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32 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Without any justification, Rothschild (1907) placed this form in the genus Necropsittacus of Rodrigues and described it as N. borbonicus. Family STRIGIDAE Genus Mascarenotus Mourer-Chauvire, Bour, Moutou, and Ribes Mascarenotus grucheti Mourer-Chauvire, Bour, Moutou, and Ribes, 1994 Gmchet's Mascarene Owl FIGURE 13^ MATERIAL.—Grotte des Premiers Francais. Holotype: r. tarsometatarsus, 1993-49. Paratypes: 1. humems, 1993-50; r. p. tibiotarsus, 1993-48; r. d. tibiotarsus, 1993-47. Grotte de l'Autel: r. tarsometatarsus, 330537; r. d. tarsometatarsus, 330538. Grotte "au sable": 1. quadrate, 330809; 1. p. femur, 330737. Marais de l'Ermitage: r. tarsometatarsus, 1800. REMARKS.—We have not found any additional remains other than those used in the original description of Mascarenotus grucheti (Mourer-Chauvire et al., 1994). We have placed all the Mascarene strigiforms in the extinct genus Mascarenotus, which resembles the genus Otus but presents some distinctive morphological characteristics. This genus includes one species on Mauritius, Mascarenotus sauzieri, based on Strix sauzieri Newton and Gadow, 1893 (synonyms, Otus commersoni Oustalet (1896), Strix newtoni Rothschild (1907)), one species on Rodrigues, Mascarenotus murivorus based on Strix {Athene) murivora Milne-Edwards (1874) (synonym, Bubo (?) leguati Rothschild (1907)), and one species on Reunion, Mascarenotus grucheti Mourer-Chauvire et al., 1994. The tarsometatarsi of M. grucheti are very close in size to those of M. sauzieri, although the only humems known from Reunion is clearly smaller than those of M. sauzieri, for which we have a good sample of comparative material (12 specimens). The ratio of element lengths (Mourer-Chauvire et al., 1994, fig. 1) shows M. sauzieri to be strikingly parallel to modem insular species of the genus Otus, such as Otus lawrencii (Sclater and Salvin), or O nudipes (Daudin), from the West Indies, in which the legs are much more elongated than in continental forms. The same adaptation is found in the four extinct insular species of the genus Grallistrix, from Hawaii, which is derived from the genus Strix (Olson and James, 1991). In the Strigiformes, as well as in the genus Accipiter, this lengthening of the legs corresponds to an adaptation for catching birds on islands lacking terrestrial mammals. This species must have had a very secretive life in the forests or remote areas, because the early explorers of Reunion never spoke of nocturnal raptors, although eared owls were noted historically on the other Mascarene Islands. Family STURNIDAE Genus Fregilupus Lesson Fregilupus varius (Boddaert, 1783) Reunion Starling MATERIAL.—Grotte des Premiers Francais: 1. d. femur, 1993-57. REMARKS.—This passerine femur agrees in size and morphological characteristics with what is known of the Reunion Starling. On the posterior face, the proximal edge of the internal condyle ends internally with a point that projects proximad. On the internal face, the internal condyle is anteroposteriorly compressed. This characteristic accentuates the shape of the external condyle, which looks very protmding, and the rotular groove on the anterior face is deep, as was indicated by Murie (1874), who described the only known skeleton of this species. The distal width (7.2 mm) and the distal depth (5.8 mm) agree with a femur the total length of which ranges from 31.6 mm (Berger, 1957) to 35.6 mm (Murie, 1874) or 37 mm (Gunther and Newton, 1879). The Reunion Starling became extinct between 1838 and 1858 (Barre and Barau, 1982). Relationships, Origin, and Fate of the Reunion Avifauna The avifauna found as fossils on Reunion differs from that of the other two Mascarenes (Table 13) in that, with the exception of Dryolimnas augusti, none of the species had lost their ability to fly. Lacking on Reunion are the most distinctive Mascarene birds, namely, the dodo and solitaire {Raphus, Pezophaps), the large flightless rails {Aphanapteryx, Erythromachus), and the large parrots with enormous bills and atrophied wings {Lophopsittacus mauritianus, Necropsittacus rodericanus) (Newton and Newton, 1876; Gunther and Newton, 1879). Among the forms that perhaps had lost the ability to fly is the Oiseau bleu, placed by Olson (1977) in the genus Porphyrio, and which was either an extinct species of that genus or a population of the modem species Porphyrio porphyrio (Linnaeus). Dubois (1674) said that it could not fly, but in 1724 Father Brown said that it was able to fly, but rarely and just above the ground (Barre and Barau, 1982, our translation). The authenticity of Father Brown's report has been questioned (Lougnon, 1970, 1992), but Cheke (1987) thinks that his report comes from an unidentified but authentic source. Remains referable to Oiseau bleu are yet to be found, so we know nothing more about it. The other genera represented on Mauritius and Rodrigues by species with reduced flying ability are represented on Reunion by species with normal flying ability. This is the case for Nycticorax, with the flying species N. duboisi, and for Falco duboisi, the coracoid and ulna of which are not reduced, unlike that of F. punctatus, of Mauritius. The other extinct species, namely
NUMBER 89 33 Family PHALACROCORACIDAE ARDEIDAE THRESKIORNITHIDAE PHOENICOPTERIDAE ANATIDAE ACCIPITR1DAE FALCONIDAE TURNICIDAE RALLIDAE RAPHIDAE COLUMBIDAE PSITTACIDAE STRJGIDAE APODIDAE HlRUNDINIDAE CAMPEPHAGIDAE PYCNONOTIDAE MUSCICAPIDAE TURDIDAE TlMALIIDAE SYLVIIDAE ZOSTEROPIDAE PLOCEIDAE STURNIDAE TABLE 13.—Native resident land birds of the Mascarene Islands. L=species still living on the island today, E=species completely extinct, X=species now extinct but known by modem specimens, F=species known from fossils found on the specified island, H=species known by historical accounts (when not known from fossils). (Egretta dimorpha on Mauritius is after Milne-Edwards (1874, pl. 33: fig. 3). There is no indication that "Necropsittacus" borbonicus belongs to the same genus as N. rodericanus. Hypsipetes (species undescribed) and Timaliinae (genus and species undescribed) on Rodrigues from Cowles (1987). A supposed grebe from Mauritius was based on a fossil of the migratory Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus (Cowles, 1987).) Reunion Phalacrocorax africanus? (as "Cormoran"), H Nycticorax duboisi, E,F Egretta dimorpha? (as "Aigrette blanche et grise"), H Threskiornis solitarius, E,F Phoenicopterus ruber, F Alopochen (M.) kervazoi, E,F Anas theodori, E, F Aythya sp., F Circus maillardi, L Falco duboisi (as "Pieds jaunes"), E,F "Emerillons," E,H" Turnix nigricollis (as "Petites perdrix"), L,H Dryolimnas augusti, n. sp. E,F - Porphyrio caerulescens (as "Oiseau bleu"), E,H Fulica newtonii, E, F - Alectroenas sp.? (as "Pigeon couleur d'Ardoise"), E,H Nesoenas duboisi, E, F - Streptopelia picturata, L, F - "Perroquet gris," E,H "Necropsittacus" borbonicus (as "Perroquet vert a tete, dessus des ailes et queue couleur de feu"), E,H Mascarinus mascarinus, E,X,F Psittacula eques/echo? (as "Perroquet vert a collier noir"), H Mascarenotus grucheti, E,F Collocalia francica, L Phedina borbonica, L Coracina newtoni, L Hypsipetes borbonicus, L Terpsiphone bourbonnensis, L Saxicola tectes, L - - Zosterops borbonicus, L Zosterops olivaceus, L Foudia sp. (as "Moineaux"), E,H Fregilupus varius, E,X,F Threskiornis solitarius, Alopochen (M) kervazoi, Anas theodori, Nesoenas duboisi, and Mascarinus mascarinus, do not show reduction in the scapular girdle or wing bones. Alopochen (M) kervazoi shows a very slight reduction compared with the recent African forms, but this also exists in the extinct form from Madagascar. We suggest that this reduction had already occurred in the Malagasy forms before they colonized Mauritius Phalacrocorax africanus, F Nycticorax mauritianus, E, F Egretta dimorpha, F - Phoenicopterus ruber, F Alopochen mauritianus, E,F Anas theodori, E,F - Circus alphonsi, E,F Falco punctatus, L,F - - Dryolimnas cuvieri, X,F Aphanapteryx bonasia, E,F - Fulica newtonii, E, F Raphus cucullatus, E,X,F Alectroenas nitidissima, E,X,F Nesoenas mayeri, L, F - Streptopelia picturata, L, F, H Lophopsittacus mauritianus, E, F "Lophopsittacus" bensoni, E, F - Psittacula eques/echo, L, F Mascarenotus sauzieri, E,F Collocalia francica, L Phedina borbonica, L Coracina typica, L Hypsipetes olivaceus, L Terpsiphone bourbonnensis, L - — - Zosterops borbonicus, L Zosterops chloronothos, L Foudia rubra, L - Rodrigues - Nycticorax megacephalus, E,F - - possibly historical "geant," H - - - - - - - - Erythromachus leguati, E,F - - Pezophaps solitaria, E, F - - "Columba" rodericana, E,F Streptopelia picturata, L, F - - Necropsittacus rodericanus, E,F - Psittacula exsul, E,X,H Mascarenotus murivorus, E,F - - - Hypsipetes, sp. undescribed, E,F - TIMALIINAE, genus and sp. undescribed, E,F Acrocephalus rodericanus, L - - Foudia flavicans, L Necropsar rodericanus E,F Reunion. Fulica newtonii shows a reduction of the coracoid and wing bones, but it is the same species as in Mauritius, and it probably colonized Reunion from that island. Mascarenotus grucheti has a more reduced humems than does M. sauzieri, but it is the only exception. Reunion Island dates back 3 Ma (Molnar and Stock, 1987), a length of time amply sufficient for birds to lose their flying
Page 1 and 2: »'' § "S^ iFjwtM . •- .m-i Avia
Page 3: SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOB
Page 6 and 7: ABSTRACT Olson, Storrs L., editor.
Page 8 and 9: EARLY WATERFOWL (ANSERIFORMES) AND
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Page 12 and 13: localities, all of them situated in
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Page 54 and 55: Site 13 Research Base ENTRANCE Lowe
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82 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL
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The History of the Chatham Islands'
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NUMBER 89 87 Species Common Name Pe
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NUMBER 89 89 NZA 797,1930,1934 Unco
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NUMBER 89 91 anoramphus spp.), Chat
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NUMBER 89 93 TABLE 2.—Land snails
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NUMBER 89 95 counterparts, with som
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NUMBER 89 population, if such exist
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NUMBER 89 99 FIGURE 11.—Skulls of
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NUMBER 89 101 FIGURE 13.—Lower ma
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NUMBER 89 the Chatham Island Pied O
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NUMBER 89 Locality 9, Western Maung
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NUMBER 89 107 yellowish sand (site
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NUMBER 89 109 ogy. Notornis, supple
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112 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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The Middle Pleistocene Avifauna of
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NUMBER 89 Accordi, B. 1962. La grot
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130 FIGURE 1.—Map showing locatio
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132 Cranium Mandibula Scapula Clavi
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Seabirds and Late Pleistocene Marin
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NUMBER 89 141 METHODS Only strictly
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NUMBER 89 143 FIGURE 2.—Area of s
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NUMBER 89 151 FIGURE 10.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 153 FIGURE 12.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 155 the period studied. T
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NUMBER 89 157 Walker, C.A., G.M. Wr
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164 Vl 620 M 570 £ 520 S 470f •
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166 birds, such as the two species
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170 cional Autonoma de Mexico, for
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174 ated with this specimen, see Mi
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The Fossil Record of Condors (Cicon
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NUMBER 89 179 FIGURE 2.—Geographi
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NUMBER 89 181 FIGURE 5.—Vulturida
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NUMBER 89 183 FIGURE 7.—Referred
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Two New Fossil Eagles from the Late
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NUMBER 89 187 TABLE 1.—Measuremen
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NUMBER 89 189 carpal trochlea relat
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NUMBER 89 191 FIGURE 4.—Holotypic
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NUMBER 89 193 We compared the parat
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NUMBER 89 195 FIGURE 6.—Distribut
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NUMBER 89 197 the Florida State Mus
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A New Genus of Dwarf Megapode (Gall
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NUMBER 89 201 lis hypotarsi along t
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NUMBER 89 203 The fossil is larger
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NUMBER 89 205 Clark, George A., Jr.
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A New Genus and Species of the Fami
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NUMBER 89 209 son with other known
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NUMBER 89 211 FIGURE 1.—Argornis
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NUMBER 89 213 AM AL AM AL AM AL AM
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NUMBER 89 215 caput humeri perpendi
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Selmes absurdipes, New Genus, New S
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NUMBER 89 219 FIGURE 2.—Selmes ab
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NUMBER 89 221 Costae: Deformed frag
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A Fossil Screamer (Anseriformes: An
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 3.—Chaunoides an
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NUMBER 89 227 B C D FIGURE 6.—The
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NUMBER 89 229 FIGURE 9.—Right tib
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The Anseriform Relationships of Ana
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NUMBER 89 233 Subfamily ANATALAVINA
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NUMBER 89 235 mal was found under t
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NUMBER 89 237 tion, with retroartic
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 7.—Sternum and p
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NUMBER 89 241 der. The bone is very
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NUMBER 89 243 Eocene records of the
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Presbyornis isoni and Other Late Pa
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NUMBER 89 255 FIGURE 1.—Referred
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NUMBER 89 257 vical vertebrae of th
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NUMBER 89 259 (Olson and Parris, 19
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274 America. Science, 214(4526): 12
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276 concerning the amphicoelous str
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278 ment of the radius that are con
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280 The left coracoid is represente
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284 Kurochkin, E.N. 1982. [New Orde
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288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
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290 1991). In this paper we use a "
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Implantation and Replacement of Bir
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NUMBER 89 297 saurs (Figure 1E-G).
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NUMBER 89 299 would seem unlikely a
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Humeral Rotation and Wrist Supinati
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NUMBER 89 303 apparent. It is now c
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NUMBER 89 305 FIGURE 3.—Dorsal vi
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NUMBER 89 307 FIGURE 4.—Wing of t
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NUMBER 89 309 Jura-Museums, Eichsta
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Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
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338 evolved independently twice." M
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1 i'~L ,i "^ 1 •vw* HBB!/'' . m
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