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38 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Oliver, Samuel Pasfield, editor 1897. The Voyages Made by the Sieur D. B. to the Islands Dauphine or Madagascar and Bourbon or Mascarenne in the Years 1669-70-71 and 72. xxxv+160 pages. London: David Nutt. Olson, Storrs L. 1973. A Classification of the Rallidae. Wilson Bulletin, 85(4):381^U6. 1977. A Synopsis of the Fossil Rallidae. In S. Dillon Ripley, Rails of the World: A Monograph of the Family Rallidae, pages 339-379. Boston: David R. Godine. Olson, Storrs L., and Helen F. James 1982. Prodromus of the Fossil Avifauna of the Hawaiian Islands. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 365: 59 pages. 1991. Description of Thirty-two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands, Part I: Non-passeriformes. Ornithological Monographs, 45: 88 pages. Olson, Storrs L., and Pierre Jouventin 1996. A New Species of Small Flightless Duck from Amsterdam Island, Southern Indian Ocean (Anatidae: Anas). Condor, 98(1): 1-9. Oustalet, E. 1896. Notice sur la faune ornithologique ancienne et modeme des lies Mascareignes et en particulier de l'ile Maurice d'apres des documents inedits. Annates des Sciences Naturelles, series 8, (Zoologie), 3:1-128. Owen, Richard 1848. On the Remains of the Gigantic and Presumed Extinct Wingless and Terrestrial Birds of New Zealand (Dinornis and Palapteryx), with Indications of Two Other Genera (Notornis and Nestor). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1848:1-11. Peters, James Lee 1937. Check-List of Birds of the World. Volume 3, 311 pages. Cambridge, Masschusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. [Reprinted 1961.] Piveteau, Jean 1945. Etude sur VAphanapteryx, oiseau eteint de l'ile Maurice. Annates de Paleontologie, 31:31-37. Poplin, Francois, and Cecile Mourer-Chauvire 1985. Sylviornis neocaledoniae (Aves, Galliformes, Megapodiidae), oiseau geant eteint de Tile des Pins (Nouvelle-Caledonie). Geobios, 18(l):73-97. Rick, Anne M. 1975. Bird Medullary Bone: A Seasonal Dating Technique for Faunal An alysts. Bulletin of the Canadian Archaeologists Association, 7:183-190. Rothschild, Walter 1907. Extinct Birds, xxix+244 pages. London: Hutchinson. Schlegel, H. 1854. Ook een woordje over den Dodo (Didus ineptus) en zijne verwanten. Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, 2:232-256. S61ys-Longchamps, Edmond de 1848. Resume concemant les Oiseaux brevipennes mentionnes dans l'ouvrage de M. Strickland sur le Dodo. Revue Zoologique, Octobre 1848:292-295. Shelley, G.E. 1883. On the Columbidae of the Ethiopian Region. Ibis, series 5, 1: 258-331. Simkiss, K. 1967. Calcium in Reproductive Physiology: A Comparative Study of Vertebrates. 264 pages. London: Chapman and Hall, Ltd. Steadman, David W. 1992. New Species of Gallicolumba and Macropygia (Aves: Columbidae) from Archeological Sites in Polynesia. In K.E. Campbell, editor, Papers in Avian Paleontology Honoring Pierce Brodkorb. Sciences Series, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 36:329-348. Storer, Robert W. 1970. Independent Evolution of the Dodo and the Solitaire. Auk, 87(2):369-370. Strickland, H.E., and A.G. Melville 1848. The Dodo and Its Kindred, or the History, Affinities and Osteology of the Dodo, Solitaire, and Other Extinct Birds of the Islands Mauritius, Rodriguez, and Bourbon. 141 pages. London: Reeve, Benham, and Reeve. Temminck, Coenraad Jacob 1813. Histoire naturelle generate des Pigeons et des Gallinaces. Volume 1, pages 1-16, 1-499, errata, 1 plate. Amsterdam: J.C. Sepp et Fils; Paris: G. Dufour. Urban, Emil K., C. Hilary Fry, and Stuart Keith 1986. The Birds of Africa. Volume 2, xvi+552 pages. London: Academic Press.
The Fossil Avifauna of Amsterdam Island. Indian Ocean ABSTRACT The fossil avifauna of Amsterdam Island is described from 23,562 identifiable bones representing 2060 individuals from 30 sites. Twenty species of seabirds and one land bird are represented by the fossils. This may underestimate the prehuman species richness because two of the 10 indigenous species that now breed on the island are not represented among the fossils. Lengths of bones for all common species on Amsterdam are compared with those of populations elsewhere. On Amsterdam, Great-winged Petrel {Pterodroma macroptera (Smith)) and Grey Petrel (Procellaria cinerea Gmelin) populations were composed of individuals of relatively small mean size. The Macgillivray's Prion (Pachyptila macgillivrayi (Mathews)) is shown to be specifically distinct from the Broad-billed Prion (P. vittata (Forster)) and Salvin's Prion (P. salvini (Mathews)), based on osteological measurements. Introduction Amsterdam (37°50'S, 77°31'E) and St. Paul islands lie 80 km apart in the middle of the Indian Ocean, more than 3,000 km from any continent (Figure 1); both islands are of volcanic origin. Amsterdam is roughly circular, 9.2 km long and 7.4 km wide, and rises to 881 m above sea level (a.s.l.). The western coastal cliffs are spectacularly high (400-700 m), but cliffs are 20-80 m high over most of the remaining coastline. Average air temperature varies between 11.2° C in August and 17° C in February. The climate is windy and humidity is high, with rainfall (annual mean 1114 mm) usually falling as a light drizzle on 239 days of the year (Jouventin, 1994). This high humidity and frequent rain has promoted peat development over much of the island. Prior to human disturbance, lowland areas less than 250 m that were above the coastal cliffs, and where the soil was wet Trevor H. Worthy and Pierre Jouventin Trevor H. Worthy, Palaeofaunal Surveys, 43 The Ridgeway, Nelson, New Zealand. Pierre Jouventin, Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chize, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 79360 Beauvoir surNiort, France. 39 and deep, were covered by a thick, six- to seven-meter-high forest of the tree Phylica nitida (Rhamnacae). In the highlands, and on the central plateau, peatlands were dominated by an association of clubmoss {Lycopodium trichiatum) and a fern {Gleichenia polypodioides), with some grasses, sedges, and forbs {Uncinia brevicaulis, Poa fuegiana, Trisetum insulare, Acaena seurguisarbae, and Scirpus aucklandicus) (Jouventin, 1994; Micol and Jouventin, 1995). HISTORY OF EXPLORATION.—The island was discovered on 18 March 1522, but the first landing was not until 1696. Drawings made then showed that 27% of the island was forested, but by 1875 forest cover was reduced to 5%, and by 1990 only 12 ha, or 0.2%, remained (Jouventin, 1994). Deforestation was caused by ships stopping en route from South Africa to Australia to collect wood, and by repeated fires. Fur seals {Arctocephalus tropicalis (Gray)) were harvested in great numbers from about 1790, but they disappeared by 1893. A small colony was found in 1905 and is making a good recovery (Jouventin, 1994). Other human visitors to the island killed penguins, albatrosses, and petrels for food or for bait for lobster pots. Many animals were introduced. The dog {Canis familiaris Linnaeus), pig {Sus scrofa Linnaeus), and goat {Capra hircus Linnaeus) died out, whereas the house mouse {Mus musculus Linnaeus), Norway rat {Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout)), cat {Felis catus Linnaeus), and cow {Bos taunts Linnaeus) remain (Jouventin, 1994; Micol and Jouventin, 1995). Habitat degradation caused by repeated fires and cattle grazing, plus predation by other mammals and active hunting by people, combined to decimate the avifauna, which consisted mainly of seabirds. The breeding fauna on Amsterdam at first human contact has been estimated to include at least 20 species (Jouventin, 1994), of which only the following 10 species remain (Micol and Jouventin, 1995) (nomenclature for modem avifauna discussed herein follows Marchant and Higgins, 1990). The Northern Rockhopper Penguin {Eudyptes chrysocome) and the Yellow-nosed Albatross {Diomedea chlororhynchos) are common. The Sooty Albatross {Phoebetria fused) is rare, with about 240 pairs, and only about 20 breeding pairs of the endemic Amsterdam Albatross {Diomedea amsterdamen-
Page 1 and 2: »'' § "S^ iFjwtM . •- .m-i Avia
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Page 6 and 7: ABSTRACT Olson, Storrs L., editor.
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Page 12 and 13: localities, all of them situated in
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NUMBER 89 89 NZA 797,1930,1934 Unco
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NUMBER 89 91 anoramphus spp.), Chat
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NUMBER 89 93 TABLE 2.—Land snails
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NUMBER 89 95 counterparts, with som
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NUMBER 89 population, if such exist
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NUMBER 89 99 FIGURE 11.—Skulls of
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NUMBER 89 101 FIGURE 13.—Lower ma
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NUMBER 89 the Chatham Island Pied O
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NUMBER 89 Locality 9, Western Maung
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NUMBER 89 107 yellowish sand (site
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NUMBER 89 109 ogy. Notornis, supple
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112 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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The Middle Pleistocene Avifauna of
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NUMBER 89 Accordi, B. 1962. La grot
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130 FIGURE 1.—Map showing locatio
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132 Cranium Mandibula Scapula Clavi
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Seabirds and Late Pleistocene Marin
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NUMBER 89 141 METHODS Only strictly
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NUMBER 89 143 FIGURE 2.—Area of s
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NUMBER 89 151 FIGURE 10.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 153 FIGURE 12.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 155 the period studied. T
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NUMBER 89 157 Walker, C.A., G.M. Wr
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164 Vl 620 M 570 £ 520 S 470f •
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166 birds, such as the two species
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170 cional Autonoma de Mexico, for
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174 ated with this specimen, see Mi
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The Fossil Record of Condors (Cicon
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NUMBER 89 179 FIGURE 2.—Geographi
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NUMBER 89 181 FIGURE 5.—Vulturida
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NUMBER 89 183 FIGURE 7.—Referred
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Two New Fossil Eagles from the Late
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NUMBER 89 187 TABLE 1.—Measuremen
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NUMBER 89 189 carpal trochlea relat
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NUMBER 89 191 FIGURE 4.—Holotypic
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NUMBER 89 193 We compared the parat
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NUMBER 89 195 FIGURE 6.—Distribut
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NUMBER 89 197 the Florida State Mus
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A New Genus of Dwarf Megapode (Gall
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NUMBER 89 201 lis hypotarsi along t
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NUMBER 89 203 The fossil is larger
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NUMBER 89 205 Clark, George A., Jr.
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A New Genus and Species of the Fami
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NUMBER 89 209 son with other known
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NUMBER 89 211 FIGURE 1.—Argornis
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NUMBER 89 213 AM AL AM AL AM AL AM
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NUMBER 89 215 caput humeri perpendi
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Selmes absurdipes, New Genus, New S
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NUMBER 89 219 FIGURE 2.—Selmes ab
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NUMBER 89 221 Costae: Deformed frag
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A Fossil Screamer (Anseriformes: An
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 3.—Chaunoides an
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NUMBER 89 227 B C D FIGURE 6.—The
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NUMBER 89 229 FIGURE 9.—Right tib
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The Anseriform Relationships of Ana
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NUMBER 89 233 Subfamily ANATALAVINA
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NUMBER 89 235 mal was found under t
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NUMBER 89 237 tion, with retroartic
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 7.—Sternum and p
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NUMBER 89 241 der. The bone is very
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NUMBER 89 243 Eocene records of the
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Presbyornis isoni and Other Late Pa
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NUMBER 89 255 FIGURE 1.—Referred
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NUMBER 89 257 vical vertebrae of th
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NUMBER 89 259 (Olson and Parris, 19
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274 America. Science, 214(4526): 12
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276 concerning the amphicoelous str
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278 ment of the radius that are con
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280 The left coracoid is represente
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284 Kurochkin, E.N. 1982. [New Orde
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288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
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290 1991). In this paper we use a "
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Implantation and Replacement of Bir
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NUMBER 89 297 saurs (Figure 1E-G).
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NUMBER 89 299 would seem unlikely a
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Humeral Rotation and Wrist Supinati
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NUMBER 89 303 apparent. It is now c
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NUMBER 89 305 FIGURE 3.—Dorsal vi
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NUMBER 89 307 FIGURE 4.—Wing of t
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NUMBER 89 309 Jura-Museums, Eichsta
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Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
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338 evolved independently twice." M
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1 i'~L ,i "^ 1 •vw* HBB!/'' . m
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