THE METAMORPHOSES OF PUBLIUS OVIDIUS NASO

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FABULA VI. GIGANTOMACHIA. The Giants make war upon Heaven, and piling up mountains, attempt to scale its ramparts. Jupiter destroys them with thunderbolta Their blood is changed into men, who are noted for violence and impiety. EXPLICATIO. This Fable will admit of different interpretations, according as it 13 considered in an allegorical, philosophical, or historical point of view. Regarding the Giants as physical forces employed when God cursed the ground, to produce those convulsions of which we see traces all over our planet, they may be considered as making- war against Jupiter, who cor responds to the Saviour, whose mediatorial reign commen.ced after the golden age, as I have shown in Fable V. Since mountains are formed by subterranean fires and forces which press the crust of the earth upwards, the Giants may be fabled thus to threaten Heaven, by piling Ossa upon Pelion. A strong force may, at some time, have thrown down a part of these mountains, and separated them, as Hesiod would seem to intimate, or their appearance may have caused the fiction of their former superin- cumbency. Considered historically, the fable may refer to the Fall of the Angels, to a tradition of some important occurrence at the garden of Eden, in which the Giants of Scripture were discomfited ; or to the Tower of Babel. The Fall of the Angels was known to the ancients. Porphyry states, there was a common belief in the existence of evil (lemons, hostile to God and man. Hesiod gives an account of similar demons. Plutarch men tions, on the authority of Empedocles, impure spirits, banished by the gods from Heaven ; and Pherecydes, the Syrian, styles the prince of cer tain evil spirits that contended with SaJurn (Jehovah), Ophioneus, the serpent-deity, evidently " that old serpent, which is called the devil." " The presence of God," spoken of in the 4th chapter of Genesis, was the Schechinah of the first altar at the gate of Eden, and rested after wards in the tabernacle, and subsequently dwelt between the cherubim of the Temple. Traditional accounts would indicate that the wicked had offered some impious violence to it. which God signally punished by fire, like that which struck Heliodorus in the temple, or the workmen who were sent by Julian impiously to rebuild Jerusalem. Montgomery has introduced the tradition in his "World before the Flood." The destruction of the Giants may refer to this event; or it may adum brate the Tower of Babel, of which they had some knowledge. The confusion of tongues, and the consequent division of the nations, in con junction with the building of a city, is mentioned by Hyginus. Josephus quotes the same from one of the Sibyls ; and Abydenus. speaking1 of it, says: "When its top nearly reached the heavens, the winds, assisting the gods, overturned the immense fabric upon the heads of the builders." The anachronism of the event, as it occurred after the flood, and its con nection with Olympus, are attributable to the chronological errors of tra dition, and the natural pride of the Greeks, who would make their coun try the theatre of all great events 54 EYE ioret terns secunor arduus aetner, t Affectasse ferunt regnurn cooleste Gigantas, Altaque congestos struxisse ad sidera monies. a Tum pater ornnipotens misso perfregit Olympum NOTJE. 1. Neve. As the poet has been detailing the wicked ness of men, the transition is easy and natural to the attempt of the giants upon heaven. 1. Anluus (ether: the lofty sky. 2. Affectasse. By syncope for affectavi sc, affected , aimed at. Wise are Ihy words, and (rlad I \iould obey, , Bul this proud man averts imperial sway. 2. Fnunl: they report; they say. 2. Eepnum caleste: t he celestial empire. Ccclum irsum pelimus stnllitia. HORACE. 2. d lsanlaf. The giants were the sons of Tartarus and Terra, or of Coalus and Terra, according toothers. They were said to be of irightful appearance, of prodi gious stature, and of inconceivable strength. They were represented as having many heads and arms, and the feet of serpents. Grim forms, ami strong with force Resistless: arms of hundred-handed gripe, Burst from their shoulders; filly heads upgrew From all tlieir shoulders o'er their nervy limbs. HESIOD. When east down by Jupiter, many of them were re ported to be buried under mountains, and by their wrilhir-p to cause earthquakes. As Tartarus has been located in the centre of the earth, where every thing is supposed to he in a liquid state, on account of the heat, their being the sons of Tartarus and Terra would seem to designate them as the powerful forces of nature, which give rise to earthquakes and volcanoes.
56 P. OVIDII <strong>NASO</strong>NIS Fulmine, et excussit subjecto Pelio Os^am. Obruta mole sua cum corpora (lira jacerent, Perfusarn inulto natorum sanguine terrain Immaduisse ferunt, calidumque animasse cruorem: Et, ne nulla ferze stirpis monumenta manerent, NOTVE. 3. Ad sidera: to the stars. This is a common hyperbole, when any thing very high is spoken of. Ho to, let us build n city and tower, whose lop may reach uiiio heaven. GENESIS xix. 4. Turrj'm in praacipili siantem sumisque sub aslra Edaclam leclis. .1 IN KID ii. 460. 3. Slruvisse monies : had piled up the mountains. 4. Patir omniptttens: the omnipotent father; Jupiter, who is styled the father of pods and men. The account given here of the bittle of the giants and the pods, is very freble when compared with the following descrip tion of the bnttle of the Titans and gods, as given by another poet: On ihe other side, nlerl The Titan plmhm v eloerd: then litinds of sir*1 ncili Jo.ne.I pro\\rss. and d-splayed the work of war Tremendous then lh' irniounsiiraMe sea Ronrrd; enrlh re-echoed ; heaven's wide arch abo\e Groaned Fliniter'ng; broad Olympus reeled throughout Down lo its rooted base, beneath Uir rush Of Ihosr i minor nils : ihe ttirk eh:ism of hell WHS shaken with Ihe trcmlil nij. with tbr tramp Of hollow footsteps and strong I mile-strokes. ,\nd measureless uproar of wild pursuit. So they against eneh oilier, through the air Hurled intermixed their weapons, scattering groans Where'er they fell. The vo'ce of nrrn :es rose Wilh rallying «hout through the starred firma ment, And with a mighty wnr-cry. hoih thrir liosis Encountering closed. Nor longer then did -love furl) down his force; lint sudden ;n his soul There (frewdilated strength, and it was filled "With his omn potcnce. tlis whole of m :glit Broke from him. and the godheml rushed ;ibroad. The vaulted sky. the mount Olympus flashed With his cont'iiual.presenrr, for he passed [ncesRiint forth, and l Tghtened wlit-rr lie trod- ] Hurled from hi*? nervous grasp.thc lightnings flew Reiterated swift, the whirling flush Caei sac*red splendor, and the ihundcrnoli Fell. Then on every side the foodfit 1 earth Roared m the burning flame, and far and near The trackless depth of fon-sts crushed wilh firr. Yea, ihe broad e:irth burned rod. ihc sircams of Nde Glowed, niiil the desert wnters of The sea. Round and around the Titans* earthy forms Rolltd llie hoi vapor on its fiery surge; Streamed upward, nml in one unbounded bln/c Sw jiihed ihe eelcstiiil nir. Keen rushed ihe tight. Quivering from thunder's wr.llien flash, each orb. Strong though they were, intolerable smote And seorclied their blasted vision Through the void Without,lh1 enormous conflagration hurst, Anrl snatched the dark of Cliaos. But to see AVtth hunion eye. and hear wilh ear of man Had been, as on a time llie heaven and eurlh LIBER I. 6. Cum dira cor pora jacerent obrula EU& mole, ferunt ter rain perfusam inulio sanguine iifit&fum immaduisse J) Et, ne nulla mo numeiita manere nt Met, hurtling in mid-air : as nether earth Crashed from the centre, and ihe wreck cf heaven Fell ruining from high. Nbl less, when gods Grappled with gods, the shout und clang of arms Commingled, and the tumult roared from heaven. Shrill rushed the hollow winds, and roused throughout A shaking anil a gathering dnrk of dust, With crashing-; und the livid lightning's gleam, And thunder and its boll the enginery O] Jove; und in the midst of either host They bore upon their blasl the cry confused Oi' battle and ihe shouting. For Ihe din Of siglil-appalhng strife immense uprose ; And there the in ght of deeds was show n, till noW The fight declined. Bul first with grappling front Sicadiast they stood, und boro the brunt of war Amid the foremost. lowering in the van. The war-iinsnted Uyges, ISriareus, And Coitus. biUrrcst conflict waged ; for they. Thick following ilince a liundrud rorks in air Flung irorn Uieir sinewy hold; wilh missile storm The Tii«a hosi o'ershadowing, them they drove. Vainglorious as they were, wilh bends or FI re n glli OYroormug iliein. beneath llie expanse of earth, And 1 ouiid with galling chains; so far beneath This earih, as earth is distant from the sky. HESIOIV. 4 Olifmpum. A range of mountains in Thessaly, forming the eastern boundary ot the vnle of Tempc. Its greatest elevation is about tOOU feet. It is shaded with groves of oaks, and forests of pines. As its sum mit was often enveloped In mists, the an- eients supposed it reached the heavens, and therefore made it the residence of the gods. The poets use Olympus, therefore, as synonymous with Heaven. Olympus ecnoes from its sno'-v-topt heads. The dwell-ngs of immortals. HESIOD. 5. Excussit: struck off Ossa from Pelion, lying under it. T«T »unt conali imponere Pelio Ossam. GHORCHC i. 290. 5. Pelio. A mountain in Thessaly, united with Ossa, which terminates at the vale of Tempe. It hns n broad summit, like a table mountain, and hence fiction reports it to have supported Ossa, whiihis smaller, and runs up to a point. 5. Osfnm. A mountain in Thessaly, ot a conical shape, with a single top. Its height is about 4000 feet. Fratresquc tendenics opaco Pcl'on imposuisse Olympo. HORACE. fi. Dim corpora : the drendbodies of the piants. Alexander Polyhistor states that the gods overthrew tho immense tower in the plains of Babylon, upon those who I I. METAMORPHOSEON. In facieiii vertisse hominum. Sed et ilia propngo Contemptrix Superum, Eievrcijue avidissimacffidis, Et violenta fuit. Scires e sanguine natos. NOT.E. 1Q 57 fein: stirris, vcrtisse iu facirm hominum. Scd et j Ha propago fuit eonlempirix constructed it. Syncelluseays, that Nim- Of torrent floods, or of a numerous host. rod, who was the first open apostate from He nn his impious fbes right onwnrcl drove, the true God, and the leader of the rebel Gloomy as night: under his burning wheels The steadfast empyrean shook throughout; lious Cuthites, wns destroyed at the fall All but the throne.itself, of God. Full soon of that huge fabric. Among them he arrived, in his righl hand 6. Olrttta mole: overwhelmed by their Grasping icn thousand thunders, which he sent own mnss-. Before- him. such as in iheir eoule infixed Pliigues : ihey. astonished, all resistance lost, Vis consilii cxpers mole mil sua. HORACE. AH courage: down their idle weapons dropt: 7. Perfusam: sprinkled; bedewed with O'er shielJs.nnd helms,and helmed heads he rode^ the blood. Of thrones and mighly Seraphim proslraie, 7. Natorum: of her sons ; the giants. That wished the mountains now might be again THrownon them ae a slielier from his ire. I saw, with pity saw, Kurill's monstrous son, Nor less on either side tempestuous tell AVitli all hie hundred Leads subdued by force, His arrows, from the fourfuld-visaged four, Bul him llie \engeful boll, instinci \\itli fire, "Distmcl with eyes, and from llie hviiig wheels Smole sore, and uashed him from liis haughly Dislincl alike with mullilude of eyes: - vaunls; One spirit in them ruled ; and every eye Pierced through his soul, and vviihered all his Glared lichining, mid shot forth pernicious fire slrength. JEsciiYLue. Among the accursed, mat withered all iheir 8. Irnmadutsse : became wet. strength, 8. Auimasse: lor animavisse, by syncope; And of iheir wonted vigor left them drained animated the warm gore. Exhausted spiritless afflicted fallen! Yet half his strength he pnt not forlh, but 9. JMonumenta: monuments; vestiges. checked 11. Cvntetmjtrix' a dcspiscr of the gods. His thunder in mid volley; for he meant 11. Superum: of the gods above; de Not lo destroy, hul root ihem out of heaven : rived from super, above. The overthrown he raised, and as aheid 11. Avidisshna cadis: most greedy of Of goats, or timorous flock together thronged, Drove them before him thunderstruck, pursued slaughter. Impious both to gods and men. With terrors andwjth furies, lo Ihe bounds 12. Natos e sanguine: born of blood. And crystal wall of heaven; which, opening Having given before the destruction of the wide, Titans by Jupiter, I will close, .for the Rolled inward, and n spacious gap disclosed sake of comparison, wilh the expulsion of Inlo the vaeteful deep: ihe monstroussighl Struck ihem wilh horror backward; but far the rebel-angels by the Son of God: worse So spake the Son, and into terror changed Urged ihem behind : headlong themselves they His roiinicnauce, too severe lo be beheld, ih re w And lull of" wraih beiil on his enemies. Down from ihe verge of heaven: eternal wrath At once the four spread out their starry wing's Eurnt after ihem to the Loliomless pit. AVilh dreadful shade eonliguous ; end ihc orbs PARADISE Of his fierce chanoi rolled, as wilh ihe sound What is ihe subject of this Fable ? Who were the giants ? Whose sons were they ? How may this lie interpreted ? Of how many different interpretations is the fable suscepl ible ? Mention llie historical events to which it may have allusion ? How may it allude to the changes that took place after the Fall of Man? Was the Fall of the Angels known to the ancients ? Who mention it among the ancients ? Was the confusion of tongues known to the ancient Greeks and Romans ? QU^STIONES. What author speaks of it in particular ? How would you account for the ana chronism, as the confusion took place after the flood ? How would you account for the connec tion of Olynipus with the events ? Where is Olympus ? Why was it supposed the residence ot the gods? Where is Ossa ? Pclion ? Wlmt appearance of these mountains might justify the fiction of their being placed upon each other? What became of the blood of the giants ? What was their character ?
Page 1 and 2: If P. OV1DIUS NASO.
Page 3 and 4: «' < V THE METAMUKPHOSES PUBLIUS O
Page 5 and 6: PREFACE. To the student of the Clas
Page 7 and 8: 8 LIFE AND WRITINGS OF OVID. visite
Page 9 and 10: TESTIMONIA VETERUM SCRIPTORUM DE OV
Page 11 and 12: I FROCEMIUM. 1 ... 11 2 ... 12 3. .
Page 13 and 14: AKGUMENTUM. AFTER a concise and ele
Page 15 and 16: 24 P. OVIDII NASONIS Non bene junct
Page 17 and 18: I 28 P. OV1DII NASONIS In mare perv
Page 19 and 20: ill FABULA II. ANIMALIUM HOMINISQUE
Page 21 and 22: 36 P. OVIDII NASONIS Bic, modo qua
Page 23 and 24: 40 P. OVIDII N ASONIS Montibus in l
Page 25 and 26: FABULA IV. ARGENTEA In the second,
Page 27 and 28: "ll •11, FABULA V. AIIENEA .ETAS,
Page 29: §2 P- OVIDII NASONIS Non socer a g
Page 33 and 34: Mi 60 P. OVIDII N ASONIS Hac iter e
Page 35 and 36: TABULA. VIII. LYCAON MUTATUS IN LUP
Page 37 and 38: TABULA IX. DILUVIUM. Having res'.ve
Page 39 and 40: [ ' IH f 72 P. OVIDII NASONIS Et qu
Page 41 and 42: 76 P. OVIDII N ASONIS Obruerat tumu
Page 43 and 44: 80 P. OVIDII N ASONIS Nunc quoque a
Page 45 and 46: 84 P. OVIDII N ASONIS Squallebant m
Page 47 and 48: FABULA XL REPARATIO ANIMALIUM: PYTH
Page 49 and 50: 92 P. OVIDII NASONIS Perdidit effus
Page 51 and 52: 96 P. OVIDII N ASONIS Dixerat: ista
Page 53 and 54: d 100 P. OVIDII N ASONIS Ncc prosun
Page 55 and 56: I \\ fcl ' II FABULA XIII. IO MUTAT
Page 57 and 58: 108 P. OVIDII NASONIS Bos quoquc Fo
Page 59 and 60: 112 P. OVIDII 1SASONIS Argus ait; n
Page 61 and 62: 116 P. OVIDII NASONIS Virginitate D
Page 63 and 64: 120 P. OVIDII NASONIS Ultimus immen
Page 65 and 66: P. OVIDII NASONIS METAMORPHOSEON. L
Page 67 and 68: I' ft! 128 P. OVIDII NASONIS Caerul
Page 69 and 70: 132 P. OVIDII NASONIS In promptu re
Page 71 and 72: FABULA 11. TERR.EJ INCENDIUM; PHAKT
Page 73 and 74: 140 P. OVIDII NASON1S Hunc puer ut
Page 75 and 76: 144 P. OV1DII NASONIS Cuique fuit r
Page 77 and 78: I FABULA ill III. SORORES PHAETHONT
Page 79 and 80: severe a fate. NOTJE. LIBER II. 55.
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156 P. OVIDII NASONIS Nee positu va
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160 P. OVIDII NASONIS I procul hinc
Page 85 and 86:
164 P. OVIDII NASONIS Imposuit coel
Page 87 and 88:
168 P. OVIDII NASONIS Pulchrior in
Page 89 and 90:
FABULA VIII. NYCTIMENE IN NOCTUAM M
Page 91 and 92:
FABULA IX. OCYRRHOE IN EQUAM MUTATI
Page 93 and 94:
FABULA X. BATTUS IN INDICEM MU TATU
Page 95 and 96:
FABULA XI. AGRAULOSIN SAXUM MUTATA.
Page 97 and 98:
III' P. OVIDII NASONIS Concussse pa
Page 99 and 100:
FABULA XII. JUPITER IN TAUIIUM MUTA
Page 101 and 102:
* .1 « 196 P. OVIDII NASONIS METAM
Page 103 and 104:
200 P. OVIDII NASONIS ^onsulil; et,
Page 105 and 106:
204 P. OVIDII NASONIS LIBER III. Pa
Page 107 and 108:
208 P. OVID1I NASONIS Existunt, cre
Page 109 and 110:
I ! 212 P. OVIDII NASON1S Prima nep
Page 111 and 112:
216 P. OVIDII NASONIS Et patre Dict
Page 113 and 114:
220 P. OVIDII NASON1S LIBER III. FA
Page 115 and 116:
. 224 P. OVIDII NASONIS LIBER Til.
Page 117 and 118:
228 P. OVIDII NASONIS Tempera matur
Page 119 and 120:
II 232 P. OVIDII NASONIS LIBER 111
Page 121 and 122:
236 P. OVIDII NASONIS LIBER III. Il
Page 123 and 124:
II lilt 24(5 P- OVIDII N ASONIS Jam
Page 125 and 126:
FABULA VIII. TYRRHENI NAUTjE IN DEL
Page 127 and 128:
248 P..OVIDII N ASONIS LIBER 1 11.
Page 129 and 130:
Illl 8" fr FABULA IX. PENTHEUS A BA
Page 131 and 132:
M 256 OVIDII NASONIS METAMORPHOSEON
Page 133 and 134:
II 260 P. OVIDII NASONIS LIBER IV.
Page 135 and 136:
264 F. OVIDII N ASONIS LIBER IV Sta
Page 137 and 138:
268 P. OVIDll NASONIS Ex aequo capt
Page 139 and 140:
272 P. OVIDII NASONIS Lisa* IV. Pal
Page 141 and 142:
276 P. OVIDII HASONIS LIBER IV. Ac
Page 143 and 144:
FABULA IV. INO ET MELICERTA IN DEOS
Page 145 and 146:
if', 284 P. OVIDII N ASONIS LIBIA I
Page 147 and 148:
288 P. OVIDII N ASONIS Nigraque cas
Page 149 and 150:
i 292 P. OVIDII NASONIS LlBEE I?. M
Page 151 and 152:
TABULA VII. ANDROMEDA A PERSEO LIBE
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i 300 P. OVIDII N ASONIS LlBEB IV.
Page 155 and 156:
304 P. OVIDII NASONIS LIBER IV, Prs
Page 157 and 158:
SIAV10
Page 159 and 160:
ACIES. ADSUM. "Acics, ei, f. (fids,
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"ini \ ANTRUM. ARCTOS. ifformer tim
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C-iELICOLJE. CAUSA. CcelTcola?, aru
Page 165 and 166:
unj m CONFITEOR. CONVENIO. . Conf t
Page 167 and 168:
DEPOSCO. DILUVIUM. Deposco, ere, pu
Page 169 and 170:
'1 ERECTUS. EXHALO. "Erectus, a, um
Page 171 and 172:
FORMOSUS. Formosus, a, um, adj. (fo
Page 173 and 174:
ICHNOBATES. IMPATIENS. fchnobates,
Page 175 and 176:
INSCIUS. INVIDIOSUS. crazy, fejlish
Page 177 and 178:
I ' ll Lib AT US. ire, ayi, a. (Xci
Page 179 and 180:
•j B^ MINYEIUS. progenitor of the
Page 181 and 182:
NUTRIO. totter, shake, tremble, wav
Page 183 and 184:
PAX. PERLUO. trepidation, leafing o
Page 185 and 186:
PRjESENTIA. PROFUNDUS. erful; manif
Page 187 and 188:
REDEO. REdeo, ire, ii, and Ivi, ttu
Page 189 and 190:
8CORPIOS. SERIES. any large stone:
Page 191 and 192:
STO. SULFUR. ing the roots; the roo
Page 193 and 194:
THYONEUS. Thyoneus, ei and eos, m.
Page 195 and 196:
VENIO. VIMEN. lion; permission, lea
Page 197 and 198:
i RECOMMENDATIONS. From the Rev. J.
Page 199:
I: 1. NATIONAL SERIES OF STANDARD S
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