THE METAMORPHOSES OF PUBLIUS OVIDIUS NASO

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FABULA VII. ' ADVENTU^BACCHI: IMPIETAS PENTIIEI. Pentheus, the son of Echion and Agave, endeavors to prevent the Thetans from paying respect to Bacchus. He orders his servants to seize the pre tended deity; and bring him before him. They cannot find Bacchus, but re turn with AcKtes, his chief priest, whom they have captured. EXPLICATIO. THE orgies of Bacchus were the same as the mysterious rites of Osiris, with such alterations and additions as suited the corrupt tastes of those among whom they were introduced ; for we are expressly told by Diodorus Siculus, that " Osiris is the same person that the Greeks call Dionysus;" and again, " the rites of Osiris and Bacchus are the same." Now in the processions of Osiris, found sculptured on the monuments of Eg\pt, evi dent reference is made to Noah. First, a boat is carried bj priests, superintended by the pontiff clad in a leopard skin, after which arc two liieraphori with a staff, then a man with a tambourine, behind whom is a pomegranate, with the stalk bound with ivy, followed by two hicraphori bearing a staff with a jackall, then others with ivy-bound flowers. The processions of Bacchus are similar to the above, with some additions; for we find in them the tambourine, the ivy-bound thrysus, the leopard skin, the sacred basket, and sometimes the ark, containing fruit with serpents enclosed in the same. Besides these, were carried the mysterious phalli, in honor of the deity. Having before shown, that in their Bacchus, the Greeks had a con fused blending of the history of Adam and Noah, and that their cere monies were designed to commemorate early history, it is plain that the rites of Bacchus were a representation of the Fall of Man. The Bac chanals rushing' wildly along, half-clothed and covered with skins, were no inappropriate representation of our first parents, as they left Eden, clothed with the skins which God had provided them, and forced now to till the soil for a sustenance. They uttered wild and piercing' cries as they ran, and in the most sacred part of the ceremony, as they lifted the fruit from the mystic basket, or a serpent discovered itself from among the fruit, they shout Evcc! Evre ! in commemoration of the Tempter who had thus rendered agriculture and the tillage of the vine necessary. The mystic pomegranate, too, was probably said to be the fruit of temptation, as it was fair to the sight, and its name, £wa (Rhca), became the name of the productive earth, the goddess Rhea, because by eating of it the earth came to be cultivated. The fig-leaves, and the serpents in Hippa's hair, also have their antelypes in Eden. The phallus, too, which was borne in the orgies of Bacchus, was not only a sign of the fructifying principle of the earth, but had especial reference to the Fall of Alan; for it was not till after the Fall, that " Adam knew his wife." Such was the intention of the rites of Bacchus, lint corruptions had probably been introduced, and licentiousness, which induced Pentheus to resist their introduction into Thebes. 238 "If OGNITA res meritam vati per Acha'idas urbes Attulerat famam; nomenque erat auguris ingens. Spernit Echionides tamen hunc, ex omnibus unus Contemptor Superftm Pentheus: prsesagaquc ridel Verba senis; tenebrasque et cladcm lucis adempta; Objicit. Ille movens albentia tempora canis, Q.uam felix esses, si tu quoque luminis hujus Orbus, ait, fieres; ne Bacchia sacra videres ! NOTjE. 2. . Augurif: of ihe prophet. irophet. This word properly belongs belonj to a soot" thsnycr who makes his predictions from the flight of birds. No more the augur stanils in snowy shroud, To watch each timing wing nml rolling cloud. IlibTORY OF THE CHUBCH. 3. Ecliionides. Fenthcus, the son of Echion and Agave. What rage, what rage doia Pentlieus1 bosom fire? lie from ihe dragon-brood, Thnt started from Hie ground, derives his blood, r.urtli-ljorn Kcliiuli was ot' old liU sire. BACCH.E OF EUBIPIDES. 4. Cnnltmptor snperum: a contemrjer of 5. Ttncbras: his darkness; his blind the pods. The poet inculcates a good ness. moral, by niakinp impiety to the pods the 6. Klovens aVientia: shaking his temples, cause of his punishment. A distinction white with hoary hair, should be made, however, between true j arn ir]eu cyriieiw imitantur tempera plumos. religion and superstition. OVID, Tri"! iv. Ucg. IS. He with profane coin Tripl against me ivar 8. Ne Eacchia sacra. The tnvsteries of Drives ,.>. = me ..,. from ,.«... tlie ...- lilmllons. ...... ....... in his ...^ vows -- .the heathen world were commemorations Deems me not worthy mention: for which | of t |lc ear]y history of ninn, preserved by e_ous«, To him and all the Thebans, will ] show Myeclf u god EUIUPIDES. tradition, but corrupted in many cases by the lapse of time. Thus the ceremonies
II lilt 24(5 P- OVIDII N ASONIS Jamque dies aderit, jamque baud procul auguror esse; Qua novus hue veniat, proles Semelei'a, Liber; 10 Quern nisi templorum fueris dignatus honore; Mille lacer spargere locis: et sanguine sylvas Feedabis, matremque tuam, matrisque sorores. Evenient: neque enim dignabere numen honore; Meque sub his tenebris nimium vidisse quereris. ' 15 Talia dicentem proturbat Echione nafus: Dicta fidos sequitur; responsaque vatis aguntur. Liber adest: festisque fremunt ululatibus agri: Turba ruunt; misteque viris matresque3 nurusque, Vulgusque, proceresque, ifrnota ad sacra feruntur. 20 Quis furor, anguigence, proles Mavortia, vestras Attonuit mentes? Pentheus ait; serane tantum JErc repulsa valent ? et adunco tibia cornu ? Et magics fraudes? ut quos non belliger ensis, Non tuba terruerint, non strictis agmina telis; 25 Fcemineae voces, et mota insania vino, connected with the Syrian goddess, and the appointments of her temple, are in- lended to preserve the history of the Flood, and are thought by Lucian to be the work of Bacchus, whom we have shown to be Noah. The mysterious phalli, there, bore the inscription of Bacchus. This ceremony, they say_, Deucalion himself ordained to he observed in the temple, as an everlasting commemoration, no less of the uni versal calamity (the Flood), than of the won derful means by which the earth again became dry. LUCIAN DE STRIA DEA. They exhibited the first orgies (of Bacchus) around a mystic ark, and with these, the Aonian women secretly began the mysteries. CINE- GETICS OF OpPIAN. After the oath to the mysttz, we commemorated the sad necessity that reduced the earth to its chaotic state; also Saturn (Jehovah), who, after the darkness, restored earth to a serene sky. AKGONAUTICS OF ORPHEUS. The orgies of the just man (Noah), and of ths Arkite Minerva, by night. IDEM. Minerva, or the divine prudence, is said to have built the Argo or Ark. This is perfectly correspondent with God's warn ing Noah to build the ark. The follow ing have direct reference to the serpent Tempter, and to the depositing of the Ark of the Covenant in the Tabernacle which was covered with skins: Ilippa, placing a testaceous vessel on her head, and encircling the fig-kara that bind her temples with a serpent, receives Bacchus. TROCLUS rv TlMjeuM, Lib. ii. They placed the divine offspring (Bacchus) in an ark of fir, and covered it with skins. CYXEGETICS OF OPPIAN. The following, from the Greek of Phi- lostratus, relates to the serpent of Paradise, which was erect before the curse, " On thy belly thou shall crawl." The ivy creeps, and the serpents that were wet, an-1 rte thyrsi, and the trees dropping ho NO'IVE. ' LIBER III. 16. Natus Echione proturbat vntem dicentem talia: fides se quitur dicta, responsaque vatis aguntur. 24. Ut fccminea: vo ces, et insnnia mota viuo, gregesque ob- scccni, et mania tym pana, vincant eos quos non belliger ensis, non ney : yon would say as to those uttering wild la mentation, there was, in like manner, to them the Bacchic (ofEce) panting. ICON. LIB. i. c. 18. 10. Novus Liter: the new Bacchus. The epithet Liber is an imitation of the name of Noah (rest). See note on Liber, p. 248. 10. Proles Semeleia: Noah, after his egress from the Ark, may be figuratively styled ihe son of the Rainbow. Hence Bac chus, who is Noah, can with great beauty be called the son of Semele, which is Sema-el, the token of God. The Chinese say the mother of Foht (Noah), conceived on the bank of a lake, surrounded with a rainbow. Homer, in his hymn to Selene, in speaking of the iris, uses the very term, token: TiKfitap £1 /fywroij Kal aqua riTVKTtu. I do set rny bow in the cloud, and il shall be for a token of a covenant between me and ihe earth. GENESIS ix. 13. See note on Iris, page 72. 16. Dieentem proturbat: spurns him as he utters such things. 17. Fides sequilur: confirmation follows. 17. Aguntur: are accomplished; come to pass.' \ 22. Peniheus ait. The speech of Pen theus is full of generous aioor and patriot ism. 22. JErane are repulsa: brass resounding with brass, viz. brazen vessels beaten with brazen sticks. Pulsabunt ceribus ojra. LUCRETIUS. 23. Adunco cornu: the winding horn. Sffva tene cum Berecynthip Cornu tympana. HORAT. Lib. i. Od. 18. 25. Striclis agmina telis: squadrons with brandished weapons. £G. F&mineai voces: shrieks of women. Ye female troop, Whom from barbaric coasts I led with me FABDLA VII. METAMORPHOSE ON. Obsccenique greges, et inania tympana vincant? Vosne, senes, mirer; qui longa per requora vecti Hac Tyron, Me profugos posuistis sede Penates; Nunc sinitis sine Marie capi ? Vosne, acrior selas, () juvenes, propiorque mese; quos arma tenere, Non thyrsos; galeaque tegi, non fronde decebat? Este, precor, memores qua sitis Etivj-c crcati: Illiusque animos, qai multos perdidit unus, Sumite herpentis. Pro fontibus ille lacuque Interiit: at vos pro fama vincite vestra. Ille dedit leto fortes: vos pellite molles, Et patrium revocate decus. Si fata vetabant Stare diu Thebas; utinam tormenta virique Mcenia diruercnt: ferrumque, ignisque sonarent! Essemus miseri sine crimine; sorsque querenda, Non celanda foret; lacrymccque pudore carerent. At nunc a puero Thebffi capientur inermi; Quern neque bella juvant, nee tela, nee usus equorum; Sed madidus myrrha crinis, mollesque corona, 45 Puipuraque, et pictis intextum vestibus aurum. Associ&tes, and attendants on my march. Resume your 1'hrygian timbrels framed by me Anil mother Rhea; round the royal house Of Penlheus let their hoarse notes roar, that Thebes May see you. BACCH E OF EURIPIDES. 27. Inania tympana: hollow drums. Tympana tenta sonant palmis et cymbala circum Concave. LUCRETIUS, Li. G3G. 28. Vosne scnes. Pentheus makes a etrong appeal to the aged men who had come from Tyre, and had helped to found the city of Thebes. He is described by Euripides as making a similar harangue to his grandfather Cadmus: And Cadmus, too. My mother's father, shake his Bacchic watld, Sigbt ludicrous; nor, eire, can I approve To eee your age of reason so devoid. "\Vilt tliou not shake the ivy from thy heat! ? Wilt thou not throw the thyrsus from thy hand ? BACCII.B. 29. Tyron. Pentheus calls Thebes their second Tyre. So Teucer, when about lo leave Salamis, his native city, for a foreign country: Certus enim promisit Apollo, Ambiguam tcllure nova Snlamma futuram. HORAT. Lib. i. Od. vii. So ^5neas is described by Virgil: Ilium in Italiam portuns victosque Penates. ÊNEID, i. 68. 30. Sine Marte: without battle, by me tonymy. 32. T/iyrsos. The thyrsus was a pole or »pear, enveloped with vine or ivy leaves, and was carried by Bacchus, the Satyrs, Meenades, and others who were encaged in the Bacchic rites. It was often terminated by the apple of the pine or pomegranate, as that tree was dedicated to Bacchus, or 31 NOTÊ. 30 35 40 tuba, non slrictis telii riut? 241 agrniod terrua- 35. Ille interiit pro fontibus lacui]ue: at vos viucite pro vestra fama. Noah, probably, because it was considered the forbidden iruit. Pampineis agitat velatam frondibus hastam. METAMOKPII. Lib. iii. Fab. 8 His light spear wreathed with ivy-twine. EURIPIDES. 32. Fronde. The mysta! wore myrtle, except in times of procession, when they wore ivy or vine leaves. Ipse racemiferis frontem circumdatns uvis. METAMOKPII. Lib. iii. Fab. 8. 35. Pro fontibus. The serpent from which they were sprung, died in defence of his fountain, as related in the first Fable of Book III. 37. Leto fort s. There is a hearty ap peal to the manly courage of the Thcbans, which is heightened by the antithesis here employed. 38. .Si fata. If it be fated that Thebes must fall. 39. Tormenla: engines, such as batter ing-rams, for demolition ; and balistce, and catapults, for throwing stones and beams of wood. 41. Miseri sine crimine: wretched with out a crime. Having made an honorable resistance, they would not fall ingloriously. Thus Lucius, in the Roman senate: What men could do, Is done already: heaven and earth will witness, If Rome must fall, that we are innocent. ADDISOM'S CATO. 45. Corona, purpuraque: garlands, and purple. The garlands with which persona were crowned, when drinking, were formed of the leaves and flowers of ivy, the rose, violet, lily, myrtle, and narcissus, to all of which peculiar properties were assigned. Hence Plutarch: X
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If P. OV1DIUS NASO.
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«' < V THE METAMUKPHOSES PUBLIUS O
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PREFACE. To the student of the Clas
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8 LIFE AND WRITINGS OF OVID. visite
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TESTIMONIA VETERUM SCRIPTORUM DE OV
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I FROCEMIUM. 1 ... 11 2 ... 12 3. .
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AKGUMENTUM. AFTER a concise and ele
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24 P. OVIDII NASONIS Non bene junct
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I 28 P. OV1DII NASONIS In mare perv
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ill FABULA II. ANIMALIUM HOMINISQUE
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36 P. OVIDII NASONIS Bic, modo qua
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40 P. OVIDII N ASONIS Montibus in l
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FABULA IV. ARGENTEA In the second,
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"ll •11, FABULA V. AIIENEA .ETAS,
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§2 P- OVIDII NASONIS Non socer a g
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56 P. OVIDII NASONIS Fulmine, et ex
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Mi 60 P. OVIDII N ASONIS Hac iter e
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TABULA. VIII. LYCAON MUTATUS IN LUP
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TABULA IX. DILUVIUM. Having res'.ve
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[ ' IH f 72 P. OVIDII NASONIS Et qu
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76 P. OVIDII N ASONIS Obruerat tumu
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80 P. OVIDII N ASONIS Nunc quoque a
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84 P. OVIDII N ASONIS Squallebant m
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FABULA XL REPARATIO ANIMALIUM: PYTH
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92 P. OVIDII NASONIS Perdidit effus
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96 P. OVIDII N ASONIS Dixerat: ista
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d 100 P. OVIDII N ASONIS Ncc prosun
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I \\ fcl ' II FABULA XIII. IO MUTAT
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108 P. OVIDII NASONIS Bos quoquc Fo
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112 P. OVIDII 1SASONIS Argus ait; n
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116 P. OVIDII NASONIS Virginitate D
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120 P. OVIDII NASONIS Ultimus immen
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P. OVIDII NASONIS METAMORPHOSEON. L
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I' ft! 128 P. OVIDII NASONIS Caerul
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132 P. OVIDII NASONIS In promptu re
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Page 93 and 94: FABULA X. BATTUS IN INDICEM MU TATU
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ICHNOBATES. IMPATIENS. fchnobates,
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INSCIUS. INVIDIOSUS. crazy, fejlish
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I ' ll Lib AT US. ire, ayi, a. (Xci
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•j B^ MINYEIUS. progenitor of the
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NUTRIO. totter, shake, tremble, wav
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PAX. PERLUO. trepidation, leafing o
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PRjESENTIA. PROFUNDUS. erful; manif
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REDEO. REdeo, ire, ii, and Ivi, ttu
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8CORPIOS. SERIES. any large stone:
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STO. SULFUR. ing the roots; the roo
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THYONEUS. Thyoneus, ei and eos, m.
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VENIO. VIMEN. lion; permission, lea
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i RECOMMENDATIONS. From the Rev. J.
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I: 1. NATIONAL SERIES OF STANDARD S
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