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46 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY
P. urinatrix exsul (Common Diving-petrel): MNZ 908S,
17623-17625, 18096 (Auckland Id.); MNZ 24785, 24786
(Heard Id.).
P urinatrix urinatrix: MNZ 546S, 547S, 13610, 13613,
13614, 16601, 17198, 17202 (Wellington-area beaches, New
Zealand).
P. georgicus (South Georgian Diving-petrel): MNZ 24790,
24816-24822 (Heard Id.).
Catharacta skua lonnbergi (Subantarctic (Brown or Southem
Great) Skua): MNZ 13568, 18332 (Auckland Id.); MNZ
18900 (Southeast Id., Chatham Ids.); MNZ 23702 (Campbell
Id.); MNZ 24698, 24699 (Snares Id.).
C. maccormicki (South Polar or Antarctic Skua): MNZ
13320 (Franklin Id.); MNZ 22955, 22956 (Cape Evans); MNZ
22935, 22947, 23035, 23158 (Scott Base).
Systematics and Comparative Osteology
Table 1 lists the species determined in the Martinez collection,
the number of bones identified as belonging to each species,
and the minimum number of individuals (MNI) per species.
The fossils described herein provide evidence for the
previous fauna having at least 20 species of seabird and one
duck. To this total can be added the records of a presumably
vagrant rail, Crex crex, and a domestic fowl, Gallus gallus
(Linnaeus), the latter found in a site used by sailors for shelter.
Eudyptes chrysocome
All penguin bones are referred to Eudyptes. They are the
same size as bones of the Fiordland Penguin {E. pachyrhynchus),
Snares Penguin {E. robustus), and Eastern Rockhopper
Penguin {E. chrysocome filholi). Bones of the Macaroni Penguin
{E. chrysolophus) and the Erect-crested Penguin {E. sclateri)
are much larger. Because the Northern Rockhopper Penguin
{E. chrysocome moseleyi) breeds on Amsterdam in large
numbers (Jouventin, 1994), the bones are referred to that species.
Diomedea chlororhynchos
Most albatross bones were removed from the collection before
THW examined them. A mandible from site 26, and eight
bones of one individual from site 2.1, however, are all indistinguishable
from the Yellow-nosed Albatross {Diomedea chlororhynchos)
and are referred to that species. Large numbers of
these albatrosses currently breed on Amsterdam (Jouventin et
al., 1984).
Diomedea amsterdamensis
The Martinez collection contained numerous remains of Diomedea
amsterdamensis that were removed prior to THW's
examination of the collection. These were reported on by Jouventin
et al. (1989), who recorded bones representing 81 indi-
TABLE 1.—List of species, number of bones, and minimum number of individuals
(MNI) calculated as the sum of MNI in individual sites, as defined by the
collectors, represented in the fossils from Amsterdam Island.
Species
Eudyptes chrysocome
Diomedea sp.
Diomedea amsterdamensis
Diomedea chlororhynchos
Procellaria cinerea
Pterodroma macroptera
Pterodroma mollis
Pterodroma baraui
Pterodroma baraui/arminjoniana
Pterodroma arminjoniana
Pterodroma sp. ?aterrima
Pachyptila macgillivrayi
Pachyptila cf. turtur
Pachyptila cf. desolata
Pachyptila sp. chicks
Pelecanoides urinatrix
Puffinus assimilis
Puffinus carneipes
Puffinus cf. griseus
Pelagodroma marina
Fregetta grallaria
Oceanites sp.
Hydrobatidae sp. indet.
Catharacta skua hamiltoni
Anas marecula
Gallus gallus
Total
Number of bones
281
42
80
9
980
3711
4766
263
11
6
2
9235
57
1
7
106
1882
21
2
1780
72
17
5
179
44
3
23562
MNI
21
3
9(8 ir
2
117
282
375
31
3
4
2
731
12
1
2
29
152
1
1
206
25
4
2
19
24(33)*
1
2059
"Jouventin et al. (1989) recorded 81 individuals of D. amsterdamensis, and
Olson and Jouventin (1996) reported a minimum of 33 individuals of Anas
marecula, and there is probably overlap between those samples and what we
examined in the study.
viduals of D. amsterdamensis from several unspecified sites
distributed between 80 m and 700 m a.s.l., including 52 individuals
from a single site at 332 m, which is probably site 4.
About 80 bones of a large species of albatross remained in the
collection, however, and are referred to D. amsterdamensis because
they do not match any other species. Diomedea amsterdamensis
is restricted to breeding sites above 400 m (Jouventin
etal., 1989).
Pterodroma
FIGURES 5-8
A preliminary examination of the Pterodroma bones in the
collection revealed the predominance of two different species
that differed mainly in size. In order to characterize these better,
a large sample was measured, revealing that both species
have apparently normal distributions for all bones (Figures 7,
8; Appendices 1,2).
Species in the size range of the larger taxon include the
Great-winged or Grey-faced Petrel {Pterodroma macroptera),
Juan Fernandez Petrel {P. externa), Providence Petrel {P.
solandri), Magenta Petrel {P. magentae), and White-necked