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48 the last has unusually slender wing bones and an extra-stout bill. The small species in the Cookilaria group, Chatham Petrel {P. axillaris), Cook's Petrel {P. cookii), and Pycroft's Petrel {P. pycrofti), are smaller than the small taxon and are biogeographically improbable. Similarly, Stejneger's Petrel {P. longirostris) and Gould's Petrel {P. leucoptera) are subtropical or tropical Pacific species and thus are unlikely candidates for the small Amsterdam species. Pterodroma macroptera All Pterodroma long bones within the larger size range indicated above are referred to P. macroptera for the following reasons. Among similar-sized species, P. cervicalis is a tropical Pacific species, so it was discounted, and P. externa from the eastern Pacific has a much stouter bill and a different cranial shape. Pterodroma magentae is smaller and breeds on the Chatham Islands, and limited evidence suggests that it ranges across the eastern Pacific. Its crania differ from those of P macroptera, particularly in the form of the os lacrimale, as follows: the nasal process is deeper; the exterior surface of the ventral processes are subparallel rather than convergent on each other; the lacrimal foramen is markedly bigger; and the ventral border of the os ectethmoidale has a marked lump in it rather than being straight. The fossils from Amsterdam were the same size as those of P. solandri and those of the nominate race of P. macroptera from Eclipse Island, Western Australia, but are significantly smaller than those of P. macroptera gouldi from the New Zealand region. The fossils are the same shape as bones of P. macroptera, however, and they differ from those of P. solandri in that (1) the cranium is less inflated posterior to the orbit so that in dorsal view the crista temporalis is nearly straight (posterolaterally curved in P. solandri), (2) the extension of the crista temporalis on the processus postorbitalis is more laterally directed (more anteriorly directed in P. solandri), (3) the prominentia cerebellaris is compressed (rounded in P. solandri), (4) the os palatium in P. macroptera is flat ventrally (curved ventrally in P. solandri), (5) the foramen bound by the lacrimal, jugal, and premaxilla is relatively shorter in P macroptera than in P. solandri, (6) the width between the temporal fossae is narrower in P. macroptera, (7) the lacrimals at the point of maximum width are more angled in P. macroptera (more rounded in P. solandri), and (8) the premaxilla has a steep, straight posterior end in P. macroptera, but the posterior end is shallower and notched in the relatively narrower premaxilla of P. solandri. Pterodroma solandri is a winter breeder on <strong>Lo</strong>rd Howe Island in the Tasman Sea and migrates to the North Pacific in the southern summer, making it further unlikely to be the Amsterdam petrel. Pterodroma macroptera is regularly seen offshore around Amsterdam (Roux and Martinez, 1987) and as already noted, it is the only large Pterodroma still nesting in the Amsterdam / St. Paul area. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Pterodroma mollis Bones of the smaller species of Pterodroma are identical to those of P. mollis, which has a remnant population still surviving on Amsterdam Island (Roux and Martinez, 1987; Micol, 1995). Other similar-sized species of Pterodroma can be discounted: P. brevirostris has an unmistakably shorter, stouter bill; P. nigripennis is a tropical to subtropical Pacific species; and P. inexpectata, although ranging to the Antarctic, migrates to the North Pacific in the nonbreeding season. The size range of the Amsterdam population is shown by the upper and lower points of the apparently normally distributed length data (Figure 8). The smallest individuals from Amsterdam are considerably smaller than the few available recent specimens from Gough Island and New Zealand beaches, and they probably represent the lower end of the size variation in a population that is only slightly smaller than the nominate race of P. mollis from Gough Island. Birds from the Antipodes in the New Zealand region are most similar to the nominate race. Although the Indian Ocean birds have been referred to a distinct subspecies, P. mollis dubia, on the basis of color, there is much variation in coloration, which also alters with wear (see discussion in Marchant and Higgins, 1990). Pterodroma arminjoniana A few Pterodroma bones are intermediate in size between those referred herein to P. mollis or to P. macroptera and are similar in size to those of the Kermadec Petrel (P. neglecta), Phoenix Petrel (P. alba), Barau's Petrel (P. baraui), and Herald Petrel (P. arminjoniana). Pterodroma alba and P. neglecta are primarily subtropical to tropical Pacific species (Marchant and Higgins, 1990) and so are considered unlikely candidates; however, P neglecta has been found recently at Round Island, Mauritius (A. Tennyson, Museum of New Zealand, pers. comm., May 1996). Both P. baraui and P. arminjoniana breed in the Indian Ocean. A premaxilla in this size range from site 18, where wing bones of the intermediate-sized Pterodroma also were found, is 33.3 mm long, 15 mm wide, and 8.1 mm high at mid-nares, so it is much shorter and wider than either P. neglecta or P baraui but is very similar to P. arminjoniana (MNZ 22140) from Trindade Island in the South Atlantic. Thus, this premaxilla and the intermediate-sized Pterodroma wing bones from site 18 are referred to P. arminjoniana. Pterodroma baraui Intermediate-sized bones of Pterodroma included crania at sites 8.3 and 8.11, two premaxillae at site 8.4 and one at site 8.6, and a fragmentary premaxilla at site 8.8. These premaxillae are narrower and are not as deep as those of P. macroptera from Amsterdam Island. They are narrower and more elongate than those of P. arminjoniana but are similar to P. baraui. The two fossil crania also are identified as P. baraui because although they are of similar size to crania of P. arminjoniana as
NUMBER 89 Humeri Femora 11 MM 98 100 102 104 106 108 Length mm Ulnae IX 99 101 103 105 107 109 111 Length mm 12 10- & ^ S 6 £ 4- £ 2 2 - 0 A 35 36 37 38 39 Length mm Tibiotarsi 11 II 62 64 66 68 70 72 Length mm Carpometacarpi Tarsometatarsi >> 14 12 10- | 6u. 4- 2- 0 • • u • ill 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Length mm FIGURE 7.—Histograms of lengths of Pterodroma macroptera bones from Amsterdam Island. measured across the lacrimals, crania of these two species differ as follows. The temporal fossae in P. baraui are anteroposteriorly much broader than those of P. arminjoniana (9.0-9.4 mm (H=3) vs. 6.8 mm), and the width across the zygomatic Catalog number MNZ 23831 Paris, number 2603 Paris, number 2601 Paris, number 772 processes in P. baraui (Table 2) is greater (28.2-29.7 mm vs. 26.8 mm). In both P. baraui and P. arminjoniana the os lacrimal has a robust ventral portion with a facet that is longer than high, articulating with the quadratojugal. This facet is much TABLE 2.—Measurements (mm) of modern specimens of Pterodroma baraui. Abbreviations are defined in the text. Fern L 33.4 34.93 33 32.88 TibAL 58.4 63.3 59.17 59.44 TmtL 38.3 39.8 37.34 36.82 Hum L 96.5 98.51 97.4 92.04 UlnaL 99.7 102.96 98.75 96.18 Cmc L 49.2 50.27 48.08 47.72 CorL 26.9 28.08 26.86 27.7 Skull TL 83.6 - 82 80.2 LacW 25.8 - 25.7 24.6 POW 32.9 - 31.24 31.08 ZPW 29.7 _ 28.5 28.26 PmxL 43 _ 41.2 40.5 PmxW 17.4 17.3 16.94 49
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»'' § "S^ iFjwtM . •- .m-i Avia
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOB
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ABSTRACT Olson, Storrs L., editor.
Page 8 and 9: EARLY WATERFOWL (ANSERIFORMES) AND
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Page 12 and 13: localities, all of them situated in
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Page 54 and 55: Site 13 Research Base ENTRANCE Lowe
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Page 77 and 78: Comparison of Paleoecological Patte
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NUMBER 89 99 FIGURE 11.—Skulls of
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NUMBER 89 101 FIGURE 13.—Lower ma
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NUMBER 89 the Chatham Island Pied O
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NUMBER 89 Locality 9, Western Maung
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NUMBER 89 107 yellowish sand (site
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NUMBER 89 109 ogy. Notornis, supple
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112 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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The Middle Pleistocene Avifauna of
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NUMBER 89 Accordi, B. 1962. La grot
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130 FIGURE 1.—Map showing locatio
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132 Cranium Mandibula Scapula Clavi
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Seabirds and Late Pleistocene Marin
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NUMBER 89 141 METHODS Only strictly
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NUMBER 89 143 FIGURE 2.—Area of s
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NUMBER 89 151 FIGURE 10.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 153 FIGURE 12.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 155 the period studied. T
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NUMBER 89 157 Walker, C.A., G.M. Wr
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164 Vl 620 M 570 £ 520 S 470f •
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166 birds, such as the two species
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170 cional Autonoma de Mexico, for
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174 ated with this specimen, see Mi
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The Fossil Record of Condors (Cicon
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NUMBER 89 179 FIGURE 2.—Geographi
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NUMBER 89 181 FIGURE 5.—Vulturida
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NUMBER 89 183 FIGURE 7.—Referred
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Two New Fossil Eagles from the Late
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NUMBER 89 187 TABLE 1.—Measuremen
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NUMBER 89 189 carpal trochlea relat
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NUMBER 89 191 FIGURE 4.—Holotypic
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NUMBER 89 193 We compared the parat
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NUMBER 89 195 FIGURE 6.—Distribut
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NUMBER 89 197 the Florida State Mus
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A New Genus of Dwarf Megapode (Gall
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NUMBER 89 201 lis hypotarsi along t
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NUMBER 89 203 The fossil is larger
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NUMBER 89 205 Clark, George A., Jr.
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A New Genus and Species of the Fami
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NUMBER 89 209 son with other known
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NUMBER 89 211 FIGURE 1.—Argornis
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NUMBER 89 213 AM AL AM AL AM AL AM
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NUMBER 89 215 caput humeri perpendi
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Selmes absurdipes, New Genus, New S
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NUMBER 89 219 FIGURE 2.—Selmes ab
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NUMBER 89 221 Costae: Deformed frag
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A Fossil Screamer (Anseriformes: An
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 3.—Chaunoides an
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NUMBER 89 227 B C D FIGURE 6.—The
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NUMBER 89 229 FIGURE 9.—Right tib
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The Anseriform Relationships of Ana
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NUMBER 89 233 Subfamily ANATALAVINA
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NUMBER 89 235 mal was found under t
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NUMBER 89 237 tion, with retroartic
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 7.—Sternum and p
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NUMBER 89 241 der. The bone is very
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NUMBER 89 243 Eocene records of the
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Presbyornis isoni and Other Late Pa
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NUMBER 89 255 FIGURE 1.—Referred
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NUMBER 89 257 vical vertebrae of th
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NUMBER 89 259 (Olson and Parris, 19
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274 America. Science, 214(4526): 12
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276 concerning the amphicoelous str
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278 ment of the radius that are con
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280 The left coracoid is represente
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284 Kurochkin, E.N. 1982. [New Orde
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288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
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290 1991). In this paper we use a "
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Implantation and Replacement of Bir
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NUMBER 89 297 saurs (Figure 1E-G).
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NUMBER 89 299 would seem unlikely a
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Humeral Rotation and Wrist Supinati
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NUMBER 89 303 apparent. It is now c
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NUMBER 89 305 FIGURE 3.—Dorsal vi
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NUMBER 89 307 FIGURE 4.—Wing of t
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NUMBER 89 309 Jura-Museums, Eichsta
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Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
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338 evolved independently twice." M
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1 i'~L ,i "^ 1 •vw* HBB!/'' . m
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