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86 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Species PR0CELLAR1IF0RMES Diomedea exulans/D. e. epomophora D. e. sanfordi D. cauta eremita D. bulleri platei Phoebetria palpebrata Puffinus carneipes P. bulleri P. griseus P. tenuirostris P. gavia/huttoni P. assimilis elegans Pelecanoides u. urinatrix Procellaria ?cinerea P. parkinsoni P. ?westlandica P. ?aequinoctialis Daption capense australe Fulmarus glacialoides Macronectes Phalli Pachyptila turtur P. crassirostris pyramidalis P. vittata Pterodroma nigripennis P. axillaris P. cf. inexpectata P. macroptera gouldi P. magentae P. lessonii Oceanites nereis Pelagodroma marina maoriana Fregetta tropica SPHENISCIFORMES Aptenodytes patagonicus Megadyptes antipodes Eudyptula minor Eudyptes species undescribed PELECANIFORMES Morus serrator Sula dactylatra Phalacrocorax carbo novaehollandiae Leucocarbo onslowi Stictocarbo featherstoni Fregata ariel ClCONIIFORMES Botaurus poiciloptilus Ixobrychus novaezelandiae TABLE 1.—Avian taxa identified from fossil deposits in the Chatham Islands. Fossil bones often cannot be identified to subspecies. Nevertheless, the subspecific epithets given in this table are those of the subspecies known to occur, or to have occurred, in the Chathams region. Nomenclature follows Turbott (1990) and Olson (1973; Rallidae) except where more recent revisions apply. For common names, "Chatham Island" is used for taxa endemic, fossil or living, to any of the islands in the Chathams' group. (* = extinct in Chathams in prehistoric period; *c.=extinct in Chathams within historic period, with date of last sighting or specimen; B=breeding; FB= formerly breeding; V= visitor or vagrant.) Common Name Wandering/Southern Royal Albatross Northern Royal Albatross Chatham Island Mollymawk Northern Buller's Mollymawk Light-mantled Sooty Albatross Flesh-footed Shearwater Buller's Shearwater Sooty Shearwater Short-tailed Shearwater Fluttering/Hutton's Shearwater Subantarctic Little Shearwater Common Diving-petrel Grey Petrel Parkinson's Petrel Westland Petrel White-chinned Petrel Snares Cape Pigeon Antarctic Fulmar Northern Giant Petrel Fairy Prion Chatham Island Fulmar Prion Broad-billed Prion Black-winged Petrel Chatham Petrel cf. Mottled Petrel Grey-faced Petrel Magenta Petrel (Taiko) White-headed Petrel Grey-backed Storm Petrel New Zealand White-faced Storm Petrel Black-bellied Storm Petrel King Penguin Yellow-eyed Penguin Blue Penguin "Chatham Island Crested Penguin" Australasian Gannet Masked Booby Black Cormorant Chatham Island Shag Pitt Island Shag Lesser Frigatebird Australasian Bittern New Zealand Little Bittern Status V/V,?FB/ ?FB B B B V V V B V V/V B B V V V V V V B B B B B B ?FB V B V B B V V V B *FB V V B B B V 'c. 1910, FB *?FB ANSERIFORMES Species Cygnus sumnerensis Tadorna, species undescribed Anas s. superciliosa A. chlorotis Anas, species undescribed A. rhynchotis variegata Pachy anas chathamica Aythya novaeseelandiae Mergus, species undescribed FALCONIFORMES Circus approximans Haliaeetus australis Falco novaeseelandiae GRUIFORMES Gallirallus dieffenbachii G. modestus Diaphorapteryx hawkinsi Porzana tabuensis P. pus ilia Fulica chathamensis CHARADRIIFORMES Haematopus chathamensis Thinornis novaeseelandiae Arenaria interpres Coenocorypha pus ilia C. chathamica Calidris canutus Numenius phaeopus ?hudsonicus Catharacta skua lonnbergi Larus d. dominicanus L. novaehollandiae scopulinus Sterna albostriala S. striata S. vittata/paradisea S. nereis COLUMBIFORMES Hemiphaga chathamensis PSITTACIFORMES Nestor, species undescribed Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae chathamensis C. auriceps forbesi CUCULIFORMES Chrysococcyx 1. lucidus PASSERIFORMES Anthus novaeseelandiae chathamensis Bowdleria rufescens Gerygone albofrontata Rhipidura fuliginosa penita Common Name New Zealand Swan Chatham Island Shelduck Grey Duck Brown Teal Chatham Island Teal New Zealand Shoveler Chatham Island Duck New Zealand Scaup Chatham Island Merganser Australasian Harrier Chatham Island Seaeagle New Zealand Falcon Dieffenbach's Rail Chatham Island Rail Hawkins' Rail Spotless Crake Marsh Crake Chatham Island Coot Chatham Island Pied Oystercatcher Shore Plover Turnstone Chatham Island Snipe Extinct Chatham Island Snipe Lesser Knot American Whimbrel Brown Skua Southern Black-backed Gull Red-billed Gull Black-fronted Tern White-fronted Tem Antarctic/Arctic Tern Fairy Tern Chatham Island Pigeon "Chatham Island parrot" Chatham Island Redcrowned Parakeet Chatham Island Yellowcrowned Parakeet Shining Cuckoo Chatham Island Pipit Chatham Island Fembird Chatham Island Warbler Chatham Island Fantail Status *FB *FB B *c. 1915, FB *FB *c. 1925, ?FB *FB *FB *FB B *?FB *c.l890,FB *c. 1840, FB •c. 1900, FB *FB B V *FB B B V B *FB V V B B V B V/V V B •FB B B B B *c. 1900, FB B B
NUMBER 89 87 Species Common Name Petroica macrocephala chathamensis Chatham Island Tomtit P. traversi Black Robin Anthornis melanura melanocephala Chatham Island Bellbird TABLE 1.—Continued Status B B "c. 1906, FB mass spectrometry (AMS) techniques on avian-bone collagen or marine-shell carbonate. Within the text, the reported age given for a specific sample (assigned a Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory reference number, prefixed by NZA) is the conventional radiocarbon age before present (Stuiver and Polach, 1977). Such ages are expressed in the form "age ± standard deviation (SD) yrs BP." Calibrated ages to which the appropriate terrestrial or marine calibrations have been applied are expressed in the form "CAL BP" (see Stuiver and Braziunas, 1993; Stuiver and Pearson, 1993). Within the Appendix, both conventional and calibrated ages are given for each of the samples listed. Locality names (see Figure 1) and grid references for sampled sites are from New Zealand Topographical Map, New Zealand Map Series (NZMS) 260, 1:50000 series, Chatham Islands, Edition 1, 1981 (Chatham Island, sheet 1; Pitt Island, sheet 2). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was carried out during my tenure as Curator of Birds at the Museum of New Zealand (MNZ), Wellington. Funding for field research and for some radiocarbon dating was provided by the Museum, and substantial additional funding for the latter came from several grants from the New Zealand Lottery Grants Board, through the Lottery Science Research Committee. All AMS radiocarbon dating was carried out in the Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory at the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, Gracefield. I am indebted to Rodger Sparks, Joe McKee, Nicola Redvers-Newton, and Jocelyn Tumbull for so efficiently processing my numerous radiocarbon samples. I am grateful to members of the Collection Management staffs of the Museum of New Zealand, Wellington (Mike Rudge, Sandy Bartle, Noel Hyde, Raymond Coory), the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch (Geoff Tunnicliffe), and the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. (Phil Angle, James Dean) for arranging loans of, and for access to, specimens in their care. Frank Climo (MNZ) identified the land snails listed in Table 2.1 thank Allan Munn and his staff at the Department of Conservation (DOC) Chatham Island Field Centre, Bruce McFadgen (DOC, Wellington), and Noel Hyde for assistance with field research. I also thank Norm Heke (MNZ Photographic Unit) for taking the photographs. Institutional abbreviations for registration numbers listed in the Appendix are as follows: Natural History Museum, London (BMNH; formerly British Museum, Natural History); National Museum of New Zealand, Wellington (modem specimens, MNZ; fossil specimens, MNZ S). Species Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae chathamensis Palaeocorax moriorum Common Name Chatham Island Tui New Zealand Crow Site Descriptions and Avifaunal Analysis Status B *FB Our knowledge of the Chatham Islands' prehistoric bird fauna comes from the detailed examination of the abundant fossil bones naturally deposited in coastal sand dunes and limestone caves as well as the archeological material deposited by human agency in coastal dune middens or dwelling caves. The AMS radiocarbon dates for more than 60 bone and shell samples (see Appendix for data and localities) have provided, for the first time, a sound stratigraphic and radiometric chronology for a broad selection of avian remains from a variety of depositional environments. Comparison of these fossil assemblages with the recent fauna indicates that 21 of the original 36 species of land birds or waterfowl have become extinct since human settlement began about 450 years ago (McFadgen, 1994) and that breeding populations of several seabirds have been reduced or eliminated. Of the original 100 or so avian taxa recorded, fossil or living, from the Chathams, only 25 marine and 15 terrestrial species (a total of 40) now breed there (see Table 1). Fossil bird bones are known only from Chatham, Pitt, and Mangere islands. The remaining islands and rock stacks are typically steeply cliffed and lack extensive sand dunes, swamps, or caves that could have acted as repositories for bones. SAND DUNE SITES Coastal dune belts, in the form of a series of rows of progradational sand dunes, generally running parallel to the shore, and sometimes extending several hundred meters inland of it, are important physiographic features fringing all but the southern coasts of Chatham and Pitt islands. These dunes now are eroded into sequences of discontinuous ridges and hillocks. They began to form in their present positions only about 6500-7000 years ago, after the sea reached its approximate current level following the last (Otira) glacial low sea level of perhaps -120 meters (Hay et al., 1970). At least four depositional episodes, consisting of unstable phases with high rates of deposition followed by stable phases with the establishment of vegetative cover and soil formation, seem to have taken place over the last 7000 years. It is clear that periodic denudation, followed by erosion, must have removed parts of the stratigraphic sequence. Buried soils are frequently exposed as undulating bands, following the surface contours of the dunes upon whose surfaces they were formed (Figures 2-5). These soils consist of variously pale yellow, orange, or chocolate-brown/ black- stained sand up to two meters thick, usually overlain by unconsolidated drift sand, rapidly deposited and marking the onset of the first (unstable) phase of the next depositional cy-
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOB
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ABSTRACT Olson, Storrs L., editor.
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EARLY WATERFOWL (ANSERIFORMES) AND
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v m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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localities, all of them situated in
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Bone of Sus scrofa Linnaeus, introd
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duboisi are larger than the largest
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8 iver (1897) but afterward were tr
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10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL
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16 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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20 sometatarsus are proportionally
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22 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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26 Cor. Hum. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. Tmt. P
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34 ability in such a way that it ca
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Page 54 and 55: Site 13 Research Base ENTRANCE Lowe
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Page 77 and 78: Comparison of Paleoecological Patte
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Page 81 and 82: NUMBER 89 71 Mallorca, probably in
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Page 101 and 102: NUMBER 89 91 anoramphus spp.), Chat
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Page 135 and 136: The Middle Pleistocene Avifauna of
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136 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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Seabirds and Late Pleistocene Marin
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NUMBER 89 141 METHODS Only strictly
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NUMBER 89 143 FIGURE 2.—Area of s
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NUMBER 89 151 FIGURE 10.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 153 FIGURE 12.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 155 the period studied. T
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NUMBER 89 157 Walker, C.A., G.M. Wr
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164 Vl 620 M 570 £ 520 S 470f •
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166 birds, such as the two species
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170 cional Autonoma de Mexico, for
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174 ated with this specimen, see Mi
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The Fossil Record of Condors (Cicon
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NUMBER 89 179 FIGURE 2.—Geographi
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NUMBER 89 181 FIGURE 5.—Vulturida
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NUMBER 89 183 FIGURE 7.—Referred
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Two New Fossil Eagles from the Late
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NUMBER 89 187 TABLE 1.—Measuremen
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NUMBER 89 189 carpal trochlea relat
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NUMBER 89 191 FIGURE 4.—Holotypic
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NUMBER 89 193 We compared the parat
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NUMBER 89 195 FIGURE 6.—Distribut
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NUMBER 89 197 the Florida State Mus
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A New Genus of Dwarf Megapode (Gall
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NUMBER 89 201 lis hypotarsi along t
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NUMBER 89 203 The fossil is larger
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NUMBER 89 205 Clark, George A., Jr.
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A New Genus and Species of the Fami
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NUMBER 89 209 son with other known
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NUMBER 89 211 FIGURE 1.—Argornis
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NUMBER 89 213 AM AL AM AL AM AL AM
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NUMBER 89 215 caput humeri perpendi
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Selmes absurdipes, New Genus, New S
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NUMBER 89 219 FIGURE 2.—Selmes ab
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NUMBER 89 221 Costae: Deformed frag
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A Fossil Screamer (Anseriformes: An
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 3.—Chaunoides an
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NUMBER 89 227 B C D FIGURE 6.—The
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NUMBER 89 229 FIGURE 9.—Right tib
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The Anseriform Relationships of Ana
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NUMBER 89 233 Subfamily ANATALAVINA
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NUMBER 89 235 mal was found under t
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NUMBER 89 237 tion, with retroartic
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 7.—Sternum and p
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NUMBER 89 241 der. The bone is very
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NUMBER 89 243 Eocene records of the
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Presbyornis isoni and Other Late Pa
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NUMBER 89 255 FIGURE 1.—Referred
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NUMBER 89 257 vical vertebrae of th
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NUMBER 89 259 (Olson and Parris, 19
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274 America. Science, 214(4526): 12
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276 concerning the amphicoelous str
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278 ment of the radius that are con
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280 The left coracoid is represente
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284 Kurochkin, E.N. 1982. [New Orde
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288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
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290 1991). In this paper we use a "
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Implantation and Replacement of Bir
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NUMBER 89 297 saurs (Figure 1E-G).
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NUMBER 89 299 would seem unlikely a
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Humeral Rotation and Wrist Supinati
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NUMBER 89 303 apparent. It is now c
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NUMBER 89 305 FIGURE 3.—Dorsal vi
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NUMBER 89 307 FIGURE 4.—Wing of t
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NUMBER 89 309 Jura-Museums, Eichsta
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Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
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338 evolved independently twice." M
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1 i'~L ,i "^ 1 •vw* HBB!/'' . m
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