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58 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY COMPARISONS WITH OTHER ISLANDS The 20 species of seabirds recorded as fossils from Amsterdam Island do not include Phoebetria fusca or Sterna vittata, which currently breed there, suggesting that up to 22 species had breeding populations. Species that are very rare in the fossil record, however, such as Pachyptila desolata, Puffinus carneipes, and P. griseus (each with one individual), are likely to have been nonbreeding vagrants or the result of skua kills, so a more realistic estimate is that no more than 19 species of seabirds bred on Amsterdam Island in the recent past. Amsterdam Island is similar to the Crozet and Kerguelen islands in that most breeding species are seabirds; however, with at least 34 and 30 breeding species of seabirds, respectively, these subantarctic island groups have far richer communities than Amsterdam did (Jouventin et al., 1984). Although the fossil faunas of these islands have not been studied, it is likely that neither island group has suffered species extinctions as happened on Amsterdam because some islands in each group have remained free of predators (Jouventin et al., 1984). The Mascarene islands Mauritius and Rodriguez are well known for their extinct, endemic land birds (Newton, 1888; Hachisuka, 1953; Gill, 1967), but the fossil seabirds have largely been ignored (Bourne, 1968). These islands are much farther north than Amsterdam, and various tems and boobies dominate the fauna, with a few species of petrel present. Bourne (1968) reported Wedge-tailed Shearwaters {Puffinus pacificus), a larger shearwater (possibly P. carneipes), and the Mascarene Petrel {Pterodroma aterrima) in addition to numerous remains of the White-tailed Tropic Bird {Phaethon lepturus) in a small collection of fossils from Rodriguez. The discovery of bones of Barau's Petrel {Pterodroma baraui) on Amsterdam extends the range of this species, previously known only from Reunion, and provides a faunal link with the Mascarene Islands. Pterodroma aterrima, also known only from Reunion Island, probably bred on Rodriguez (Bourne, 1968), and it may also have reached Amsterdam occasionally. Studies of the fossil avifauna of St. Helena Island in the Atlantic Ocean (16°S) have revealed remains of 21 species, among which the greatest loss of species and individuals was five of the six resident petrels, three of which were endemic (Olson, 1975). Farther north in the Atlantic, the fossil avifauna of the eastern Canary Islands, which lie off the African coast between about 28°N and 29°N, is dominated by remains of two extinct species of Puffinus (Alcover and McMinn, 1995). In the tropical Pacific Ocean the fossil faunas of numerous islands have been studied, and all are rich in terrestrial species: seabirds are dominated by procellariids, but toward the equator, the species diversity of tems, boobies, tropicbirds, and frigatebirds often equals or exceeds that of procellariids (Olson and James, 1991; Steadman, 1995). On every island studied, several species of land birds and populations of seabirds were exterminated following the arrival of humans in the last few thousand years (Steadman, 1989, 1995; Olson and James, 1991). Often losses, particularly of land birds, have exceeded 50% of the original species diversity, and, among seabirds, some of the greatest losses have been petrels and shearwaters, especially in eastern Polynesia (Steadman, 1989). In the South Pacific the fossil faunas of the North and South islands of New Zealand have been studied extensively: Millener (1990) listed 34 species that became extinct in the late Holocene following the arrival of humans, to which Scarlett's Shearwater {Puffinus spelaeus), South Island Adzebill {Aptornis defossor), Bush Wren {Xenicus longipes), and Long-billed Wren {Dendroscansor decurvirostris) should be added, for a total of 38 species. In the New Zealand region, seabirds have not suffered the same degree of loss as elsewhere because, although numerous populations of seabirds have been extirpated from the main islands, colonies on offshore islands have ensured their species survival, with the exception of Puffinus spelaeus (Holdaway and Worthy, 1994). The fossil faunas of the New Zealand subantarctic islands have not been studied. Conclusions Like most islands where numerous extinctions followed the arrival of humans and commensal mammals, Amsterdam Island had a naive avifauna (Milberg and Tyrberg, 1993) unable to cope with predation by people and rats. Its location far from other landmasses was no doubt responsible for the paucity of land-bird species, and its relatively southern position resulted in a seabird fauna composed mainly of petrels. Studies of fossil faunas from islands throughout the world, reviewed above, show that petrels are particularly susceptible to the effects of humans and to predation by introduced commensal mammals. Amsterdam Island conforms to this generality in that only 10 of at least 19 species that formerly bred there survive; in other words, 47% of the original species have been extirpated. Five of these 10 surviving species, however, are critically endangered on Amsterdam. Only three species are endemic to Amsterdam and St. Paul, and of these the land bird Anas marecula is extinct, whereas Diomedea amsterdamensis and Pachyptila macgillivrayi survive.
NUMBER 89 59 Statistic Mean Standard deviation Minimum Maximum Sample size Coefficient of variation Catalog number CSIRO PROS 240 CSIRO PROS 237 CSIRO PROS 961 BMNH S/1964.14.19 BMNH S/1964.14.18 BMNH 1848.8.31.39 BMNH 1848.8.31.40 Statistic Mean Standard deviation Minimum Maximum Sample size Statistic Mean Standard deviation Minimum Maximum Sample size Coefficient of variation Catalog number MNZ 22424 MNZ 22423 MNZ 22419 MNZ 16583A MNZ 21454 Fern L 36.20 0.86 34.20 37.83 47 2.37 Fern L 36.18 35.57 - 39.52 38.6 38.35 38.5 Fern L 39.24 1.05 38.0 40.7 14 TibAL 66.67 2.08 63.03 71.17 25 3.12 TmtL Appendix 1 Summary statistics for Pterodroma macroptera (Measurements are in mm. Abbreviations are defined in "Methods.") 41.83 1.08 38.63 44.26 41 2.58 Fossil Pterodroma macroptera specimen from Amsterdam Island. Hum L 102.21 2.01 98.20 106.80 59 1.97 UlnaL 104.52 2.53 99.10 110.40 45 2.42 Cmc L 50.01 1.35 47.00 53.10 62 2.70 CorL 26.82 0.75 24.90 28.13 43 2.80 Skull TL 83.29 2.47 80.0 86.35 10 2.96 LacW 26.68 0.98 25.4 29.1 16 3.67 POW 33.08 0.90 31.38 34.7 13 2.72 ZPW 27.53 0.81 26.05 29.1 22 2.94 PmxL 37.78 2.49 35.5 44.3 11 6.59 Modem Pterodroma m. macroptera specimens from the Indian and Atlantic oceans (WA= =Western Australia Fern L 28.20 0.83 26.53 31.5 54 2.94 TibAL 67.98 65.4 69.33 71.67 68.1 68.7 67.72 TibAL 70.56 1.34 68.4 73.3 14 TibAL 53.14 1.44 48.48 55.22 20 2.71 TmtL - 42.5 44.12 45.0 43.27 43.0 43.16 TmtL 43.8 0.80 42.7 45.6 14 TmtL 33.35 0.84 31.23 35.3 39 2.52 Hum L 102.7 100.35 107.3 110.46 106.65 106.3 107.36 UlnaL - 103.96 111.18 114.81 109.33 109.43 111.76 Cmc L - 50.9 49.86 54.34 52.73 53.26 52.4 CorL 27.52 25.8 27.86 - 27.98 29.04 29.31 Skull TL 82.95 84.05 - 89.1 86.74 91.1 88.28 LacW 27.6 26.63 - 28.67 27.7 28.43 28.88 POW 34.9 34.72 - 34.4 35.44 34.07 35.48 ZPW 28.0 27.7 - 30.5 29.5 28.5 28.86 Recent Pterodroma macroptera gouldi from the New Zealand region. Hum L 109.93 2.42 105.5 114.5 14 UlnaL 114.34 2.10 110.7 118.9 14 Cmc L 53.83 1.21 51.5 56.1 14 CorL 28.46 0.90 27.2 30.0 14 Appendix 2 Skull TL 89.47 1.99 86.2 91.8 13 LacW 28.79 0.62 27.7 29.9 13 Summary statistics for Pterodroma mollis (Measurements are in mm. Abbreviations are defined in "Methods.") Hum L 78.60 2.25 73.1 84.0 78 2.86 Fossil Pterodroma mollis from Amsterdam Island. UlnaL 80.95 2.42 74.7 84.2 75 2.99 Cmc L 39.06 0.92 36.5 41.4 74 2.35 CorL 21.53 0.56 20.2 23.0 87 2.60 Skull TL 69.70 1.82 67.5 73.0 6 2.61 LacW 22.59 0.83 21.2 24.4 15 3.67 POW 27.99 0.64 27.0 28.9 7 2.29 PmxL 41.9 42.8 - 49.56 45.5 POW 47.05 45.56 34.66 0.97 33.4 36.1 11 Modem Pterodroma mollis from Gough Island and New Zealand (NZ). ZPW 23.01 0.69 21.6 24.2 19 3.00 Pmx W 15.52 0.77 14.4 16.84 11 4.96 Pmx W Pmx W/L 14.72 14.58 - 15.35 16.3 14.9 16.12 ZPW 29.86 0.66 28.9 30.9 12 PmxL 32.72 0.73 31.3 34.3 13 2.23 . 0.35 0.34 - 0.31 0.36 0.32 0.35 PmxL 45.92 1.72 43.1 48.5 13 Pmx W 11.68 0.48 11.0 12.8 15 4.11 BCL 39.33 0.53 38.0 40.1 16 1.35 Pmx W/L Loc 0.40 0.04 0.35 0.45 7 10.0 Eclipse Id., WA Eclipse Id., WA Coffin Id., WA Discovery Bay, Victoria Discovery Bay, Victoria South Atlantic South Atlantic Pmx W Fern L Tib AL Tmt L Hum L Ulna L Cmc L Cor L Skull TL Lac W PO W ZP W Pmx L Pmx W Pmx W/L Locality 30.1 30.7 30.4 29.5 29.8 57.5 58.5 58.3 57.6 57.5 36.3 35.3 35.1 34.8 35.3 83.1 83.4 82.1 83.1 82.2 85.7 86.8 83.3 86.6 85.3 40.9 41.6 39.9 40.6 41.7 23.2 23.0 22.3 22.8 23.3 72.0 72.7 73.7 73.5 - 22.6 23.3 23.3 23.3 - 27.7 29.7 28.9 29.7 - 22.9 23.5 24.5 24.2 - 35.0 35.4 35.6 34.3 - 11.5 10.8 12.3 11.7 - 0.33 0.31 0.36 0.34 - 16.43 0.88 15.0 18.0 13 BCL 33.33 1.00 31.3 35.3 23 3.00 Pmx W/L 0.36 0.02 0.33 0.39 13 Pmx W/L 0.36 0.02 0.33 0.41 12 5.56 Gough Id. Gough Id. Gough Id. NZ, Rangitikei River NZ, Petone Beach
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»'' § "S^ iFjwtM . •- .m-i Avia
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOB
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ABSTRACT Olson, Storrs L., editor.
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EARLY WATERFOWL (ANSERIFORMES) AND
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v m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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localities, all of them situated in
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Bone of Sus scrofa Linnaeus, introd
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duboisi are larger than the largest
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Page 54 and 55: Site 13 Research Base ENTRANCE Lowe
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Page 77 and 78: Comparison of Paleoecological Patte
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NUMBER 89 109 ogy. Notornis, supple
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112 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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The Middle Pleistocene Avifauna of
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NUMBER 89 Accordi, B. 1962. La grot
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130 FIGURE 1.—Map showing locatio
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132 Cranium Mandibula Scapula Clavi
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Seabirds and Late Pleistocene Marin
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NUMBER 89 141 METHODS Only strictly
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NUMBER 89 143 FIGURE 2.—Area of s
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NUMBER 89 151 FIGURE 10.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 153 FIGURE 12.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 155 the period studied. T
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NUMBER 89 157 Walker, C.A., G.M. Wr
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164 Vl 620 M 570 £ 520 S 470f •
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166 birds, such as the two species
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170 cional Autonoma de Mexico, for
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174 ated with this specimen, see Mi
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The Fossil Record of Condors (Cicon
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NUMBER 89 179 FIGURE 2.—Geographi
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NUMBER 89 181 FIGURE 5.—Vulturida
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NUMBER 89 183 FIGURE 7.—Referred
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Two New Fossil Eagles from the Late
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NUMBER 89 187 TABLE 1.—Measuremen
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NUMBER 89 189 carpal trochlea relat
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NUMBER 89 191 FIGURE 4.—Holotypic
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NUMBER 89 193 We compared the parat
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NUMBER 89 195 FIGURE 6.—Distribut
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NUMBER 89 197 the Florida State Mus
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A New Genus of Dwarf Megapode (Gall
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NUMBER 89 201 lis hypotarsi along t
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NUMBER 89 203 The fossil is larger
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NUMBER 89 205 Clark, George A., Jr.
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A New Genus and Species of the Fami
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NUMBER 89 209 son with other known
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NUMBER 89 211 FIGURE 1.—Argornis
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NUMBER 89 213 AM AL AM AL AM AL AM
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NUMBER 89 215 caput humeri perpendi
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Selmes absurdipes, New Genus, New S
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NUMBER 89 219 FIGURE 2.—Selmes ab
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NUMBER 89 221 Costae: Deformed frag
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A Fossil Screamer (Anseriformes: An
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 3.—Chaunoides an
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NUMBER 89 227 B C D FIGURE 6.—The
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NUMBER 89 229 FIGURE 9.—Right tib
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The Anseriform Relationships of Ana
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NUMBER 89 233 Subfamily ANATALAVINA
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NUMBER 89 235 mal was found under t
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NUMBER 89 237 tion, with retroartic
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 7.—Sternum and p
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NUMBER 89 241 der. The bone is very
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NUMBER 89 243 Eocene records of the
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Presbyornis isoni and Other Late Pa
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NUMBER 89 255 FIGURE 1.—Referred
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NUMBER 89 257 vical vertebrae of th
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NUMBER 89 259 (Olson and Parris, 19
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274 America. Science, 214(4526): 12
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276 concerning the amphicoelous str
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278 ment of the radius that are con
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280 The left coracoid is represente
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284 Kurochkin, E.N. 1982. [New Orde
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288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
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290 1991). In this paper we use a "
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Implantation and Replacement of Bir
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NUMBER 89 297 saurs (Figure 1E-G).
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NUMBER 89 299 would seem unlikely a
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Humeral Rotation and Wrist Supinati
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NUMBER 89 303 apparent. It is now c
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NUMBER 89 305 FIGURE 3.—Dorsal vi
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NUMBER 89 307 FIGURE 4.—Wing of t
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NUMBER 89 309 Jura-Museums, Eichsta
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Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
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338 evolved independently twice." M
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1 i'~L ,i "^ 1 •vw* HBB!/'' . m
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