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46 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY P. urinatrix exsul (Common Diving-petrel): MNZ 908S, 17623-17625, 18096 (Auckland Id.); MNZ 24785, 24786 (Heard Id.). P urinatrix urinatrix: MNZ 546S, 547S, 13610, 13613, 13614, 16601, 17198, 17202 (Wellington-area beaches, New Zealand). P. georgicus (South Georgian Diving-petrel): MNZ 24790, 24816-24822 (Heard Id.). Catharacta skua lonnbergi (Subantarctic (Brown or Southem Great) Skua): MNZ 13568, 18332 (Auckland Id.); MNZ 18900 (Southeast Id., Chatham Ids.); MNZ 23702 (Campbell Id.); MNZ 24698, 24699 (Snares Id.). C. maccormicki (South Polar or Antarctic Skua): MNZ 13320 (Franklin Id.); MNZ 22955, 22956 (Cape Evans); MNZ 22935, 22947, 23035, 23158 (Scott Base). Systematics and Comparative Osteology Table 1 lists the species determined in the Martinez collection, the number of bones identified as belonging to each species, and the minimum number of individuals (MNI) per species. The fossils described herein provide evidence for the previous fauna having at least 20 species of seabird and one duck. To this total can be added the records of a presumably vagrant rail, Crex crex, and a domestic fowl, Gallus gallus (Linnaeus), the latter found in a site used by sailors for shelter. Eudyptes chrysocome All penguin bones are referred to Eudyptes. They are the same size as bones of the Fiordland Penguin {E. pachyrhynchus), Snares Penguin {E. robustus), and Eastern Rockhopper Penguin {E. chrysocome filholi). Bones of the Macaroni Penguin {E. chrysolophus) and the Erect-crested Penguin {E. sclateri) are much larger. Because the Northern Rockhopper Penguin {E. chrysocome moseleyi) breeds on Amsterdam in large numbers (Jouventin, 1994), the bones are referred to that species. Diomedea chlororhynchos Most albatross bones were removed from the collection before THW examined them. A mandible from site 26, and eight bones of one individual from site 2.1, however, are all indistinguishable from the Yellow-nosed Albatross {Diomedea chlororhynchos) and are referred to that species. Large numbers of these albatrosses currently breed on Amsterdam (Jouventin et al., 1984). Diomedea amsterdamensis The Martinez collection contained numerous remains of Diomedea amsterdamensis that were removed prior to THW's examination of the collection. These were reported on by Jouventin et al. (1989), who recorded bones representing 81 indi- TABLE 1.—List of species, number of bones, and minimum number of individuals (MNI) calculated as the sum of MNI in individual sites, as defined by the collectors, represented in the fossils from Amsterdam Island. Species Eudyptes chrysocome Diomedea sp. Diomedea amsterdamensis Diomedea chlororhynchos Procellaria cinerea Pterodroma macroptera Pterodroma mollis Pterodroma baraui Pterodroma baraui/arminjoniana Pterodroma arminjoniana Pterodroma sp. ?aterrima Pachyptila macgillivrayi Pachyptila cf. turtur Pachyptila cf. desolata Pachyptila sp. chicks Pelecanoides urinatrix Puffinus assimilis Puffinus carneipes Puffinus cf. griseus Pelagodroma marina Fregetta grallaria Oceanites sp. Hydrobatidae sp. indet. Catharacta skua hamiltoni Anas marecula Gallus gallus Total Number of bones 281 42 80 9 980 3711 4766 263 11 6 2 9235 57 1 7 106 1882 21 2 1780 72 17 5 179 44 3 23562 MNI 21 3 9(8 ir 2 117 282 375 31 3 4 2 731 12 1 2 29 152 1 1 206 25 4 2 19 24(33)* 1 2059 "Jouventin et al. (1989) recorded 81 individuals of D. amsterdamensis, and Olson and Jouventin (1996) reported a minimum of 33 individuals of Anas marecula, and there is probably overlap between those samples and what we examined in the study. viduals of D. amsterdamensis from several unspecified sites distributed between 80 m and 700 m a.s.l., including 52 individuals from a single site at 332 m, which is probably site 4. About 80 bones of a large species of albatross remained in the collection, however, and are referred to D. amsterdamensis because they do not match any other species. Diomedea amsterdamensis is restricted to breeding sites above 400 m (Jouventin etal., 1989). Pterodroma FIGURES 5-8 A preliminary examination of the Pterodroma bones in the collection revealed the predominance of two different species that differed mainly in size. In order to characterize these better, a large sample was measured, revealing that both species have apparently normal distributions for all bones (Figures 7, 8; Appendices 1,2). Species in the size range of the larger taxon include the Great-winged or Grey-faced Petrel {Pterodroma macroptera), Juan Fernandez Petrel {P. externa), Providence Petrel {P. solandri), Magenta Petrel {P. magentae), and White-necked
NUMBER 89 FIGURE 5.—Photographs of Pterodroma mollis skulls in dorsal (left) and lateral (right) views. A,D, modem specimen MNZ 22424, Gough Island; B,C, fossil specimen from site 18.7. Scale bar=5 cm. FIGURE 6.—Photographs of Pterodroma macroptera skulls in dorsal (left) and lateral (right) views. A,D, modern specimen CSIRO PROS237, Eclipse Island, Western Australia; B,c, specimen from fossil site 18.3. Scale bar=5 cm. Petrel {P. cervicalis). The smaller taxon is about the size of a Soft-plumaged Petrel {P. mollis), Mottled Petrel {P. inexpectata), Black-winged Petrel {P. nigripennis), or Kerguelen Petrel (P. brevirostris). Bones of the Atlantic Petrel {P. incerta), White-headed Petrel {P. lessoni), and Tahiti Petrel {P. rostrata) are larger than those of any Pterodroma from Amsterdam, and 47
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOB
Page 6 and 7: ABSTRACT Olson, Storrs L., editor.
Page 8 and 9: EARLY WATERFOWL (ANSERIFORMES) AND
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Page 12 and 13: localities, all of them situated in
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Page 44 and 45: 34 ability in such a way that it ca
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Page 54 and 55: Site 13 Research Base ENTRANCE Lowe
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Page 77 and 78: Comparison of Paleoecological Patte
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NUMBER 89 population, if such exist
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NUMBER 89 99 FIGURE 11.—Skulls of
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NUMBER 89 101 FIGURE 13.—Lower ma
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NUMBER 89 the Chatham Island Pied O
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NUMBER 89 Locality 9, Western Maung
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NUMBER 89 107 yellowish sand (site
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NUMBER 89 109 ogy. Notornis, supple
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112 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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The Middle Pleistocene Avifauna of
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NUMBER 89 Accordi, B. 1962. La grot
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130 FIGURE 1.—Map showing locatio
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132 Cranium Mandibula Scapula Clavi
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Seabirds and Late Pleistocene Marin
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NUMBER 89 141 METHODS Only strictly
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NUMBER 89 143 FIGURE 2.—Area of s
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NUMBER 89 151 FIGURE 10.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 153 FIGURE 12.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 155 the period studied. T
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NUMBER 89 157 Walker, C.A., G.M. Wr
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164 Vl 620 M 570 £ 520 S 470f •
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166 birds, such as the two species
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170 cional Autonoma de Mexico, for
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174 ated with this specimen, see Mi
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The Fossil Record of Condors (Cicon
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NUMBER 89 179 FIGURE 2.—Geographi
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NUMBER 89 181 FIGURE 5.—Vulturida
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NUMBER 89 183 FIGURE 7.—Referred
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Two New Fossil Eagles from the Late
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NUMBER 89 187 TABLE 1.—Measuremen
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NUMBER 89 189 carpal trochlea relat
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NUMBER 89 191 FIGURE 4.—Holotypic
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NUMBER 89 193 We compared the parat
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NUMBER 89 195 FIGURE 6.—Distribut
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NUMBER 89 197 the Florida State Mus
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A New Genus of Dwarf Megapode (Gall
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NUMBER 89 201 lis hypotarsi along t
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NUMBER 89 203 The fossil is larger
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NUMBER 89 205 Clark, George A., Jr.
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A New Genus and Species of the Fami
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NUMBER 89 209 son with other known
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NUMBER 89 211 FIGURE 1.—Argornis
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NUMBER 89 213 AM AL AM AL AM AL AM
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NUMBER 89 215 caput humeri perpendi
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Selmes absurdipes, New Genus, New S
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NUMBER 89 219 FIGURE 2.—Selmes ab
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NUMBER 89 221 Costae: Deformed frag
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A Fossil Screamer (Anseriformes: An
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 3.—Chaunoides an
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NUMBER 89 227 B C D FIGURE 6.—The
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NUMBER 89 229 FIGURE 9.—Right tib
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The Anseriform Relationships of Ana
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NUMBER 89 233 Subfamily ANATALAVINA
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NUMBER 89 235 mal was found under t
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NUMBER 89 237 tion, with retroartic
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 7.—Sternum and p
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NUMBER 89 241 der. The bone is very
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NUMBER 89 243 Eocene records of the
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Presbyornis isoni and Other Late Pa
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NUMBER 89 255 FIGURE 1.—Referred
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NUMBER 89 257 vical vertebrae of th
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NUMBER 89 259 (Olson and Parris, 19
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274 America. Science, 214(4526): 12
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276 concerning the amphicoelous str
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278 ment of the radius that are con
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280 The left coracoid is represente
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284 Kurochkin, E.N. 1982. [New Orde
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288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
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290 1991). In this paper we use a "
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Implantation and Replacement of Bir
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NUMBER 89 297 saurs (Figure 1E-G).
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NUMBER 89 299 would seem unlikely a
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Humeral Rotation and Wrist Supinati
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NUMBER 89 303 apparent. It is now c
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NUMBER 89 305 FIGURE 3.—Dorsal vi
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NUMBER 89 307 FIGURE 4.—Wing of t
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NUMBER 89 309 Jura-Museums, Eichsta
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Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
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338 evolved independently twice." M
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1 i'~L ,i "^ 1 •vw* HBB!/'' . m
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