PDF (Lo-Res) - Smithsonian Institution Libraries

More documents

Recommendations

Info

68 Balearic Islands EUROPE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY FIGURE 1.—Map of the Mediterranean region showing the position and nomenclature of the Balearic Islands used in this paper. Eivissa is the Catalan name for the island known in other languages as Ibiza. native, prehuman avifaunas as those of the other islands, we have excluded Menorca and Formentera from our analysis. The numbers of fossil bones presented above, together with data on species distribution in the different deposits, allow a rough estimate of relative species abundance on the islands, taphonomic biases included. The very different vertebrate paleofaunas of the Mediterranean-basin archipelagos are of interest for comparison with other insular faunas worldwide. Herein we present a preliminary analysis of the paleoecology of the late Pleistocene bird communities of the western Mediterranean islands based on the known trophic ecology of the different species recorded on the islands. We emphasize parallels with other known prehuman native-bird communities worldwide. The Pleistocene bird communities of the western Mediterranean mainly include extant species, even though many have recently vanished from several or all the islands considered. They also include at least four or five extinct species: Tyto balearica Mourer-Chauvire, Alcover, Moya, and Pons, a nonendemic species found on Mallorca, Menorca, Corsica (Mourer-Chauvire, pers. comm., 1996), and in some mainland deposits from France and the Iberian Peninsula; Bubo insularis Mourer-Chauvire and Weesie, endemic to Corsica and Sardinia; an undescribed species of Athene endemic to Corsica (Mourer-Chauvire, pers. comm., 1996); an undescribed species of Rallus endemic to Eivissa; and Grus primigenia Milne-Edwards, a nonendemic species widely distributed during the European Pleistocene, also present on Eivissa and Mallorca, which is probably conspecific with Grus grus (J.R. Stewart, pers. comm., 1996). Some taxa previously considered as possible endemics (e.g., Fringillidae, species undescribed, and Corvidae, species undescribed; see Alcover et al., 1992) have been deleted after taxonomic reappraisal. Nomenclature for binomials of modern birds follows Sibley and Monroe (1990). Even though the determination of the feeding habits and specializations of extinct species may be imprecise or speculative, the allocation of these species to broad trophic categories can allow us to undertake a more general analysis. These kinds of inferences are applicable to all the extinct Mediterranean species considered above, but they cannot be extended indiscriminately, especially in the case of bizarre small Passeriformes without known analogs (e.g., Vangulifer from Maui, Hawaiian Islands; James and Olson, 1991). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—We are indebted to Storrs Olson, Helen James, Dave Steadman, and Anna Traveset for their comments, ideas, and useful discussions. Damia Jaume and
NUMBER 89 69 TABLE 1.—Vertebrate fauna, excluding birds, from the late Pleistocene and the Holocene of the main western Mediterranean islands. Fauna Amphibians Reptiles Mammals Eivissa Podarcis pityusensis Eva Bonner helped us with the English text. This paper is included in the <strong>Res</strong>earch Projects of the Direccion General de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica (Madrid), project PB97-1173, and the Comision Interdepartmental de Ciencia y Technologia (Madrid), project AMB96-0843. bats Bird Trophic Type (BTT) Initially, we defined the main Bird Trophic Types (BTTs) present on the western Mediterranean islands. Afterwards, we identified the taxa present in the fossil record of each island and assigned them to their respective BTT. The distribution of the taxa among BTTs was analyzed at different taxonomic levels (species, genus, or family) to enable comparisons with other insular faunas, even those from other biogeographical regions. Nonpasseriforms Passeriforms Vertebrate predators Mallorca Alytes (B.) muletensis Podarcis lilfordi Nesiotites hidalgo Hypnomys morpheus Myotragus balearicus bats Corsica and Sardinia Euproctus spp. Speleomanthes spp. Discoglossus spp. Hyla sarda Phyllodactylus europaeus Podarcis tiliguerta Archaeolacerta bedriagae Algyroides filzingeri Nesiotites spp. Rhagamys orthodon Microtus henseli Prolagus sardus Lutrini spp. Megaceros (D.) cazioti bats In Table 2 the basic BTTs considered in this work are defined. These do not include all the actual trophic types of birds, especially those of passerines, and they exclude others, such as aerial planctophagous species (e.g., swifts) or coastal generalists (e.g., gulls). Nevertheless, the majority of bird species of the Mediterranean islands fit well in these BTTs (see Table 3). Trophic types considered are as follows: predators of vertebrates (superpredators, nocturnal predators, omithophagous diurnal predators, generalist diurnal predators, fish-eaters); scavengers; sea birds; herbivorous nonpasserines; malacophagous, insectivorous, and herbivorous nonpasserines; and three BTTs within the Passeriformes (large-sized omnivores, small-sized omnivores, granivores). The assignment of each taxon to a BTT was based on the main components of their diet, according to various general TABLE 2.—Main BTTs (Bird Trophic Types) in the Pleistocene-Holocene fossil record from the western Mediterranean Islands. Superpredators Nocturnal predators Diurnal predators Herbivores Scavengers Sea birds Malacophages, insectivores, and herbivores Omnivores Granivores Fish-eaters specialized omithophagous generalist large-sized small-sized large-sized small-sized large-sized small-sized large-sized birds that prey mainly on middle- and large-sized vertebrates nocturnal birds that prey mainly on small-sized vertebrates during the night and twilight diurnal birds specialized for preying on middle- and small-sized birds, mainly small Passeriformes diumal birds for which birds are just a part of the diet, which consists mainly of small-sized vertebrates, insects, and carrion specialized fish-catchers that feed in inland and littoral waters diumal birds that feed totally or partially on carrion and bone fragments of large carcasses pelagic birds that feed mainly on crustaceans, cephalopods, and fish from the upper layers of the water column middle- and large-sized browsers, grazers, and frugivores small-sized browsers, grazers, and frugivores large-sized birds that feed mainly on terrestrial snails and insects as well as on varied vegetable sources medium- and small-sized birds that feed mainly on terrestrial snails and insects as well as on varied vegetable sources large-sized passeriformes that feed on varied animal and vegetable sources middle- and small-sized passeriformes that feed on varied animal and vegetable sources small passeriformes that feed mainly on seeds
Page 1 and 2:
»'' § "S^ iFjwtM . •- .m-i Avia
Page 3:
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOB
Page 6 and 7:
ABSTRACT Olson, Storrs L., editor.
Page 8 and 9:
EARLY WATERFOWL (ANSERIFORMES) AND
Page 10 and 11:
v m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
Page 12 and 13:
localities, all of them situated in
Page 14 and 15:
Bone of Sus scrofa Linnaeus, introd
Page 16 and 17:
duboisi are larger than the largest
Page 18 and 19:
8 iver (1897) but afterward were tr
Page 20 and 21:
10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL
Page 22 and 23:
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
16 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
Page 28 and 29: 18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL
Page 30 and 31: 20 sometatarsus are proportionally
Page 32 and 33: 22 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
Page 36 and 37: 26 Cor. Hum. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. Tmt. P
Page 44 and 45: 34 ability in such a way that it ca
Page 52 and 53: 42 2km SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO
Page 54 and 55: Site 13 Research Base ENTRANCE Lowe
Page 58 and 59: 48 the last has unusually slender w
Page 60 and 61: 50 Si 5 15i 10- 5- 20 J 15 I 10 f 5
Page 77: Comparison of Paleoecological Patte
Page 81 and 82: NUMBER 89 71 Mallorca, probably in
Page 83: NUMBER 89 Alcover, J.A. 1989. Les a
Page 95 and 96: The History of the Chatham Islands'
Page 97 and 98: NUMBER 89 87 Species Common Name Pe
Page 99 and 100: NUMBER 89 89 NZA 797,1930,1934 Unco
Page 101 and 102: NUMBER 89 91 anoramphus spp.), Chat
Page 103 and 104: NUMBER 89 93 TABLE 2.—Land snails
Page 105 and 106: NUMBER 89 95 counterparts, with som
Page 107 and 108: NUMBER 89 population, if such exist
Page 109 and 110: NUMBER 89 99 FIGURE 11.—Skulls of
Page 111 and 112: NUMBER 89 101 FIGURE 13.—Lower ma
Page 113 and 114: NUMBER 89 the Chatham Island Pied O
Page 115 and 116: NUMBER 89 Locality 9, Western Maung
Page 117 and 118: NUMBER 89 107 yellowish sand (site
Page 119: NUMBER 89 109 ogy. Notornis, supple
Page 122 and 123: 112 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
Page 128 and 129:
118 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 135 and 136:
The Middle Pleistocene Avifauna of
Page 137:
NUMBER 89 Accordi, B. 1962. La grot
Page 140 and 141:
130 FIGURE 1.—Map showing locatio
Page 142 and 143:
132 Cranium Mandibula Scapula Clavi
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 149 and 150:
Seabirds and Late Pleistocene Marin
Page 151 and 152:
NUMBER 89 141 METHODS Only strictly
Page 153 and 154:
NUMBER 89 143 FIGURE 2.—Area of s
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
NUMBER 89 151 FIGURE 10.—Area of
Page 163 and 164:
NUMBER 89 153 FIGURE 12.—Area of
Page 165 and 166:
NUMBER 89 155 the period studied. T
Page 167:
NUMBER 89 157 Walker, C.A., G.M. Wr
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
164 Vl 620 M 570 £ 520 S 470f •
Page 176 and 177:
166 birds, such as the two species
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
170 cional Autonoma de Mexico, for
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
174 ated with this specimen, see Mi
Page 187 and 188:
The Fossil Record of Condors (Cicon
Page 189 and 190:
NUMBER 89 179 FIGURE 2.—Geographi
Page 191 and 192:
NUMBER 89 181 FIGURE 5.—Vulturida
Page 193 and 194:
NUMBER 89 183 FIGURE 7.—Referred
Page 195 and 196:
Two New Fossil Eagles from the Late
Page 197 and 198:
NUMBER 89 187 TABLE 1.—Measuremen
Page 199 and 200:
NUMBER 89 189 carpal trochlea relat
Page 201 and 202:
NUMBER 89 191 FIGURE 4.—Holotypic
Page 203 and 204:
NUMBER 89 193 We compared the parat
Page 205 and 206:
NUMBER 89 195 FIGURE 6.—Distribut
Page 207 and 208:
NUMBER 89 197 the Florida State Mus
Page 209 and 210:
A New Genus of Dwarf Megapode (Gall
Page 211 and 212:
NUMBER 89 201 lis hypotarsi along t
Page 213 and 214:
NUMBER 89 203 The fossil is larger
Page 215 and 216:
NUMBER 89 205 Clark, George A., Jr.
Page 217 and 218:
A New Genus and Species of the Fami
Page 219 and 220:
NUMBER 89 209 son with other known
Page 221 and 222:
NUMBER 89 211 FIGURE 1.—Argornis
Page 223 and 224:
NUMBER 89 213 AM AL AM AL AM AL AM
Page 225 and 226:
NUMBER 89 215 caput humeri perpendi
Page 227 and 228:
Selmes absurdipes, New Genus, New S
Page 229 and 230:
NUMBER 89 219 FIGURE 2.—Selmes ab
Page 231 and 232:
NUMBER 89 221 Costae: Deformed frag
Page 233 and 234:
A Fossil Screamer (Anseriformes: An
Page 235 and 236:
NUMBER 89 FIGURE 3.—Chaunoides an
Page 237 and 238:
NUMBER 89 227 B C D FIGURE 6.—The
Page 239 and 240:
NUMBER 89 229 FIGURE 9.—Right tib
Page 241 and 242:
The Anseriform Relationships of Ana
Page 243 and 244:
NUMBER 89 233 Subfamily ANATALAVINA
Page 245 and 246:
NUMBER 89 235 mal was found under t
Page 247 and 248:
NUMBER 89 237 tion, with retroartic
Page 249 and 250:
NUMBER 89 FIGURE 7.—Sternum and p
Page 251 and 252:
NUMBER 89 241 der. The bone is very
Page 253:
NUMBER 89 243 Eocene records of the
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 263 and 264:
Presbyornis isoni and Other Late Pa
Page 265 and 266:
NUMBER 89 255 FIGURE 1.—Referred
Page 267 and 268:
NUMBER 89 257 vical vertebrae of th
Page 269:
NUMBER 89 259 (Olson and Parris, 19
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
274 America. Science, 214(4526): 12
Page 286 and 287:
276 concerning the amphicoelous str
Page 288 and 289:
278 ment of the radius that are con
Page 290 and 291:
280 The left coracoid is represente
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
284 Kurochkin, E.N. 1982. [New Orde
Page 296 and 297:
Page 298 and 299:
288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
Page 300 and 301:
290 1991). In this paper we use a "
Page 302 and 303:
Page 305 and 306:
Implantation and Replacement of Bir
Page 307 and 308:
NUMBER 89 297 saurs (Figure 1E-G).
Page 309 and 310:
NUMBER 89 299 would seem unlikely a
Page 311 and 312:
Humeral Rotation and Wrist Supinati
Page 313 and 314:
NUMBER 89 303 apparent. It is now c
Page 315 and 316:
NUMBER 89 305 FIGURE 3.—Dorsal vi
Page 317 and 318:
NUMBER 89 307 FIGURE 4.—Wing of t
Page 319:
NUMBER 89 309 Jura-Museums, Eichsta
Page 322 and 323:
Page 324 and 325:
Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
Page 335:
Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
Page 338 and 339:
Page 340 and 341:
Page 342 and 343:
Page 344 and 345:
Page 346 and 347:
Page 348 and 349:
338 evolved independently twice." M
Page 350 and 351:
Page 352 and 353:
Page 354 and 355:
Page 356:
1 i'~L ,i "^ 1 •vw* HBB!/'' . m
show all

PDF (Lo-Res) - Smithsonian Institution Libraries

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?