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78 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY FIGURE 4.—Left pedal digit I, phalanx 1, of Tyto in dorsal (A-C), plantar (D-F), and lateral (G-l) aspects: A,D,G, T ostologa, St. Michel (Cave 1), Haiti, USNM uncataloged; B,E,H, T neddi, paratype, Barbuda, USNM 359242; C,F,I, T. alba furcata, male, Jamaica, USNM 553575. (Each scale=10 mm.) FIGURE 5.—Left pedal digit II, phalanx 1, of Tyto in dorsal (A-C) and plantar (D-F) aspects: A,D, T ostologa, St. Michel (Cave 1), Haiti, USNM uncataloged; B,E, T neddi, paratype, Barbuda, USNM 359243; C,F, T. alba furcata, male, Jamaica, USNM 553575. (Scale=10 mm.) FIGURE 6.—Left pedal digit III, phalanx 2, of Tyto in dorsal (A-c), plantar (D-F), and lateral (G-l) aspects: A,D,G, T. ostologa, St. Michel (Cave 1), Haiti, USNM uncataloged; B,E,H, T neddi, paratype, Barbuda, USNM 359241; C,F,I, T. alba furcata, male, Jamaica, USNM 553575. (Each scale=10 mm.)
NUMBER 89 79 T. alba furcata (Temminck) in the Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, and Cayman Islands, T. alba niveicauda Parkes and Phillips (1978) on Isle of Pines, and T. glaucops (Kaup), endemic to Hispaniola (Ridgway, 1914:612-613; Wetmore and Swales, 1931; Parkes and Phillips, 1978). The only race of T. alba currently recognized for North American populations, T a. pratincola (Bonaparte), has been recorded in the nonbreeding season on Cuba (Garrido, 1978) and Hispaniola (Schwartz and Klinikowski, 1965). In the Lesser Antilles, T. alba may be represented by T. "a." nigrescens (Lawrence) on Dominica and T "a." insularis (Pelzeln) on St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Bequia, Carriacou, Union, and Grenada (Peters, 1940; Bond, 1956, 1980; Evans, 1990). These two forms are smaller and darker than other Antillean subspecies of T. alba and, like T. glaucops, may deserve recognition as a single distinct species (Ridgway, 1914:613-615). The current absence of Tyto on the northern (leeward) islands of the Lesser Antilles (including Barbuda) is without obvious ecological or biogeographic explanation. Thus it is not surprising that a smaller species of Tyto (but larger than T "a." nigrescens or T. "a." insularis) once occurred on Barbuda. The West Indian species of Tyto can be arranged into a size progression (see references above and Tables 1-6, herein) from smallest to largest, as follows (*=extinct): (1) T glaucops: (2) *T. cavatica; (3) T. [alba!] nigrescens, T. [alba!] insularis; (4) T. alba furcata, T. alba pratincola, T. sp. (Barbuda); (5) *T. Species T. neddi T ostologa T. noeli T pollens T alba pratincola T. alba furcata T glaucops T punctatissima T. neddi Species T. ostologa T. alba pratincola T. alba furcata T. glaucops noeli; (6) *T neddi; (7) *T ostologa; (8) *T. pollens; and (9) *T. riveroi. We have not seen skeletons of T. nigrescens or T. insularis, although skins of these taxa are consistently smaller than those of T. alba furcata or T. a. pratincola in all external measurements (Ridgway, 1914:601-615). Also, whereas measurements of the skeletal elements in Tables 1-6 are not available for T. riveroi, the measurements and photographs of other elements of T. riveroi reveal a size about 10% larger than that of T. ostologa and 30%-40% larger than that of T. noeli (Arredondo, 1972a, 1972b, 1976, 1982). The only other New World species of tytonid is T. punctatissima, which is endemic to the Galapagos Islands (Steadman, 1986) and is smaller than any of the West Indian species (Tables 1, 2). Large extinct species of Tyto are not confined to the West Indies. Tyto balearica Mourer-Chauvire, Alcover, Moya, and Pons (1980) and T melitensis (Lydekker, 1891) were described from middle and late Pleistocene deposits on the Mediterranean islands of Mallorca and Menorca and of Malta, respectively (Alcover et al., 1992). The geochronologic and geographic range of T. balearica has been extended to the late Miocene and Pliocene of mainland Spain (Mourer-Chauvire and Sanchez, 1988; Cheneval and Adrover, 1995). From the Miocene of the Gargano Peninsula in Italy are two species of Tyto {robusta Ballmann, 1973, gigantea Ballmann, 1976) that are each larger than any living congeners (Ballmann, 1973, 1976; Olson, 1978; Mourer-Chauvire et al., 1980). In spite of a TABLE 2.—Measurements (mm) of the femur in New World species of Tyto, with mean (x), range, and sample size («). Values for T noeli are from Arredondo (1976). <strong>Lo</strong>cality Barbuda Hispaniola Cuba Bahamas North America Jamaica, Haiti, Cuba Hispaniola Galapagos Islands x 15.4 17.3 14.4 18.1 11.8 11.9 11.0 8.5 Distal width range 16.5-18.3 14.0-14.8 10.9-12.9 11.4-12.8 10.8-11.1 8.4-8.6 n 1 9 2 1 11 8 2 4 Depth of inner condy e X 11.1 12.9 - - 8.4 7.7 6.6 5.4 range 12.5-13.6 - - 7.8-9.4 7.1-8.9 6.5-6.7 5.2-5.6 n 1 5 - - 11 8 2 4 Least depth between condyles TABLE 3.—Measurements (mm) of pedal digit I, phalanx 1, in New World species of Tyto, with mean (x), range, and sample size («). Barbuda <strong>Lo</strong>cality Hispaniola North America Jamaica, Cuba Hispaniola Statistic X range X range ri X range n X range n X range n Total length 18.3 1 23.5 23.1-24.3 5 14.0 13.4-14.9 11 15.1 14.0-15.8 4 12.0 1 Proximal width 7.3 1 7.7 7.5-7.9 5 4.9 4.6-5.2 11 5.2 4.9-5.3 4 4.6 1 Proximal depth 7.6 1 9.1 8.7-9.6 5 5.4 4.9-5.9 11 5.8 5.5-6.0 4 4.5 1 Least width shaft 4.6 1 5.3 5.2-5.3 5 3.0 2.8-3.3 11 3.3 3.1-3.4 4 2.7 1 X 5.1 6.4 - - 4.0 4.7 4.2 3.6 Least depth shaft 3.7 1 4.5 4.4-4.9 5 2.5 2.2-2.8 11 2.7 2.4-2.9 4 2.1 1 range n 1 6.0-6.7 5 - - 3.6-4.7 11 4.4-5.1 8 4.1^*4 2 3.5-3.8 5 Distal width 5.5 1 6.1 6.0-6.3 5 3.6 3.1^.1 11 3.7 3.6-3.8 4 3.2 1 Distal depth 6.1 1 6.0 6.8-7.1 5 4.4 4.1-4.8 11 4.7 4.4-4.9 4 3.8 1
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»'' § "S^ iFjwtM . •- .m-i Avia
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOB
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ABSTRACT Olson, Storrs L., editor.
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EARLY WATERFOWL (ANSERIFORMES) AND
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v m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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localities, all of them situated in
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Bone of Sus scrofa Linnaeus, introd
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duboisi are larger than the largest
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8 iver (1897) but afterward were tr
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10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL
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16 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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20 sometatarsus are proportionally
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22 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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26 Cor. Hum. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. Tmt. P
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Page 44 and 45: 34 ability in such a way that it ca
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Page 54 and 55: Site 13 Research Base ENTRANCE Lowe
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Page 77 and 78: Comparison of Paleoecological Patte
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Page 81 and 82: NUMBER 89 71 Mallorca, probably in
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Page 95 and 96: The History of the Chatham Islands'
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Page 99 and 100: NUMBER 89 89 NZA 797,1930,1934 Unco
Page 101 and 102: NUMBER 89 91 anoramphus spp.), Chat
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Page 105 and 106: NUMBER 89 95 counterparts, with som
Page 107 and 108: NUMBER 89 population, if such exist
Page 109 and 110: NUMBER 89 99 FIGURE 11.—Skulls of
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Page 113 and 114: NUMBER 89 the Chatham Island Pied O
Page 115 and 116: NUMBER 89 Locality 9, Western Maung
Page 117 and 118: NUMBER 89 107 yellowish sand (site
Page 119: NUMBER 89 109 ogy. Notornis, supple
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Page 135 and 136: The Middle Pleistocene Avifauna of
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130 FIGURE 1.—Map showing locatio
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132 Cranium Mandibula Scapula Clavi
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134 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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Seabirds and Late Pleistocene Marin
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NUMBER 89 141 METHODS Only strictly
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NUMBER 89 143 FIGURE 2.—Area of s
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NUMBER 89 151 FIGURE 10.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 153 FIGURE 12.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 155 the period studied. T
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NUMBER 89 157 Walker, C.A., G.M. Wr
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164 Vl 620 M 570 £ 520 S 470f •
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166 birds, such as the two species
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170 cional Autonoma de Mexico, for
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174 ated with this specimen, see Mi
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The Fossil Record of Condors (Cicon
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NUMBER 89 179 FIGURE 2.—Geographi
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NUMBER 89 181 FIGURE 5.—Vulturida
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NUMBER 89 183 FIGURE 7.—Referred
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Two New Fossil Eagles from the Late
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NUMBER 89 187 TABLE 1.—Measuremen
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NUMBER 89 189 carpal trochlea relat
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NUMBER 89 191 FIGURE 4.—Holotypic
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NUMBER 89 193 We compared the parat
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NUMBER 89 195 FIGURE 6.—Distribut
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NUMBER 89 197 the Florida State Mus
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A New Genus of Dwarf Megapode (Gall
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NUMBER 89 201 lis hypotarsi along t
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NUMBER 89 203 The fossil is larger
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NUMBER 89 205 Clark, George A., Jr.
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A New Genus and Species of the Fami
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NUMBER 89 209 son with other known
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NUMBER 89 211 FIGURE 1.—Argornis
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NUMBER 89 213 AM AL AM AL AM AL AM
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NUMBER 89 215 caput humeri perpendi
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Selmes absurdipes, New Genus, New S
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NUMBER 89 219 FIGURE 2.—Selmes ab
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NUMBER 89 221 Costae: Deformed frag
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A Fossil Screamer (Anseriformes: An
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 3.—Chaunoides an
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NUMBER 89 227 B C D FIGURE 6.—The
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NUMBER 89 229 FIGURE 9.—Right tib
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The Anseriform Relationships of Ana
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NUMBER 89 233 Subfamily ANATALAVINA
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NUMBER 89 235 mal was found under t
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NUMBER 89 237 tion, with retroartic
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 7.—Sternum and p
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NUMBER 89 241 der. The bone is very
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NUMBER 89 243 Eocene records of the
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Presbyornis isoni and Other Late Pa
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NUMBER 89 255 FIGURE 1.—Referred
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NUMBER 89 257 vical vertebrae of th
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NUMBER 89 259 (Olson and Parris, 19
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274 America. Science, 214(4526): 12
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276 concerning the amphicoelous str
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278 ment of the radius that are con
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280 The left coracoid is represente
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284 Kurochkin, E.N. 1982. [New Orde
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288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
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290 1991). In this paper we use a "
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Implantation and Replacement of Bir
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NUMBER 89 297 saurs (Figure 1E-G).
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NUMBER 89 299 would seem unlikely a
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Humeral Rotation and Wrist Supinati
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NUMBER 89 303 apparent. It is now c
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NUMBER 89 305 FIGURE 3.—Dorsal vi
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NUMBER 89 307 FIGURE 4.—Wing of t
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NUMBER 89 309 Jura-Museums, Eichsta
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Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
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338 evolved independently twice." M
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1 i'~L ,i "^ 1 •vw* HBB!/'' . m
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