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EARLY WATERFOWL (ANSERIFORMES) AND RELATIVES SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY A Fossil Screamer (Anseriformes: Anhimidae) from the Middle Tertiary of Southeastern Brazil, by Herculano M.F. Alvarenga 223 The Anseriform Relationships of Anatalavis Olson and Parris (Anseranatidae), with a New Species from the Lower Eocene London Clay, by Storrs L. Olson 231 New Material of Juncitarsus (Phoenicopteriformes), with a Guide for Differentiating that Genus from the Presbyornithidae (Anseriformes), by Per G.P. Ericson 245 Presbyornis isoni and Other Late Paleocene Birds from North Dakota, by Richard D. Benson 253 A New Species of Graculavus from the Cretaceous of Wyoming (Aves: Neornithes), by Sylvia Hope 261 MESOZOIC BIRDS AND EARLY AVIAN EVOLUTION Implications of the Cranial Morphology of Paleognaths for Avian Evolution, by Felix Y. Dzerzhinsky 267 The Relationships of the Early Cretaceous Ambiortus and Otogornis (Aves: Ambiortiformes), by Evgeny N. Kurochkin 275 Enantiornithes: Earlier Birds than Archaeopteryx?, by Zygmunt Bocheriski 285 Feathered Dinosaur or Bird? A New Look at the Hand of Archaeopteryx, by Zhonghe Zhou and Larry D. Martin 289 Implantation and Replacement of Bird Teeth, by Larry D. Martin and J.D. Stewart 295 Humeral Rotation and Wrist Supination: Important Functional Complex for the Evolution of Powered Flight in Birds?, by John H. Ostrom, Samuel O. Poore, and G.E. Goslow, Jr 301 A Comparison of the Jaw Skeleton in Theropods and Birds, with a Description of the Palate in the Oviraptoridae, by Andrzej Elzanowski 311 Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtable Discussion 325 New Aspects of Avian Origins: Roundtable Report, by Lawrence M. Witmer 327 Early Avian Evolution: Roundtable Report, by Luis M. Chiappe 335 The Origin of Bird Flight: Roundtable Report, by G.E. Goslow, Jr 341
Preface The 4th International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution (SAPE) was held at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C, 4-7 June 1996, as an official part of the celebration of the 150th anniversary of the Smithsonian. Sessions for papers were held at the S. Dillon Ripley Center the first two days of the meeting. A very successful workshop organized by Sylvia Hope was held during the afternoon of the second day at the National Museum of Natural History. Participants examined and compared fossils of latest Cretaceous and early Tertiary birds, resulting in numerous valuable insights and revelations. A field trip on June 6th to the Miocene exposures of Calvert Cliffs along Chesapeake Bay was followed by a visit to the Calvert Marine Museum (CMM) at Solomon's, Maryland, and culminated with an outdoor crab feast. All of this took place under the most ideal imaginable conditions, thanks to fine weather and the careful planning of our hosts for the day at CMM. The final day was devoted to a symposium and roundtable on Mesozoic birds and their origins, organized by Peter Wellnhofer. The roundtable brought out animated discussion of the more intractable issues that invest this subject today, but these discussions were conducted totally without rancor or animosity and in a spirit of genuine collegiality. The SAPE meeting's tradition of international composition was fully upheld by the fourth meeting, in which there were registrants from at least 14 countries and 18 states of the United States. To maintain international participation, the Society has successfully been able to alter the venue of its quadrennial meetings among continents. At the business meeting in Washington, D.C, an offer was extended by the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology of the Academica Sinica to hold the fifth SAPE meeting, in the year 2000, in Beijing, China. After some thoughtful discussion, the invitation was accepted. No matter whether the 21st century begins in the year 2000 or 2001, the Washington SAPE meeting was the last to be held in a year beginning with "19." Thus, the title of this volume suggested itself. It is worth reflecting on the fact that during the last quarter of the 20th century there was probably as much or more learned about the fossil history of birds than there was throughout the rest of history. The papers that are collected herein reflect the continued vigor and diversity of this line of investigation around the world. Now the legacy of SAPE is passed to a new continent in a new century. May its light be undiminished. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—The local committee on arrangements for the Washington meeting consisted of Helen James, Storrs Olson, Michael Gottfried, Pamela Rasmussen, and Ralph Chapman. That the meeting took place at all is due entirely to the persistence, optimism, and insistence of Helen James, who, through an oppressive winter of government shutdowns and dreadful weather, and with little prospect of finding sufficient funding, kept communications open and plans progressing when others only despaired. Direct funding for the meeting came from the 150th Anniversary Program Committee and the Office of the Director, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Travel subsidy for some of the participants was provided by the Office of Fellowships and Grants, Smithsonian Institution; the International Science Foundation; and the University of Kansas. Arrangements for the field trip and the crab feast were made by Michael Gottfried of the Calvert Marine Museum, cosponsor of the meeting. In order to spread some of the burden of the editorial process for the present volume, I divided the majority of the submitted papers among four associate editors, who were responsible for reading and commenting on manuscripts and soliciting additional reviews. Of necessity, much of the task of refereeing fell largely to members of SAPE. The follow- vn
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Comparison of Paleoecological Patte
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NUMBER 89 69 TABLE 1.—Vertebrate
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NUMBER 89 71 Mallorca, probably in
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NUMBER 89 Alcover, J.A. 1989. Les a
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The History of the Chatham Islands'
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NUMBER 89 87 Species Common Name Pe
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NUMBER 89 89 NZA 797,1930,1934 Unco
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NUMBER 89 91 anoramphus spp.), Chat
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NUMBER 89 93 TABLE 2.—Land snails
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NUMBER 89 95 counterparts, with som
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NUMBER 89 population, if such exist
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NUMBER 89 99 FIGURE 11.—Skulls of
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NUMBER 89 101 FIGURE 13.—Lower ma
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NUMBER 89 the Chatham Island Pied O
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NUMBER 89 Locality 9, Western Maung
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NUMBER 89 107 yellowish sand (site
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NUMBER 89 109 ogy. Notornis, supple
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112 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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The Middle Pleistocene Avifauna of
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NUMBER 89 Accordi, B. 1962. La grot
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130 FIGURE 1.—Map showing locatio
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132 Cranium Mandibula Scapula Clavi
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Seabirds and Late Pleistocene Marin
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NUMBER 89 141 METHODS Only strictly
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NUMBER 89 143 FIGURE 2.—Area of s
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NUMBER 89 151 FIGURE 10.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 153 FIGURE 12.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 155 the period studied. T
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NUMBER 89 157 Walker, C.A., G.M. Wr
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164 Vl 620 M 570 £ 520 S 470f •
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166 birds, such as the two species
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170 cional Autonoma de Mexico, for
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174 ated with this specimen, see Mi
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The Fossil Record of Condors (Cicon
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NUMBER 89 179 FIGURE 2.—Geographi
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NUMBER 89 181 FIGURE 5.—Vulturida
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NUMBER 89 183 FIGURE 7.—Referred
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Two New Fossil Eagles from the Late
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NUMBER 89 187 TABLE 1.—Measuremen
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NUMBER 89 189 carpal trochlea relat
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NUMBER 89 191 FIGURE 4.—Holotypic
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NUMBER 89 193 We compared the parat
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NUMBER 89 195 FIGURE 6.—Distribut
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NUMBER 89 197 the Florida State Mus
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A New Genus of Dwarf Megapode (Gall
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NUMBER 89 201 lis hypotarsi along t
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NUMBER 89 203 The fossil is larger
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NUMBER 89 205 Clark, George A., Jr.
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A New Genus and Species of the Fami
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NUMBER 89 209 son with other known
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NUMBER 89 211 FIGURE 1.—Argornis
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NUMBER 89 213 AM AL AM AL AM AL AM
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NUMBER 89 215 caput humeri perpendi
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Selmes absurdipes, New Genus, New S
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NUMBER 89 219 FIGURE 2.—Selmes ab
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NUMBER 89 221 Costae: Deformed frag
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A Fossil Screamer (Anseriformes: An
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 3.—Chaunoides an
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NUMBER 89 227 B C D FIGURE 6.—The
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NUMBER 89 229 FIGURE 9.—Right tib
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The Anseriform Relationships of Ana
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NUMBER 89 233 Subfamily ANATALAVINA
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NUMBER 89 235 mal was found under t
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NUMBER 89 237 tion, with retroartic
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 7.—Sternum and p
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NUMBER 89 241 der. The bone is very
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NUMBER 89 243 Eocene records of the
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Presbyornis isoni and Other Late Pa
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NUMBER 89 255 FIGURE 1.—Referred
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NUMBER 89 257 vical vertebrae of th
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NUMBER 89 259 (Olson and Parris, 19
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274 America. Science, 214(4526): 12
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276 concerning the amphicoelous str
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278 ment of the radius that are con
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280 The left coracoid is represente
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284 Kurochkin, E.N. 1982. [New Orde
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288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
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290 1991). In this paper we use a "
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Implantation and Replacement of Bir
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NUMBER 89 297 saurs (Figure 1E-G).
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NUMBER 89 299 would seem unlikely a
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Humeral Rotation and Wrist Supinati
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NUMBER 89 305 FIGURE 3.—Dorsal vi
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Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
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