Rethinking Relativity by Tom Bethell No one has paid ... - K1man.com

Rethinking Relativity
by Tom Bethell
No one has paid attention yet, but a well-respected physics journal just published an article
whose conclusion, if generally accepted, will undermine the foundations of modern physics--
Einstein's theory of relativity in particular. Published in Physics Letters A (December 21, 1998),
the article claims that the speed with which the force of gravity propagates must be at least
twenty billion times faster than the speed of light. This would contradict the special theory of
relativity of 1905, which asserts that nothing can go faster than light. This claim about the special
status of the speed of light has become part of the world view of educated laymen in the
twentieth century.
Special relativity, as opposed to the general theory (1916), is considered by experts to be above
criticism, because it has been confirmed "over and over again." But several dissident physicists
believe that there is a simpler way of looking at the facts, a way that avoids the mind-bending
complications of relativity. Their arguments can be understood by laymen. I wrote about one of
these dissidents, Petr Beckmann, over five years ago (TAS, August 1993, and Correspondence,
TAS, October 1993). The present article introduces new people and arguments. The subject is
important because if special relativity is supplanted, much of twentieth-century physics,
including quantum theory, will have to be reconsidered in that light.
The article in Physics Letters A was written by Tom Van Flandern, a research associate in the
physics department at the University of Maryland. He also publishes Meta Research Bulletin,
which supports "promising but unpopular alternative ideas in astronomy." In the 1990's, he
worked as a special consultant to the Global Positioning System (GPS), a set of satellites whose
atomic clocks allow ground observers to determine their position to within about a foot. Van
Flandern reports that an intriguing controversy arose before GPS was even launched. Special
relativity gave Einsteinians reason to doubt whether it would work at all. In fact, it works fine.
(But more on that later.)
The publication of his article is a breakthrough of sorts. For years, most editors of mainstream
physics journals have automatically rejected articles arguing against special relativity. This
policy was informally adopted in the wake of the Herbert Dingle controversy. A professor of
science at the University of London, Dingle had written a book popularizing special relativity,
but by the 1960's he had become convinced that it couldn't be true. So he wrote another book,
Science at the Crossroads (1972), contradicting the first. Scientific journals, especially Nature,
were bombarded with his (and others') letters.
An editor of Physics Letters A promised Van Flandern that reviewers would not be allowed to
reject his article simply because it conflicted with received wisdom. Van Flandern begins with
the "most amazing thing" he learned as a graduate student of celestial mechanics at Yale: that all
gravitational interactions must be taken as instantaneous. At the same time, students were also
taught that Einstein's special relativity proved that nothing could propagate faster than light in a
vacuum. The disagreement "sat there like an irritant," Van Flandern told me. He determined that
one day he would find its resolution. Today, he thinks that a new interpretation of relativity may
be needed.

The argument that gravity must travel faster than light goes like this. If its speed limit is that of
light, there must be an appreciable delay in its action. By the time the Sun's "pull" reaches us, the
Earth will have "moved on" for another 8.3 minutes (the time of light travel). But by then the
Sun's pull on the Earth will not be in the same straight line as the Earth's pull on the Sun. The
effect of these misaligned forces "would be to double the Earth's distance from the Sun in 1200
years." Obviously, this is not happening. The stability of planetary orbits tells us that gravity
must propagate much faster than light. Accepting this reasoning, Isaac Newton assumed that the
force of gravity must be instantaneous.
Astronomical data support this conclusion. We know, for example, that the Earth accelerates
toward a point 20 arc-seconds in front of the visible Sun--that is, toward the true, instantaneous
direction of the Sun. Its light comes to us from one direction, its "pull" from a slightly different
direction. This implies different propagation speeds for light and gravity.
It might seem strange that something so fundamental to our understanding of physics can still be
a matter of debate. But that in itself should encourage us to wonder how much we really know
about the physical world. In certain Internet discussion groups, "the most frequently asked
question and debated topic is 'What is the speed of gravity?'" Van Flandern writes. It is heard less
often in the classroom, but only "because many teachers and most textbooks head off the
question." They understand the argument that it must go very fast indeed, but they also have
been trained not to let anything exceed Einstein's speed limit.
So maybe there is something wrong with special relativity after all.
In The ABC of Relativity (1925), Bertrand Russell said that just as the Copernican system once
seemed impossible and now seems obvious, so, one day, Einstein's relativity theory "will seem
easy." But it remains as "difficult" as ever, not because the math is easy or difficult (special
relativity requires only high-school math, general relativity really is difficult), but because
elementary logic must be abandoned. "Easy Einstein" books remain baffling to almost all. The
sun-centered solar system, on the other hand, has all along been easy to grasp. Nonetheless,
special relativity (which deals with motion in a straight line) is thought to be beyond reproach.
General relativity (which deals with gravity, and accelerated motion in general) is not regarded
with the same awe. Stanford's Francis Everitt, the director of an experimental test of general
relativity due for space-launch next year, has summarized the standing of the two theories in this
way: "I would not be at all surprised if Einstein's general theory of relativity were to break
down," he wrote. "Einstein himself recognized some serious shortcomings in it, and we know on
general grounds that it is very difficult to reconcile with other parts of modern physics. With
regard to special relativity, on the other hand, I would be much more surprised. The experimental
foundations do seem to be much more compelling." This is the consensus view.
Dissent from special relativity is small and scattered. But it is there, and it is growing. Van
Flandern's article is only the latest manifestation. In 1987, Petr Beckmann, who taught at the
University of Colorado, published Einstein Plus Two, pointing out that the observations that led
to relativity can be more simply reinterpreted in a way that preserves universal time. The journal
he founded, Galilean Electrodynamics, was taken over by Howard Hayden of the University of
Connecticut (Physics), and is now edited by Cynthia Kolb Whitney of the Electro-Optics

Technology Center at Tufts. Hayden held colloquia on Beckmann's ideas at several New
England universities, but could find no physicist who even tried to put up an argument.
A brief note on Einstein's most famous contribution to physics--the formula that everyone
knows. When they hear that heresy is in the air, some people come to the defense of relativity
with this question: "Atom bombs work, don't they?" They reason as follows: The equation E =
mc2 was discovered as a byproduct of Einstein's (special) theory of relativity. (True.) Relativity,
they conclude, is indispensable to our understanding of the way the world works. But that does
not follow. Alternative derivations of the famous equation dispense with relativity. One such was
provided by Einstein himself in 1946. And it is simpler than the relativistic rigmarole. But few
Einstein books or biographies mention the alternative. They admire complexity, and cling to it.
Consider Clifford M. Will of Washington University, a leading proponent of relativity today. "It
is difficult to imagine life without special relativity," he says in Was Einstein Right? "Just think
of all the phenomena or features of our world in which special relativity plays a role. Atomic
energy, both the explosive and the controlled kind. The famous equation E=mc2 tells how mass
can be converted into extraordinary amounts of energy." Note the misleading predicate, "plays a
role." He knows that the stronger claim, "is indispensable," would be pounced on as inaccurate.
Is there an alternative way of looking at all the facts that supposedly would be orphaned without
relativity? Is there a simpler way? A criterion of simplicity has frequently been used as a court of
appeal in deciding between theories. If it is made complex enough, the Ptolemaic system can
predict planetary positions correctly. But the Sun-centered system is much simpler, and
ultimately we prefer it for that reason.
Tom Van Flandern says the problem is that the Einstein experts who have grown accustomed to
"Minkowski diagrams and real relativistic thinking" find the alternative of universal time and
"Galilean space" actually more puzzling than their own mathematical ingenuities. Once
relativists have been thoroughly trained, he says, it's as difficult for them to rethink the subject in
classical terms as it is for laymen to grasp time dilation and space contraction. For laymen,
however, and for those physicists who have not specialized in relativity, which is to say the vast
majority of physicists, there's no doubt that the Galilean way is far simpler than the Einsteinian.
Special relativity was first proposed as a way of sidestepping the great difficulty that arose in
physics as a result of the Michelson-Morley experiment (1887). Clerk Maxwell had shown that
light and radio waves share the same electromagnetic spectrum, differing only in wave length.
Sea waves require water, sound waves air, so, it was argued, electromagnetic waves must have
their own medium to travel in. It was called the ether. "There can be no doubt that the
interplanetary and interstellar spaces are not empty," Maxwell wrote, "but are occupied by a
material substance or body, which is certainly the largest, and probably the most uniform body of
which we have any knowledge." As today's dissidents see things, it was Maxwell's assumption of
uniformity that was misleading.
The experiment of Michelson and Morley tried to detect this ether. Since the Earth in its orbital
motion must plow through it, an "ether wind" should be detectable, just as a breeze can be felt
outside the window of a moving car. Despite repeated attempts, however, no ethereal breeze

could be felt. A pattern of interference fringes was supposed to shift when Michelson's
instrument was rotated. But there was no fringe shift.
Einstein explained this result in radical fashion. There is no need of an ether, he said. And there
was no fringe shift because the speed of an approaching light wave is unaffected by the
observer's motion. But if the speed of light always remains the same, time itself would have to
slow down, and space contract to just the amount needed to ensure that the one divided by the
other--space divided by time--always gave the same value: the unvarying speed of light. The
formula that achieved this result was quite simple, and mathematically everything worked out
nicely and agreed with observation.
The skeptical, meanwhile, were placated with this formula: "I know it seems odd that time slows
down and space contracts when things move, but don't worry, a measurable effect only occurs at
high velocities--much higher than anything we find in everyday life. So for all practical purposes
we can go on thinking in the same old way." (Meanwhile, space and time have been
subordinated to velocity. Get used to it.)
Now we come to some modern experimental findings. Today we have very accurate clocks,
accurate to a billionth of a second a day. The tiny differentials predicted by Einstein are now
measurable. And the interesting thing is this: Experiments have shown that atomic clocks really
do slow down when they move, and atomic particles really do live longer. Does this mean that
time itself slows down? Or is there a simpler explanation?
The dissident physicists I have mentioned disagree about various things, but they are beginning
to unite behind this proposition: There really is an ether, in which electromagnetic waves travel,
but it is not the all-encompassing, uniform ether proposed by Maxwell. Instead, it corresponds to
the gravitational field that all celestial bodies carry about with them. Close to the surface (of sun,
planet, or star) the field, or ether, is relatively more dense. As you move out into space it
becomes more attenuated. Beckmann's Einstein Plus Two introduces this hypothesis, I believe
for the first time, and he told me it was first suggested to him in the 1950's by one of his graduate
students, Jiri Pokorny, at the Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics in Prague. Pokorny
later joined the department of physics at Prague's Charles University, and today is retired. I
believe that all the facts that seem to require special or general relativity can be more simply
explained by assuming an ether that corresponds to the local gravitational field. Michelson found
no "ether wind," or fringe shift, because of course the Earth's gravitational field moves forward
with the Earth. As for the bending of starlight near the Sun, the confirmation of general relativity
that made Einstein world-famous, it is easily explained given a non-uniform light medium. It is a
well known law of physics that wave fronts do change direction when they enter a denser
medium. According to Howard Hayden, refracted starlight can be derived this way "with a few
lines of high school algebra." And derived exactly. The tensor calculus and Riemannian
geometry of general relativity gives only an approximation. Likewise the "Shapiro Time-Delay,"
observed when radar beams pass close to the Sun and bounce back from Mercury. Some may
prefer to try to understand all this in terms of the "curvature of space-time," to use the Einstein
formulation (unintelligible to laymen, I believe). But they should know that a far simpler
alternative exists.

The advance of the perihelion of Mercury's orbit, another famous confirmation of general
relativity, is worth a closer look. (The perihelion is the point in the orbit closest to a sun.)
Graduate theses may one day be written about this peculiar episode in the history of science. In
his book, Subtle Is the Lord, Abraham Pais reports that when Einstein saw that his calculations
agreed with Mercury's orbit, "he had the feeling that something actually snapped in him.... This
experience was, I believe, by far the strongest emotional experience in Einstein's scientific life,
perhaps in all his life. Nature had spoken to him." Fact: The equation that accounted for
Mercury's orbit had been published 17 years earlier, before relativity was invented. The author,
Paul Gerber, used the assumption that gravity is not instantaneous, but propagates with the speed
of light. After Einstein published his general-relativity derivation, arriving at the same equation,
Gerber's article was reprinted in *Annalen der Physik* (the journal that had published Einstein's
relativity papers). The editors felt that Einstein should have acknowledged Gerber's priority.
Although Einstein said he had been in the dark, it was pointed out that Gerber's formula had been
published in Mach's Science of Mechanics, a book that Einstein was known to have studied. So
how did they both arrive at the same formula?
Tom Van Flandern was convinced that Gerber's assumption (gravity propagates with the speed
of light) was wrong. So he studied the question. He points out that the formula in question is well
known in celestial mechanics. Consequently, it could be used as a "target" for calculations that
were intended to arrive at it. He saw that Gerber's method "made no sense, in terms of the
principles of celestial mechanics." Einstein had also said (in a 1920 newspaper article) that
Gerber's derivation was "wrong through and through."
So how did Einstein get the same formula? Van Flandern went through his calculations, and
found to his amazement that they had "three separate contributions to the perihelion; two of
which add, and one of which cancels part of the other two; and you wind up with just the right
multiplier." So he asked a colleague at the University of Maryland, who as a young man had
overlapped with Einstein at Princeton's Institute for Advanced Study, how in his opinion Einstein
had arrived at the correct multiplier. This man said it was his impression that, "knowing the
answer," Einstein had "jiggered the arguments until they came out with the right value."
If the general relativity method is correct, it ought to apply everywhere, not just in the solar
system. But Van Flandern points to a conflict outside it: binary stars with highly unequal masses.
Their orbits behave in ways that the Einstein formula did not predict. "Physicists know about it
and shrug their shoulders," Van Flandern says. They say there must be "something peculiar about
these stars, such as an oblateness, or tidal effects." Another possibility is that Einstein saw to it
that he got the result needed to "explain" Mercury's orbit, but that it doesn't apply elsewhere.
The simplest way to understand all this "without going crazy," Van Flandern says, is to discard
Einsteinian relativity and to assume that "there is a light-carrying medium." When a clock moves
through this medium "it takes longer for each electron in the atomic clock to complete its orbit."
Therefore it makes fewer "ticks" in a given time than a stationary clock. Moving clocks slow
down, in short, because they are "ploughing through this medium and working more slowly." It's
not time that slows down. It's the clocks. All the experiments that supposedly "confirm" special
relativity do so because all have been conducted in laboratories on the Earth's surface, where

every single moving particle, or moving atomic clock, is in fact "ploughing through" the Earth's
gravitational field, and therefore slowing down.
Both theories, Einsteinian and local field, would yield the same results. So far. Now let's turn
back to the Global Positioning System. At high altitude, where the GPS clocks orbit the Earth, it
is known that the clocks run roughly 46,000 nanoseconds (one-billionth of a second) a day faster
than at ground level, because the gravitational field is thinner 20,000 kilometers above the Earth.
The orbiting clocks also pass through that field at a rate of three kilometers per second--their
orbital speed. For that reason, they tick 7,000 nanoseconds a day slower than stationary clocks.
To offset these two effects, the GPS engineers reset the clock rates, slowing them down before
launch by 39,000 nanoseconds a day. They then proceed to tick in orbit at the same rate as
ground clocks, and the system "works." Ground observers can indeed pin-point their position to a
high degree of precision. In (Einstein) theory, however, it was expected that because the orbiting
clocks all move rapidly and with varying speeds relative to any ground observer (who may be
anywhere on the Earth's surface), and since in Einstein's theory the relevant speed is always
speed relative to the observer, it was expected that continuously varying relativistic corrections
would have to be made to clock rates. This in turn would have introduced an unworkable
complexity into the GPS. But these corrections were not made. Yet "the system manages to
work, even though they use no relativistic corrections after launch," Van Flandern said. "They
have basically blown off Einstein."
The latest findings are not in agreement with relativistic expectations. To accommodate these
findings, Einsteinians are proving adept at arguing that if you look at things from a different
"reference frame," everything still works out fine. But they have to do the equivalent of standing
on their heads, and it's not convincing. A simpler theory that accounts for all the facts will sooner
or later supplant one that looks increasingly Rube Goldberg-like. I believe that is now beginning
to happen.
Dingle's Question:
University of London Professor Herbert Dingle showed why special relativity will always
conflict with logic, no matter when we first learn it. According to the theory, if two observers are
equipped with clocks, and one moves in relation to the other, the moving clock runs slower than
the non-moving clock. But the relativity principle itself (an integral part of the theory) makes the
claim that if one thing is moving in a straight line in relation to another, either one is entitled to
be regarded as moving. It follows that if there are two clocks, A and B, and one of them is
moved, clock A runs slower than B, and clock B runs slower than A. Which is absurd.
Dingle's Question was this: Which clock runs slow? Physicists could not agree on an answer. As
the debate raged on, a Canadian physicist wrote to Nature in July 1973: "Maybe the time has
come for all of those who want to answer to get together and to come up with one official
answer. Otherwise the plain man, when he hears of this matter, may exercise his right to remark
that when the experts disagree they cannot all be right, but they can all be wrong."

The problem has not gone away. Alan Lightman of MIT offers an unsatisfactory solution in his
Great Ideas in Physics (1992). "[T]he fact that each observer sees the other clock ticking more
slowly than his own clock does not lead to a contradiction. A contradiction could arise only if the
two clocks could be put back together side by side at two different times." But clocks in constant
relative motion in a straight line "can be brought together only once, at the moment they pass."
So the theory is protected from its own internal logic by the impossibility of putting it to a test.
Can such a theory be said to be scientific? --TB