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72 Corvus have been found: the extinct C. impluviatus James and Olson (1991) and C viriosus James and Olson (1991) and the extant C. hawaiiensis. Probably all the large Hawaiian and Mediterranean species of Corvus represent roughly the same BTT. The scarcity of large crows on the Mediterranean islands with terrestrial mammals, in contrast with their abundance in Eivissa and the Hawaiian Islands, reinforces the parallels between the two archipelagos. The BTT that includes small-sized corvids on the Mediterranean islands is tentatively paralleled by the Hawaiian genus Aidemedia, which on the basis of its jaws was thought to have dietary habits similar to those of Sturnus (James and Olson, 1991). Sturnus is present in the fossil records of Mallorca (Segui et al., 1997), Corsica, and Sardinia (Alcover et al., 1992), although it is considerably scarcer than Pyrrhocorax. The living representatives of both genera have opportunistic dietary habits and eat lots of fleshy fruits. The small Passeriformes (perching birds) are included in a very wide range of BTTs that are more difficult to characterize than the larger species, compounded by the fact that they often change their BTT through the year. Because of these and other considerations we have omitted them from Table 3, except for small granivorous species, which are included to show that the members of a variety of families occupy the same BTT on the Mediterranean islands as do some granivorous species of Drepanidini in the Hawaiian Islands. A similar pattern among granivorous passerines in the Galapagos Islands (all belonging to a single radiation) and in the Canary Islands (where species belonging to different families occupy this BTT) has been recorded. Discussion The peculiarity of the Eivissan paleoavifauna within the Mediterranean region is clearly supported by the preceding analysis. The late Pleistocene fauna of Eivissa was structured along similar lines to that of the Hawaiian Islands: Anseriformes as the most important middle-sized grazers, sea-eagles as superpredators, mammal-eating tytonids absent, bird-catching strigids with more diurnal behaviour present, diurnal birds of prey (bird-catching specialists or more generalists) present, ground-dwelling species with varying food habits (i.e., medium- and small-sized malacophagous, insectivorous, detritivorous, and herbivorous species), along with flying, omnivorous, medium-sized passerines (large corvids). In the faunas of the other Mediterranean islands, where land mammals were present, the paleornithological communities were structured in very different ways. One of the main points to be emphasized is that the greatest parallel to the late Pleistocene bird community of Eivissa is not on the other Mediterranean islands, the Atlantic or Indian oceanic islands that lack terrestrial mammals, or on the majority of Pacific islands, but on the very distant and isolated Hawaiian Islands. Conversely, the most accurate parallel to the Hawaiian SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY paleoavifauna, according to the assignment of the different BTTs, is not to found among the other Pacific Islands, or among the Atlantic Islands, but rather in the late Pleistocene fauna from Eivissa. The significance of such an ecological relationship is currently unknown. Nevertheless, there is no doubt that an accurate study of the Eivissan fossil avifauna will be useful for the understanding of the development of the Hawaiian avifauna, and vice versa. In any case, the striking similarity between the avian paleocommunities of the Hawaiian Islands and the Pityusic Islands reinforces criticisms of the randomness of the ecological processes of immigration and extinction in the development of insular communities. One point of interest of the present analysis is its predictive character. We have an accurate knowledge of the late Pleistocene fauna from Eivissa, contrasting with scarce data on late Pliocene/early Pleistocene bird fauna of the island (Alcover, 1989, and unpublished data). During this earlier period, a vertebrate fauna, including a giant tortoise and at least two terrestrial mammals, lived on Eivissa. In addition, a varied mollusk fauna of at least 22 species also was present. These faunas suffered a dramatic, early or middle Pleistocene extinction event (Alcover et al., 1994). The avifauna associated with the giant tortoise episode is as yet poorly known, although it likely was substantially different from the late Pleistocene avifauna. The mass extinction on Eivissa must have forced a change in the composition and structure of the bird communities. Study of the fossil bird fauna from Menorca also should be enlightening. This island, which is about same size as Eivissa, was occupied by Myotragus balearicus Bate, a terrestrial ungulate that must be considered a key species in the ecosystem. If the size of the island alone was the key factor in determining its fauna, the late Pleistocene fossil avifauna from Menorca would have been similar to that of Eivissa. But if the island's ecology has greater importance in determining its fauna, as we postulate, the late Pleistocene avifauna from Menorca will cluster with that of Mallorca, where Myotragus also was present. CATALAN SUMMARY La comparacio entre les avifaunes pleistoceniques de les illes de la Mediterrania occidental (Gimnesies, Pitiuses, Massis cirnosard) documenta l'existencia de dues castes de comunitats ornitiques en el passat: una a les illes habitades per mamifers terrestres (Gimnesies, Corsega, i Sardenya) i raltra a les illes que no en contenen (Pitiuses). Les comunitats ornitiques pitiuses troben el seu paral.lelisme mes evident a les comunitats ornitiques prehumanes de les Hawaii, mentre que les comunitats ornitiques de les altres illes de la Mediterrania Occidental s'addiuen mes amb les de les illes de la Mediterrania Oriental. El factor clau per entendre I'estructuracio de les comunitats ornitiques insulars mediterxanies del Pleistoce sembla esser la presencia/absencia de mamifers herbivors de talla mitjana {Myotragus balearicus Bate a les Gimnesies i Megaceros caziotti (Deperet) al massis cimo-sard).
NUMBER 89 Alcover, J.A. 1989. Les aus fossils de la Cova de Ca Na Reia. Endins, 14-15:95-100. Alcover, J.A., F. Florit, C. Mourer-Chauvire\ and P.D.M. Wessie 1992. The Avifaunas of the Isolated Mediterranean Islands during the Middle and Late Pleistocene. In K.E. Campbell, editor, Papers in Avian Paleontology Honoring Pierce Brodkorb. Science Series, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 36:273-283. Alcover, J.A., and M. McMinn 1992. Presencia de I'aguila marina Haliaeetus albicilla (Linnaeus 1758) al jaciment espeleologic quatemari d'Es Pouas (Sant Antoni de Portmany, Eivissa). Endins. 17-18:81-87. 1994. Predators of Vertebrates on Islands. BioScience, 44(1): 12-18. Alcover, J.A., M. McMinn, and CR. Altaba 1994. Eivissa: A Pleistocene Oceanic-like Island in the Mediterranean Sea. Research and Exploration, 10:236-238. Alcover, J.A., S. Moya-Sola, and J. Pons-Moya 1981. Les quimeres del passat; Els vertebrats fossils del Plio-Quatemari de les Balears i Pitiuses. Monografies Cientifiques, 1:1-260. Palma de Mallorca: Editorial Moll. Blondel, J., and B. Frochot 1976. Caracteres generaux de l'avifaune Corse: effets de l'insularit£ et influence de l'homme sur son evolution. Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences Historiques et Naturelles de la Corse, 619-620:63-74. Cramp, S. 1985. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Volume 4, 960 pages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cramp, S., and K..E.L. Simmons 1977. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Volume 1, 722 pages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1980. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Volume 2, 695 pages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1983. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Volume 3, 913 pages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Darwin, C. 1859. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, ix+502 pages. London: John Murray. Florit, R, C. Mourer-Chauvire, and J.A. Alcover 1986. Els ocells pleistocenics d'Es Pouas, Eivissa; nota preliminar. Bolleti Institucio Catalana d'Histdria Natural, 56:35—46. Granjon, L., and G. Cheylan 1990. Adaptations comportementales des rats noirs Rattus raltus des iles Ouest-Mediterraneennes. Vie et Milieu, 40:189-195. 1993. Differenciation genetique, morphologique et comportementale des populations de rats noirs Rattus rattus (L.) des lies d'Hyeres (Var, France). Scientific Report of the Port-Cros National Park, 15: 153-170. Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal 1992. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 1, 696 pages. Barce lona: Lynx Editions. 1994. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 2, 638 pages. Barcelona; Lynx Editions. 1996. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 3, 821 pages. Barcelona: Lynx Editions. James, H.F. 1995. Prehistoric Extinctions and Ecological Changes on Oceanic Islands. In P.M. Vitousek, L.L. Loope, and H. Adsersen editors, Is Literature Cited lands; Biological Diversity and Ecosystem Function. Ecological Studies, 115:87-102. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. James, H.F., and S.L. Olson 1991. Descriptions of Thirty-Two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands, Part II: Passeriformes. Ornithological Monographs, 46:1-88. MacArthur, R.H., and E.O. Wilson 1967. The Theory of Island Biogeography. 203 pages. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Mayaud, N., and S. Schaub 1950. Les puffins subfossiles de Sardaigne. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel, 61:19-27. McMinn, M. In prep. La omitofauna fosil de Eivissa: No Passeriformes. Doctoral manuscript, Universitat Illes Balears. Mourer-Chauvire, C, R. Adrover, and J. Pons 1975. Presence de Grus antigone (L.) dans L'"Avenc de Na Coma" a Majorque (Espagne). Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Lyon, 13:45-50. Olson, S.L., and H.F. James 1984. The Role of Polynesians in the Extinction of the Avifauna of the Hawaiian Islands. In PS. Martin and R.G. Klein, editors, Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution, pages 768-780. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1991. Descriptions of Thirty-Two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands, Part I: Non-Passeriformes. Ornithological Monographs, 45:1-88. Pregill, G.K., and S.L. Olson 1981. Zoogeography of West Indian Vertebrates in Relation to Pleistocene Climatic Cycles. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 12:75-98. Segui, B. 1997. Les avifaunes fossils dels jaciments carstics del Plioce, Plistoce i Holoce de les Gimnesies. Bolleti de la Societal d'Histdria Natural de les Balears, 39:25-42. Segui, B., C. Mourer-Chauvire, and J.A. Alcover 1997. Upper Pleistocene and Holocene Fossil Avifauna from Moleta Cave (Mallorca, Balearic Islands). Bolleti de la Societal d'Histdria Natural de les Balears, 40:223-252. Sibley, Charles G., and Burt L. Monroe, Jr. 1990. Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. 1111 pages. New Haven: Yale University Press. Sondaar, P.Y., M. McMinn, B. Segui, and J.A. Alcover 1995. Interes paleontologie dels jaciments carstics de les Gimnesies i les Pitiuses. Endins, 20:155-170. [Also published in the series Monografies de la Societal d'Histdria Natural de les Balears, volume 3.] Steadman, D.W. 1986. Holocene Vertebrate Fossils from Isla Floreana, Galapagos. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 413: 103 pages. 1995. Prehistoric Extinctions of Pacific Islands Birds: Biodiversity Meets Zooarchaeology. Science, 267:1123-1131. Vitousek, P.M., L.L. Loope, and H. Adsersen, editors 1995. Islands; Biological Diversity and Ecosystem Function. Ecological Studies, 115:1-238. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Wallace, A.R. 1881. Island Life, xvi + 522 pages. New York: Harper and Brothers. 73
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»'' § "S^ iFjwtM . •- .m-i Avia
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOB
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ABSTRACT Olson, Storrs L., editor.
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EARLY WATERFOWL (ANSERIFORMES) AND
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v m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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localities, all of them situated in
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Bone of Sus scrofa Linnaeus, introd
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duboisi are larger than the largest
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8 iver (1897) but afterward were tr
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10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL
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16 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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20 sometatarsus are proportionally
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122 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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The Middle Pleistocene Avifauna of
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NUMBER 89 Accordi, B. 1962. La grot
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130 FIGURE 1.—Map showing locatio
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132 Cranium Mandibula Scapula Clavi
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Seabirds and Late Pleistocene Marin
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NUMBER 89 141 METHODS Only strictly
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NUMBER 89 143 FIGURE 2.—Area of s
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NUMBER 89 151 FIGURE 10.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 153 FIGURE 12.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 155 the period studied. T
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NUMBER 89 157 Walker, C.A., G.M. Wr
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164 Vl 620 M 570 £ 520 S 470f •
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166 birds, such as the two species
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170 cional Autonoma de Mexico, for
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174 ated with this specimen, see Mi
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The Fossil Record of Condors (Cicon
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NUMBER 89 179 FIGURE 2.—Geographi
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NUMBER 89 181 FIGURE 5.—Vulturida
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NUMBER 89 183 FIGURE 7.—Referred
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Two New Fossil Eagles from the Late
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NUMBER 89 187 TABLE 1.—Measuremen
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NUMBER 89 189 carpal trochlea relat
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NUMBER 89 191 FIGURE 4.—Holotypic
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NUMBER 89 193 We compared the parat
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NUMBER 89 195 FIGURE 6.—Distribut
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NUMBER 89 197 the Florida State Mus
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A New Genus of Dwarf Megapode (Gall
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NUMBER 89 201 lis hypotarsi along t
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NUMBER 89 203 The fossil is larger
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NUMBER 89 205 Clark, George A., Jr.
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A New Genus and Species of the Fami
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NUMBER 89 209 son with other known
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NUMBER 89 211 FIGURE 1.—Argornis
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NUMBER 89 213 AM AL AM AL AM AL AM
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NUMBER 89 215 caput humeri perpendi
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Selmes absurdipes, New Genus, New S
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NUMBER 89 219 FIGURE 2.—Selmes ab
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NUMBER 89 221 Costae: Deformed frag
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A Fossil Screamer (Anseriformes: An
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 3.—Chaunoides an
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NUMBER 89 227 B C D FIGURE 6.—The
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NUMBER 89 229 FIGURE 9.—Right tib
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The Anseriform Relationships of Ana
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NUMBER 89 233 Subfamily ANATALAVINA
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NUMBER 89 235 mal was found under t
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NUMBER 89 237 tion, with retroartic
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 7.—Sternum and p
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NUMBER 89 241 der. The bone is very
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NUMBER 89 243 Eocene records of the
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Presbyornis isoni and Other Late Pa
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NUMBER 89 255 FIGURE 1.—Referred
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NUMBER 89 257 vical vertebrae of th
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NUMBER 89 259 (Olson and Parris, 19
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274 America. Science, 214(4526): 12
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276 concerning the amphicoelous str
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278 ment of the radius that are con
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280 The left coracoid is represente
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284 Kurochkin, E.N. 1982. [New Orde
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288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
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290 1991). In this paper we use a "
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Implantation and Replacement of Bir
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NUMBER 89 297 saurs (Figure 1E-G).
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NUMBER 89 299 would seem unlikely a
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Humeral Rotation and Wrist Supinati
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NUMBER 89 303 apparent. It is now c
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NUMBER 89 305 FIGURE 3.—Dorsal vi
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NUMBER 89 307 FIGURE 4.—Wing of t
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NUMBER 89 309 Jura-Museums, Eichsta
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Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
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338 evolved independently twice." M
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1 i'~L ,i "^ 1 •vw* HBB!/'' . m
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