiaceae<br />
1 Menyanthaceae 12 Undetermined<br />
1 Monimiaceae<br />
8
Table 2. Families re-curated at BRH, with approximate numbers of citation and determination<br />
slips used per group, name(s) of included families that are no longer accepted or families that<br />
some or all of genera have been moved to noted in paranthesis.<br />
<strong>Herbarium</strong> Specimens Recently Mounted<br />
Specimens<br />
Family Citation Determination Citation Determination Total<br />
Droseraceae 1 1<br />
Acanthaceae 22 22<br />
Actinidaceae 4 4<br />
Adiantaceae<br />
3 1 4<br />
(now Pteridaceae)<br />
Agavaceae 1 1<br />
Aizoaceae 0<br />
Alismataceae 2 2<br />
Amaranthaceae<br />
(incl. Chenopodiaceae)<br />
9 9<br />
Amaryllidaceae 0<br />
Anacardiaceae 0<br />
Annonaceae 11 1 1 13<br />
Apiaceae 0<br />
Apocynaceae<br />
25 4 29<br />
(incl. Asclepiadaceae)<br />
Aquifoliaceae 1 1 2<br />
Araceae 7 4 4 15<br />
Araliaceae 7 2 1 10<br />
Araucariaceae 0<br />
Arecaceae 6 9 15<br />
Aristolochiaceae 1 1<br />
Aspleniaceae<br />
(incl. Dryopteridaceae,<br />
Thelypteridaceae,<br />
Tectariaceae,<br />
Lomariopsidaceae)<br />
9 1 10<br />
Asteraceae 76 20 4 100<br />
Athyriaceae<br />
1 1 2<br />
(now Woodsiaceae)<br />
Balanophoraceae 2 2<br />
Balsaminaceae 0<br />
Basellaceae 1 1<br />
Bataceae 0<br />
Begoniaceae 1 1<br />
Bignoniaceae 22 10 32<br />
Blechnaceae 1 1<br />
Boraginaceae 8 3 1 12<br />
Brassicaceae 0<br />
Bromeliaceae 1 1 2<br />
Buddlejaceae<br />
0<br />
(now Scrophulariaceae)<br />
Burmanniaceae 1 1<br />
Burseraceae 6 4 10<br />
Cactaceae 4 4<br />
Campanulaceae 2 2<br />
Cannaceae 1 1<br />
9
Capparaceae 2 2<br />
Caricaceae 2 2<br />
Casuarinaceae 0<br />
Cecropiaceae<br />
(now Urticaceae)<br />
2 2<br />
Celastraceae<br />
(incl. Hippocrateaceae)<br />
19 2 1 22<br />
Chrysobalanaceae 4 2 6<br />
Clethraceae 3 2 5<br />
Clusiaceae<br />
16 6 2 24<br />
(incl. Hypericaceae)<br />
Cochlospermaceae 0<br />
Combretaceae 10 10<br />
Commelinaceae 9 1 1 11<br />
Connaraceae 1 1<br />
Convolvulaceae 16 15 31<br />
Costaceae 3 3<br />
Crassulaceae 3 3<br />
Cruciferae<br />
0<br />
(now Brassicaceae)<br />
Cucurbitaceae 4 2 6<br />
Cuppressaceae 0<br />
Cyatheaceae 1 1<br />
Cycadaceae (now<br />
1 1<br />
Zamiaceae)<br />
Cyclanthaceae 0<br />
Cymodaceae 1 1<br />
Cyperaceae 19 31 3 53<br />
Cyrillaceae 2 3 2 7<br />
Davalliaceae<br />
0<br />
(now Lomariopsidaceae)<br />
Dennstaediaceae 4 4<br />
Dichapetalaceae 2 2<br />
Dilleniaceae 8 1 9<br />
Dioscoreaceae 7 2 9<br />
Droseraceae 1 1<br />
Ebenaceae 4 4 8<br />
Elaeocarpaceae 5 5<br />
Ericaceae 0<br />
Eriocaulaceae 1 1<br />
Erythroxylaceae 7 8 15<br />
Euphorbiaceae 25 45 2 72<br />
Fabaceae –<br />
16 18 34<br />
Caesalpinoideae<br />
Fabaceae – Faboideae 59 3 1 13 76<br />
Fabaceae – Mimosoideae 47 13 60<br />
Fagaceae 5 3 1 9<br />
Flacourtiaceae<br />
18 6 24<br />
(now Salicaceae + others)<br />
Gentianaceae 7 2 9<br />
Gesneriaceae 2 4 1 7<br />
Gleichenaceae 0<br />
Haemodoraceae 0<br />
Haloragidaceae 0<br />
10
Hamamelidaceae 0<br />
Heliconiaceae 10 10<br />
Hydrophyllaceae 0<br />
Hymenophyllaceae 2 2<br />
Hypoxidaceae 0<br />
Icacinaceae 2 2<br />
Iridaceae 1 2 2 5<br />
Lacistemataceae 1 1<br />
Lamiaceae 4 2 5 11<br />
Lauraceae 27 5 7 39<br />
Lecythidaceae 2 1 3<br />
Lentibulariaceae 3 3 6<br />
Liliaceae 0<br />
Loganiaceae 2 2 2 6<br />
Loranthaceae &<br />
2 2 1 5<br />
Santalaceae<br />
Lycopodiaceae 1 1<br />
Lythraceae 4 1 5<br />
Magnoliaceae 1 1<br />
Malpighiaceae 10 12 1 23<br />
Malvaceae 22 9 31<br />
Marantaceae 7 7 1 15<br />
Marattiaceae 0<br />
Marcgraviaceae 2 1 1 4<br />
Mayacaceae 1 1<br />
Melastomataceae 50 40 12 102<br />
Polygalaceae 4 4 8<br />
717 325 3 80 1125<br />
Total Citation Slips 720<br />
Total Determination Slips 405<br />
11
Table 3. Twenty collectors with most specimens at BRH.<br />
Count Collector Count Collector<br />
901 Schipp, WA 144 Fosberg, FR<br />
618 Balick, MJ 110 Holst, BK<br />
413 Arvigo, R 108 Vargas, RI<br />
376 Dwyer, JD 88 Nee, M<br />
367 Proctor, GR 74 Peña Chocarro, M<br />
215 Anonymous 69 Walker, JB<br />
204 Davidse, G 66 Spellman, DL<br />
191 Croat, TB 61 Hunt, DR<br />
175 Monro, AK 57 Atha, DE<br />
150 Gentry, AH 55 Brown, JL<br />
The most prolific collectors (Table 3) amongst the collections currently present in the<br />
herbarium are William August Schipp (>900), Michael Balick (>600) and Rosita<br />
Arvigo (>400). Several important collectors are noticeably lacking specimens at BRH<br />
including Percival Gentle, Cyrus Lundell and Caroline Whitefoord, Gentle and<br />
Lundell seem not to have had duplicates distributed to BRH and many Whitefoord<br />
specimens are in boxes in the herbarium waiting to be mounted and incorporated.<br />
81 type specimens were among specimens re-curated at BRH (Table 4), five of these<br />
specimens were duplicates of types not previously indicated as types at BRH. It is<br />
anticipated that completion of the re-curation project will reveal more ‘hidden’ types.<br />
90% (73) of the type specimens curated to date at BRH are specimens collected by<br />
William Schipp, there are no types collected by Percival Gentle or Cyrus Lundell<br />
present in the collection.<br />
12
Table 4. Type specimen information (collector name, collection number, family, filing name & type information) of types curated at BRH up to 10 th December 2010.<br />
Main<br />
Collector Number Family Filing Name Type Information<br />
Balick, M.J. 2698 Arecaceae Geonoma deversa Type of Geonoma deversa (Isotype BRH)<br />
Croat, T.B. 24979 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea lindenii Type of Ipomoea lindenii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Davidse, G. 31904 Asteraceae Acourtia belizeana Type of Acourtia belizeana (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Dwyer, J.D. 12334 Araceae Philodendron dwyeri Type of Philodendron dwyeri (Holotype MO, Isotype BRH)<br />
Proctor, G.R. 30073 Lauraceae Nectandra salicifolia Type of Nectandra cayoana (Isotype BRH)<br />
Proctor, G.R. 30211 Euphorbiaceae Sapium lateriflorum Type of Sapium mammosum (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Proctor, G.R. 35818 Asteraceae Critonia lanicaulis Type of Critonia belizeana (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Proctor, G.R. 36093 Aquifoliaceae Ilex tectonica Type of Ilex tectonica (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 24 Fabaceae - Mimosoideae Inga belizensis Type of Inga belizensis (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 63 Melastomataceae Conostegia caelestis Type of Conostegia caelestis (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 75 Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia schippii Type of Aristolochia schippii (Isotype BRH)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 113 Fabaceae - Faboideae Machaerium cirrhiferum Type of Machaerium merrillii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 128 Celastraceae Cheiloclinium belizense Type of Salacia belizensis (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 168 Apocynaceae Tabernaemontana arborea Type of Tabernaemontana schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 201 Euphorbiaceae Pera barbellata Type of Pera barbellata (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 220 Melastomataceae Miconia schippii Type of Miconia schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 232 Melastomataceae Conostegia plumosa Type of Conostegia plumosa (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 284 Bignoniaceae Arrabidaea verrucosa Type of Arrabidaea belizensis (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 320 Melastomataceae Henriettea cuneata Type of Maieta cuneata (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 354 Acanthaceae Justicia ensiflora Type of Justicia ensiflora (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 388 Melastomataceae Henriettea succosa Type of Henriettella macrocalyx (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 395 Melastomataceae Miconia bubalina Type of Miconia belizensis (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 467 Melastomataceae Miconia ochroleuca Type of Miconia ochroleuca (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 493 Fabaceae - Faboideae Crotalaria cajanifolia Type of Crotalaria vitellina var. schippii (Isotype BRH)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 538 Fabaceae - Mimosoideae Inga quaternata Type of Inga schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 584 Fabaceae - Faboideae Eriosema crinitum var. crinitum Type of Eriosema pinetorum (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 610 Plantaginaceae Benjaminia reflexa Type of Bacopa naias (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 641 Araliaceae Dendropanax arboreus Type of Gilibertia schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 647 Eriocaulaceae Eriocaulon schippii Type of Eriocaulon schippii (Isotype BM, Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 674 Apocynaceae Metastelma stenomeres Type of Cynanchum stenomeres (Isotype BM, Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 715 Celastraceae Elachyptera floribunda Type of Hippocratea lancifolia (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 763 Plantaginaceae Bacopa lacertosa Type of Bacopa lacertosa (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 856 Lauraceae Nectandra belizensis Type of Nectandra schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
13
Schipp, W.A. 960 Annonaceae Desmopsis schippii Type of Desmopsis schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 961 Acanthaceae Mendoncia lindavii Type of Mendoncia belizensis (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 965 Cyrillaceae Purdiaea belizensis Type of Schizocardia belizensis (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 973 Burseraceae Protium schippii Type of Protium schippii (Isotype BRH)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1014 Celastraceae Maytenus schippii Type of Maytenus schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1018 Euphorbiaceae Sebastiania tuerckheimiana Type of Sebastiania longicuspis (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1031 Araliaceae Oreopanax obtusifolius Type of Oreopanax obtusifolius (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1040 Boraginaceae Cordia stellifera Type of Cordia stellifera (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1049 Euphorbiaceae Sapium glandulosum Type of Sapium schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1052 Fabaceae - Faboideae Ormosia macrocalyx Type of Ormosia toledoana (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1091 Fabaceae - Faboideae Machaerium floribundum Type of Machaerium rosescens (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1120 Fabaceae - Faboideae Vatairea lundellii Type of Lonchocarpus amarus (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1127 Bignoniaceae Clytostoma binatum Type of Clytostoma elegans (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1163 Elaeocarpaceae Sloanea schippii Type of Sloanea schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1168 Connaraceae Rourea schippii Type of Rourea schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1182 Salicaceae Homalium racemosum Type of Homalium riparium (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1196 Fabaceae - Mimosoideae Abarema idiopoda Type of Pithecellobium halogenes (Isotype BRH, Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1197 Fabaceae - Caesalpinioideae Bauhinia sericella Type of Bauhinia sericella (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1203 Annonaceae Unonopsis pittieri Type of Unonopsis schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1204 Phyllanthaceae Amanoa guianensis Type of Amanoa potamophila (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1205 Gentianaceae<br />
Lisianthius brevidentatus var.<br />
collinus<br />
Type of Lisianthius collinus (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1236 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea trifida Type of Ipomoea confertiflora (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1242 Clusiaceae Clusia belizensis Type of Clusia belizensis (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1248 Fagaceae Quercus insignis Type of Quercus schippii (Isotype BM, Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1260 Fabaceae - Mimosoideae Pithecellobium peckii Type of Pithecellobium pistaciifolium (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1262 Lauraceae Beilschmiedia hondurensis Type of Beilschmiedia hondurensis (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1272 Araliaceae Oreopanax geminatus Type of Oreopanax lachnocephalus (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1273 Marcgraviaceae Marcgravia schippii Type of Marcgravia schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1275 Clusiaceae Clusia salvinii Type of Clusia schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1277 Acanthaceae Justicia albobracteata Type of Justicia albobracteata (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1281 Ebenaceae Diospyros tetrasperma Type of Diospyros schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1282 Lauraceae Licaria misantlae Type of Chanekia coriacea (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1290 Euphorbiaceae Acalypha gummifera Type of Acalypha gummifera (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1297 Fabaceae - Faboideae Ormosia schippii Type of Ormosia schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1306 Fabaceae - Mimosoideae Mimosa ervendbergii Type of Mimosa scalpens (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
14
Schipp, W.A. 1314 Salicaceae Laetia procera Type of Casearia belizensis (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1318 Fabaceae - Mimosoideae Cojoba graciliflora Type of Pithecellobium schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1320 Melastomataceae Topobea watsonii Type of Topobea rosea (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1330 Fabaceae - Faboideae Chaetocalyx brasiliensis Type of Chaetocalyx belizensis (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. 1353 Acanthaceae Odontonema tubaeforme Type of Odontonema amicorum (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. S89 Lentibulariaceae Utricularia amethystina Type of Utricularia adenantha (Isotype BM, Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. S569 Arecaceae Chamaedorea graminifolia Type of Chamaedorea schippii (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. S630 Fabaceae - Caesalpinioideae Bauhinia rubelcruziana Type of Bauhinia emarginella (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. S635 Celastraceae Maytenus guatemalensis Type of Maytenus guatemalensis (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. S661 Bignoniaceae Mussatia hyacinthina Type of Tynanthus hyacinthinus (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. S676 Fabaceae - Faboideae Machaerium riparium Type of Machaerium habroneurum (Isotype BRH, Isotype MO)<br />
Schipp, W.A. S694 Acanthaceae Justicia fimbriata Type of Beloperone crenata (Isotype BRH)<br />
Schipp, W.A. S899 Loganiaceae Strychnos brachistantha Type of Strychnos brachistantha (Isotype BRH)<br />
15
5. Next Steps<br />
5.1. Anticipated work in project year 3<br />
During project year 3 German Lopez will have sufficient experience to continue and<br />
complete the herbarium re-curation. At least 40 days (20%) of his time in year 3 will<br />
be allocated to this task, it is anticipated that he should be able to finish by the end of<br />
project in March 2012. In case of queries he can call upon expertise from RBGE.<br />
5.2. Potential Issues<br />
5.2.1. Classification<br />
Following completion of this re-curation project the angiosperm families and genera<br />
in the herbarium will follow the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III classification<br />
(2009), fern families will follow Smith et al. (2006) and species names will follow<br />
‘The Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Belize’ (Balick et al., 2000). However many<br />
of the species concepts utilised by Balick et al. (2000) are no longer accepted, thus<br />
following this first re-curation effort it is recommended that Forest Department in cooperation<br />
with the Environmental <strong>Research</strong> Institute continue to update species and<br />
generic names in the herbarium.<br />
The Savanna plant database currently being developed as part of this Darwin Project<br />
follows APG III and Smith et al. (2006) in its family delimitations. This database will<br />
be used to produce an index of accepted families, genera and their synonyms for use<br />
in the herbarium. It will also allow future updates of these indices to be produced as<br />
necessary.<br />
5.2.2. Specimen folders<br />
As discussed in detail in Goodwin et al. (2010) the supplies of inner and outer covers<br />
available within the herbarium are low and not sufficient for the numbers of<br />
specimens currently in the herbarium; there are many inner covers that contain too<br />
many specimens. We had estimated that there are currently 660 outer folders and<br />
1320 inner folders in the herbarium. The urgency of this issue will grow with the<br />
incorporation of recently mounted specimens into the herbarium and the repatriation<br />
of duplicates from overseas herbaria. The Darwin project has purchased 1,900<br />
specimen folders for the BRH herbarium during year 2 to alleviate some of this<br />
pressure, however the the purchase of further supplies of archive quality outer and<br />
inner covers is still urgently recommended.<br />
More outer covers need to be purchased to allow genera to be placed separate genus<br />
covers as currently small genera share outer covers.<br />
5.2.3. Specimen data capture, management and digitisation<br />
Specimens re-curated as part of this project have all been logged in the database<br />
developed by the project. Minimal data capture was performed for specimens not<br />
already registered in the database however the majority of specimens re-curated at<br />
BRH were already present in the database. This data set provides a perfect tool to aid<br />
the management of the herbarium. However the fine details of how this data will be<br />
managed by the Forest Department and the Environmental <strong>Research</strong> Institute needs to<br />
16
e resolved. For example for this system to work specimens incorporated in the<br />
herbarium need to be continued to be logged in the database and any changes in<br />
specimen determinations or in nomenclature used in the herbarium must be updated in<br />
the database. The top copy of this database will be handed over to the Environmental<br />
<strong>Research</strong> Institute in early project year 3.<br />
17
6. Bibliography<br />
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III (2009). An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny<br />
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III.<br />
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161: 105-121.<br />
Balick, M.J., Nee, M.H. & Atha, D.E. (2000). Checklist of the Vascular Plants of<br />
Belize. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 85: 246.<br />
Goodwin, Z.A., Lopez, G.N., Mai, H., Haston, E., Harris, D.J. & Stuart, N. (2010).<br />
<strong>Herbarium</strong> <strong>Recuration</strong> <strong>Interim</strong> <strong>Report</strong>. In: Darwin Initiative Project 17-022:<br />
Conservation of the Lowland Savannas of Belize. pp. 1-9.<br />
Haston, E., Richardson, J.E., Stevens, P.F., Chase, M.W. & Harris, D.J. (2009). The<br />
Linear Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (LAPG) III: a linear sequence of the families in<br />
APG III. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161: 128–131.<br />
Pennington, T.D. (1997). The genus Inga. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.<br />
Smith, A.R., Pryer, K.M., Schuettpelz, E., Korall, P., Schneider, H. & Wolf, P.G.<br />
(2006). A classification for extant ferns. Taxon 55(3): 705–731.<br />
Thiers, B.M. (accessed September 2010). Index Herbariorum: A global directory of<br />
public herbaria and associated staff. In: New York Botanical Garden's Virtual<br />
<strong>Herbarium</strong>. http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/.<br />
Tropicos.org (01 Sep 2010). In: Missouri Botanical Garden<br />
.<br />
18
Boxes<br />
Refrigerator<br />
6<br />
5<br />
4<br />
Empty<br />
3<br />
8<br />
7<br />
Empty<br />
2<br />
9<br />
Shelves<br />
1<br />
Storage<br />
&<br />
Mounted<br />
Desk<br />
Mounted<br />
Mounted<br />
Mounted<br />
from<br />
Empty P – Z Sealed<br />
Locked<br />
F - M<br />
RBGE<br />
+ Ferns<br />
(1/3)<br />
Mounted<br />
A - E<br />
Mounted<br />
N - P<br />
Sealed Sealed<br />
Locked<br />
Locked<br />
Mounted<br />
Desk<br />
Desk<br />
11 10 Locked Storage Empty<br />
Appendix 1A. Layout of herbarium cabinets at BRH prior to re-curation.<br />
Legend:<br />
“New” cabinet 33<br />
shelves (3 x 11)<br />
“Old” cabinet 26<br />
shelves (2 x 13)
Boxes<br />
Refrigerator<br />
11<br />
9 8<br />
12<br />
10 13<br />
21<br />
19 20<br />
15<br />
14<br />
Shelves<br />
7 6 5<br />
Desk<br />
16 17 18<br />
4 3 2<br />
Appendix 1B. Layout of herbarium cabinets at BRH after to re-curation.<br />
Desk<br />
Desk<br />
1<br />
Legend:<br />
“New” cabinet 33<br />
shelves (3 x 11)<br />
“Old” cabinet 26<br />
shelves (2 x 13)
Appendix 2A. Organisation of families within cabinets at BRH prior to re-curation with approximate number of shelves occupied<br />
indicated.<br />
1 2 3 4 5<br />
Acanthaceae 2 Asteliaceae 0 Cabombaceae 0 Cyperaceae 6 Fabaceae 23<br />
Achariaceae Asteraceae 10 Cactaceae 0.5 Cyrillaceae 1<br />
Actinidiaceae Aytoniaceae 0 Campanulaceae 0.5 Davalliaceae 0<br />
Adiantaceae<br />
Adoxaceae 1<br />
Balanophoraceae<br />
Balsaminaceae<br />
1 Cannabaceae<br />
Cannaceae<br />
0 Dennstaedtiaceae<br />
0.5 Dichapetalaceae<br />
1<br />
Agavaceae Basellaceae Capparaceae 0.5 Dilleniaceae 2<br />
Aizoaceae Bataceae Caprifoliaceae 0 Dioscoreaceae 1<br />
Alismataceae<br />
Begoniaceae 1 Caricaceae 0.5 Droseraceae 0.5<br />
Alliaceae<br />
Alstroemeriaceae<br />
Bignoniaceae<br />
0<br />
Bixaceae<br />
5 Caryophyllaceae<br />
1 Casuarinaceae<br />
0 Dryopteridaceae<br />
0.5 Ebenaceae<br />
1<br />
1<br />
Altingiaceae Blechnaceae Celastraceae 1 Elaeocarpaceae 1<br />
Amaranthaceae 1 Boraginaceae 3 Ceratophyllaceae Equisetaceae 0<br />
Amaryllidaceae<br />
Anacardiaceae<br />
Brassicaceae<br />
2 Bromeliaceae<br />
0.5 Chenopodiaceae<br />
3 Chloranthaceae<br />
0 Ericaceae<br />
Eriocaulaceae<br />
1<br />
Anemiaceae 0 Brunelliaceae 0 Chrysobalanaceae 3 Erythroxylaceae ?<br />
Annonaceae<br />
Anthericaceae<br />
2 Buddlejaceae<br />
0 Burmanniaceae<br />
Cibotiaceae<br />
0.5 Cistaceae<br />
0<br />
Euphorbiaceae 7<br />
Apiaceae 0.5 Burseraceae 1.5 Cleomaceae<br />
Apocynaceae 3.5 Butomaceae 0 Clethraceae 1<br />
Apodanthaceae<br />
Aponogetonaceae<br />
0<br />
Buxaceae 0.5 Clusiaceae<br />
Cochlospermaceae<br />
3<br />
1<br />
Aquifoliaceae 1 Combretaceae 4<br />
Araceae 3 Commelinaceae 1<br />
Araliaceae<br />
Araucariaceae<br />
0.5<br />
Connaraceae<br />
Convolvulaceae<br />
1<br />
2<br />
Arecaceae 8 Costaceae 1<br />
Aristolochiaceae 1 Crassulaceae 0.5<br />
Asparagaceae Cucurbitaceae 1<br />
Asphodelaceae 1<br />
Culcitaceae 0<br />
Aspleniaceae<br />
Cupressaceae<br />
Cyatheaceae<br />
Cyclanthaceae<br />
1<br />
Cymodoceaceae 0.5
6 7 8 9 10<br />
Fabaceae 9 Magnoliaceae 0 Melastomataceae 3 Poaceae 8 Rubiaceae 8<br />
Fagaceae 1 Malpighiaceae 4 Meliaceae 4 Podocarpaceae 0.5 Rutaceae 1<br />
Gentianaceae 1 Malvaceae 7 Menispermaceae Polygalaceae 1 Saccolomataceae<br />
Gesneriaceae<br />
Gleicheniaceae<br />
Marantaceae<br />
1<br />
Marattiaceae<br />
2 Menyanthaceae<br />
Monimiaceae<br />
1 Polygonaceae<br />
Polypodiaceae<br />
5 Salicaceae<br />
1 Salviniaceae<br />
2<br />
0.5<br />
Haemodoraceae<br />
Haloragidaceae<br />
Marcgraviaceae<br />
1<br />
Mayacaceae<br />
1 Moraceae<br />
Musaceae<br />
3 Pontederiaceae<br />
1 Portulacaceae<br />
Santalaceae<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
0.5<br />
3<br />
Heliconiaceae<br />
Hydrophyllaceae<br />
1 Melastomataceae 9 Myricaceae<br />
Myristicaceae<br />
Potamogetonaceae<br />
1 Primulaceae<br />
1<br />
Sapotaceae<br />
Schizaeaceae<br />
3<br />
0.5<br />
Hymenophyllaceae<br />
Hypericaceae<br />
1?<br />
Myrsinaceae<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
1 Proteaceae<br />
3 Psilotaceae<br />
Schlegeliaceae<br />
Scrophulariaceae<br />
0.5<br />
1<br />
Hypoxidaceae<br />
Najadaceae Pteridaceae 1 Selaginellaceae 0.5<br />
Icacinaceae Nyctaginaceae 1 Punicaceae Simaroubaceae 1<br />
Iridaceae 1<br />
Nymphaeaceae<br />
Putranjivaceae 1 Smilacaceae 1<br />
Isoetaceae<br />
Ochnaceae 1 Quiinaceae<br />
Lacistemataceae 1 Olacaceae Ranunculaceae 0.5<br />
Lamiaceae 2 Oleaceae 1 Rhamnaceae 0.5<br />
Lauraceae 5 Onagraceae<br />
Rhizophoraceae 1<br />
Lecythidaceae<br />
Lentibulariaceae<br />
1<br />
Ophioglossaceae<br />
Orchidaceae<br />
0 Rosaceae<br />
2 Rubiaceae<br />
0.5<br />
6<br />
Lindsaeaceae<br />
Loganiaceae<br />
1<br />
Oxalidaceae<br />
Papaveraceae 1<br />
Lomariopsidaceae Passifloraceae<br />
Lophosoriaceae 1<br />
Phyllanthaceae 1<br />
Loranthaceae<br />
Phytolaccaceae 0.5<br />
Lycopodiaceae Pinaceae 1<br />
Lygodiaceae<br />
Lythraceae<br />
1<br />
Piperaceae 2
11<br />
Solanaceae 4<br />
Sphenocleaceae<br />
Staphyleaceae<br />
1<br />
Symplocaceae<br />
Taxaceae<br />
0.5<br />
Tectariaceae<br />
Theaceae<br />
1<br />
Thelypteridaceae<br />
Theophrastaceae<br />
1<br />
Turneraceae 1<br />
Typhaceae 0.5<br />
Ulmaceae 1<br />
Urticaceae 1<br />
Verbenaceae 5<br />
Violaceae 1<br />
Vitaceae<br />
Vochysiaceae<br />
Woodsiaceae<br />
Xyridaceae<br />
1<br />
Zamiaceae<br />
Zingiberaceae<br />
Zygophyllaceae<br />
1
Appendix 2B. Organisation of families within cabinets at BRH prior to re-curation with approximate number of shelves occupied<br />
indicated, cabinets 14 onwards are projected.<br />
1 2 3 4 5<br />
Acanthaceae 5 Apocynaceae 10 Arecaceae 16 Asteraceae 11 Boraginaceae 4<br />
Achariaceae<br />
Actinidiaceae 1<br />
Aquifoliaceae<br />
Araceae<br />
1 Aristolochiaceae<br />
7 Asparagaceae<br />
1 Balanophoraceae<br />
1 Balsaminaceae<br />
Brassicaceae<br />
1<br />
Bromeliaceae<br />
1<br />
5<br />
Agavaceae<br />
Aizoaceae<br />
Araliaceae<br />
Araucariaceae<br />
2 Asphodelaceae<br />
1 Aspleniaceae<br />
1 Basellaceae<br />
1 Bataceae<br />
Burmanniaceae<br />
1<br />
Burseraceae<br />
1<br />
3<br />
Alismataceae 1 Spare 5 Spare 6 Begoniaceae 1 Buxaceae 1<br />
Altingiaceae<br />
26 26 Bignoniaceae 5 Cactaceae 1<br />
Amaranthaceae 1 Bixaceae 1 Campanulaceae 1<br />
Amaryllidaceae 1 Blechnaceae 1 Cannaceae 1<br />
Anacardiaceae 5 Spare 5 Capparaceae 1<br />
Annonaceae 6 26 Caricaceae 1<br />
Apiaceae 1 Casuarinaceae 1<br />
Spare 5 Spare 5<br />
26 26<br />
6 7 8 9 10<br />
Celastraceae 2 Crassulaceae 1 Elaeocarpaceae 1 Fabaceae 23 Fabaceae 23<br />
Chloranthaceae 1 Cucurbitaceae 1 Ericaceae 1 Spare 3 Spare 3<br />
Chrysobalanaceae<br />
Cleomaceae<br />
2 Cupressaceae<br />
1 Cyatheaceae<br />
Eriocaulaceae<br />
1<br />
Erythroxylaceae<br />
1<br />
1<br />
26 26<br />
Clethraceae<br />
Clusiaceae<br />
1 Cyclanthaceae<br />
2 Cymodoceaceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
1<br />
Fabaceae<br />
9<br />
7<br />
Cochlospermaceae 1 Cyperaceae 8 Spare 6<br />
Combretaceae 5 Cyrillaceae 1 26<br />
Commelinaceae<br />
Connaraceae<br />
1 Dennstaedtiaceae<br />
1 Dichapetalaceae<br />
1<br />
Convolvulaceae 3 Dilleniaceae 3<br />
Costaceae 1 Dioscoreaceae 1<br />
Spare 5 Droseraceae 1<br />
26 Dryopteridaceae 1<br />
Ebenaceae 1<br />
Spare 5<br />
26
11 12 13 14 15<br />
Fagaceae 2 Lecythidaceae Malvaceae 4 Melastomataceae 3 Myrtaceae ?<br />
Gentianaceae 1 Lentibulariaceae 1 Marantaceae 3 Meliaceae ? Najadaceae ?<br />
Gesneriaceae 1 Lindsaeaceae<br />
Marattiaceae Menispermaceae ? Nyctaginaceae ?<br />
Gleicheniaceae 1 Loganiaceae 2 Marcgraviaceae 1 Menyanthaceae ? Nymphaeaceae ?<br />
Haemodoraceae<br />
Haloragidaceae<br />
Lomariopsidaceae<br />
1<br />
Loranthaceae<br />
1 Mayacaceae<br />
2 Melastomataceae<br />
Monimiaceae<br />
15 Moraceae<br />
?<br />
?<br />
Ochnaceae<br />
Olacaceae<br />
?<br />
?<br />
Heliconiaceae 3 Lycopodiaceae 1 Spare 3 Musaceae ? Oleaceae ?<br />
Hydrophyllaceae<br />
Hymenophyllaceae<br />
Lythraceae<br />
1<br />
Magnoliaceae<br />
1<br />
0.5<br />
26 Myricaceae<br />
Myristicaceae<br />
?<br />
?<br />
Onagraceae<br />
Ophioglossaceae<br />
?<br />
?<br />
Hypericaceae<br />
Hypoxidaceae<br />
Malpighiaceae<br />
1<br />
Malvaceae<br />
4.5<br />
8<br />
Myrsinaceae<br />
Spare<br />
?<br />
?<br />
Orchidaceae<br />
Oxalidaceae<br />
?<br />
?<br />
Icacinaceae<br />
Iridaceae<br />
1<br />
Spare 5<br />
26<br />
Spare ?<br />
Lacistemataceae 1<br />
Lamiaceae 2<br />
Lauraceae 7<br />
Spare 4<br />
26<br />
16 17 18 19 20<br />
Papaveraceae ? Podocarpaceae ? Rubiaceae ? Sapindaceae ? Solanaceae ?<br />
Passifloraceae ? Polygalaceae ? Rutaceae ? Sapotaceae ? Sphenocleaceae ?<br />
Phyllanthaceae ? Polygonaceae ? Saccolomataceae ? Schizaeaceae ? Staphyleaceae ?<br />
Phytolaccaceae ? Polypodiaceae ? Salicaceae ? Schlegeliaceae ? Symplocaceae ?<br />
Pinaceae ? Pontederiaceae ? Salviniaceae ? Scrophulariaceae ? Taxaceae ?<br />
Piperaceae ? Portulacaceae ? Santalaceae ? Selaginellaceae ? Tectariaceae ?<br />
Poaceae ? Potamogetonaceae ? Spare ? Simaroubaceae ? Theaceae ?<br />
Spare ? Primulaceae ? Smilacaceae ? Thelypteridaceae ?<br />
Proteaceae ? Spare ? Theophrastaceae ?<br />
Psilotaceae ? Turneraceae ?<br />
Pteridaceae ? Typhaceae ?<br />
Punicaceae ? Ulmaceae ?<br />
Putranjivaceae ? Urticaceae ?<br />
Quiinaceae ? Verbenaceae ?<br />
Ranunculaceae ? Violaceae ?<br />
Rhamnaceae ? Vitaceae ?<br />
Rhizophoraceae ? Vochysiaceae ?<br />
Rosaceae ? Woodsiaceae ?
17 continued 20 continued<br />
Rubiaceae ? Xyridaceae ?<br />
Spare ? Zamiaceae ?<br />
Zingiberaceae ?<br />
Zygophyllaceae ?<br />
Spare ?