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28 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY TABLE 11.—Dimensions (mm) of the humerus of Nesoenas mayeri, modem and fossil, from Mauritius, and N. duboisi, extinct, from Reunion. The modem skeletons of N. mayeri are from USNM, and the fossil humeri are from the caves of Montagne du Pouce, Mauritius (MNHN). (a=from external tuberosity to bicipital crest, without deltoid crest; b=from internal tuberosity to bicipital surface, without deltoid crest; «=number of specimens; 5=standard deviation.) Measurement Humems total length proximal width (a) proximal depth (b) distal width distal depth midshaft width midshaft depth midshaft widthxlO/total length Genus Streptopelia Bonaparte Streptopelia picturata (Temminck, 1813) Madagascar Turtledove FIGURE 13« mean (n) 45.58 (34) 13.63(29) 8.38 (27) 10.54(35) 6.54(31) 4.95 (39) 3.88 (39) 1.09(33) MATERIAL.—Grotte "au sable": r. p. humems, 330738; 1. d. ulna, 330739. REMARKS.—Both remains correspond to the living Streptopelia picturata (one skeleton in MNHN). They are similar to fossil remains from the caves of Le Pouce Mountain, Mauritius. The Madagascar Turtledove lives now in Madagascar and on other islands of the western Indian Ocean (Glorioso, Anjouan in the Comoros, Aldabra, Assumption, the Amirantes, some of the Seychelles, and Diego Garcia; Peters, 1937). Although assumed to have been introduced to Reunion, Mauritius, and Rodrigues, its presence as a fossil indicates that it was living on these three islands before humans arrived, disappeared, and was then reintroduced (Cheke, 1987). Dubois spoke of ramiers and turtledoves in Reunion, and according to Cheke (1982), the name Pigeon ramier is still used in Mauritius and Reunion to designate S. picturata. Family PSITTACIDAE Genus Mascarinus Lesson Mascarinus mascarinus (Linnaeus, 1771) Mascarene Parrot FIGURE 13O-JC MATERIAL.—Grotte des Premiers Francais: r. d. coracoid, 1993-56. Grotte de l'Autel (bones probably from one individual): 1. coracoid, 330545; r. and 1. humeri, 330539, 330540, respectively; 1. ulna, 330541; 1. carpometacarpus, 330544; 1. femur, 330543; 1. tibiotarsus, 330542. Grotte "au sable": 1. scapula, 330810; 2 1. coracoids, 330741, 330742; r. p. coracoid, 330743; r. s. carpometacarpus, 330740; r. d. tarsometatarsus, 330744. REMARKS.—We think the few remains of a large parrot are Nesoenas mayeri s 1.64 0.54 0.37 0.46 0.18 0.20 0.24 0.05 range 42.5-19.2 12.7-14.4 7.7-9.1 9.3-11.4 6.2-6.9 4.6-5.3 3.4-4.4 1.01-1.20 Nesoenas duboisi 50.4 14.2 - 10.4, 11.1 6.6, 6.6 5.1 4.0 1.01 from Mascarinus mascarinus, a genus and species endemic to Reunion that became extinct between 1750 and 1800 (Barre and Barau, 1982). Unfortunately, no skeleton has been preserved for this species, which is known from two mounted specimens, one in MNHN (Paris, 1998-1725) and the other in the Natural History Museum of Vienna (Austria, 50.688). X-radiographs made it possible to take the measurements of some bones, which show that the fossil remains are intermediate between those of the two modem specimens (Table 12). We have compared the fossil remains from Reunion with the species Coracopsis nigra (Linnaeus), the Lesser Vasa Parrot, which lives on Madagascar, the Comoros, and on Praslin in the Seychelles. Coracopsis nigra was introduced to Reunion very early, circa 1780 (Cheke, 1987), and is about the same size as M. mascarinus; in both species the total length is 35 cm (Langrand, 1990; Forshaw, 1973). The lengths of the coracoid, femur, and tibiotarsus of the Reunion parrot fall within the range of variation of C. nigra, whereas the humems, ulna, and carpometacarpus are somewhat smaller (Table 12). The parrot of Reunion also shows morphological differences compared with C. nigra. The distal part of the humems is more laterally compressed in the Reunion form, and the olecranal fossa is narrower, whereas in Coracopsis nigra, as well as in C. vasa (Shaw), the distal part of the humems is mediolaterally wider (Figure 11). The ratio distal depth x 100:distal width is 65.6 in the Reunion parrot, whereas it ranges from 57.3 to 63.0 in six modem C. nigra and from 57.8 to 59.7 in two modem C. vasa. On the distal part of the tibiotarsus from Reunion (Figure 13x), on the anterior face, the internal condyle is narrow, not flattened, and is proximodistally oriented, whereas in C. nigra it is wide, flattened, and oriented proximointernally. In five of the six C. nigra examined, the tendinal groove is situated almost in the median plane of the bone; in the Reunion form, it is situated almost on the internal side. On the Reunion tibiotarsus there is a depression on the anterior face, above the external condyle, but this depression does not exist in C. nigra. Other differences probably occur in the proximal part of the tarsometatarsus, but this is unknown in the Reunion form. At the distal end, on the posterior face, the accessory trochlea is less anteroposteriorly developed in the Reunion parrot than in C. nigra.
NUMBER 89 TABLE 12.—Dimensions (mm) of the main long bones of M. mascarinus fossil (UCB, prefix FSL) and mounted specimens, compared with modem Coracopsis nigra (USNM, AMNH, MNHN). Measurement Coracoid internal length proximal width proximal depth stemal-facet length stemal-facet depth midshaft width midshaft depth Humems total length proximal width proximal depth distal width distal depth midshaft width midshaft depth Ulna total length proximal width proximal depth distal width external condyle depth midshaft width midshaft depth Carpometacarpus total length proximal width proximal depth distal width distal depth width metacarpale majus depth metacarpale majus Femur total length proximal width proximal depth distal width distal depth midshaft width midshaft depth Tibiotarsus total length proximal width proximal depth midshaft width midshaft depth Tarsometatarsus total length midshaft width width middle trochlea depth middle trochlea depth external trochlea Grotte de l'Autel FSL-330545 29.2 7.2 4.3 - - 2.9 2.5 FSL-33053940 48.8-48.8 13.0 7.6 9.3-9.3 6.1-6.1 4.7-4.7 3.9-3.9 FSL-330541 57.8 7.6 6.0 6.0 5.4 3.5 3.6 FSL-330544 35.9 4.0 9.0 3.8 5.6 3.0 2.6 FSL-330543 39.7 7.5 4.4 7.6 6.2 3.1 2.9 FSL-330542 57.8 6.0 7.2 3.0 2.7 Mascarinus mascarinus Grotte "au sable" FSL-330741-743 28.9 7.6-7.2 -4.4-4.3 -8.2 2.0-2.0 3.2-3.2 2.4-2.4 FSL-330740 - - - 3.9 - 3.1 2.6 FSL-330744 - - 3.6 2.8 4.0 FIGURE 11.—Drawing of the distal part of the right humems in the genus Coracopsis (a) (Coracopis nigra, MNHN LAC 1883-507), compared with a humerus from Reunion referred to Mascarinus mascarinus (b) (FSL 330539). mounted specimens Paris Vienna 60.5 - -- - 3.8 - 37.2 35.0 - 9.0 - - 2.7 2.7 2.5 18.5 2.7 - - - Coracopsi 5 nigra mean (n) 30.05 (8) 8.08 (6) 4.88 (6) 8.83 (6) 2.48 (6) 3.50(6) 2.43 (3) 51.88(6) 13.27(6) 7.67 (6) 10.43(6) 6.23 (6) 4.85 (6) 3.97(6) 61.98(5) 7.52(5) 6.32(5) 6.20 (5) 5.62(5) 3.72 (6) 3.80(3) 38.22 (6) 4.06 (5) 9.34(5) 4.06 (5) 6.02 (5) 3.10(3) 2.87 (6) 38.43 (7) 7.46 (7) 4.81 (7) 7.60 (7) 5.99 (7) 3.08 (7) 2.93 (3) 56.84 (7) 6.40 (6) 7.18(6) 2.89 (7) 2.63 (3) 22.30 (7) 3.32 (6) 3.50 (6) 3.03 (6) 4.47 (6) range 28.7-30.9 7.7-8.3 4.6-5.4 7.4-10.1 2.2-2.7 3.1-3.8 50.2-53.6 12.5-14.2 7.3-8.1 10.0-11.0 5.9-6.4 4.5-5.4 3.8-4.1 59.3-64.4 7.5-7.6 6.2-6.6 6.0-6.5 5.5-6.0 3.5-4.0 3.6-4.0 36.7-40.0 3.8-4.3 9.0-10.0 3.8-4.2 5.8-6.3 3.0-3.2 2.6-3.1 37.0-40.1 6.9-8.2 4.6-5.0 7.1-8.3 5.6-6.4 2.9-3.4 2.8-3.0 54.6-59.5 5.9-7.0 6.9-7.9 2.4-3.4 2.4-3.0 21.1-23.8 3.0-3.8 3.2-3.9 2.9-3.3 4.2^1.7 In conclusion, the parrot remains of Reunion present some differences in their dimensions and morphological characteristics compared with C. nigra, and because their dimensions are compatible with those available for M. mascarinus, we think that they can be referred to that species. Compared to modem C. nigra, M. mascarinus had the femur and tibiotarsus of the same size, but the wing bones and tarsometatarsus were shorter (Figure 12). The main difference is the length of the tarsometatarsus from Vienna, which is much smaller than the tarsometatarsus of C. nigra from Madagascar, although the 29
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Page 3: SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOB
Page 6 and 7: ABSTRACT Olson, Storrs L., editor.
Page 8 and 9: EARLY WATERFOWL (ANSERIFORMES) AND
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Page 12 and 13: localities, all of them situated in
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Page 54 and 55: Site 13 Research Base ENTRANCE Lowe
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78 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL
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The History of the Chatham Islands'
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NUMBER 89 87 Species Common Name Pe
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NUMBER 89 89 NZA 797,1930,1934 Unco
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NUMBER 89 91 anoramphus spp.), Chat
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NUMBER 89 93 TABLE 2.—Land snails
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NUMBER 89 95 counterparts, with som
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NUMBER 89 population, if such exist
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NUMBER 89 99 FIGURE 11.—Skulls of
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NUMBER 89 101 FIGURE 13.—Lower ma
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NUMBER 89 the Chatham Island Pied O
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NUMBER 89 Locality 9, Western Maung
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NUMBER 89 107 yellowish sand (site
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NUMBER 89 109 ogy. Notornis, supple
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112 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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The Middle Pleistocene Avifauna of
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NUMBER 89 Accordi, B. 1962. La grot
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130 FIGURE 1.—Map showing locatio
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132 Cranium Mandibula Scapula Clavi
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Seabirds and Late Pleistocene Marin
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NUMBER 89 141 METHODS Only strictly
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NUMBER 89 143 FIGURE 2.—Area of s
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NUMBER 89 151 FIGURE 10.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 153 FIGURE 12.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 155 the period studied. T
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NUMBER 89 157 Walker, C.A., G.M. Wr
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164 Vl 620 M 570 £ 520 S 470f •
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166 birds, such as the two species
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170 cional Autonoma de Mexico, for
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174 ated with this specimen, see Mi
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The Fossil Record of Condors (Cicon
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NUMBER 89 179 FIGURE 2.—Geographi
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NUMBER 89 181 FIGURE 5.—Vulturida
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NUMBER 89 183 FIGURE 7.—Referred
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Two New Fossil Eagles from the Late
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NUMBER 89 187 TABLE 1.—Measuremen
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NUMBER 89 189 carpal trochlea relat
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NUMBER 89 191 FIGURE 4.—Holotypic
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NUMBER 89 193 We compared the parat
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NUMBER 89 195 FIGURE 6.—Distribut
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NUMBER 89 197 the Florida State Mus
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A New Genus of Dwarf Megapode (Gall
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NUMBER 89 201 lis hypotarsi along t
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NUMBER 89 203 The fossil is larger
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NUMBER 89 205 Clark, George A., Jr.
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A New Genus and Species of the Fami
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NUMBER 89 209 son with other known
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NUMBER 89 211 FIGURE 1.—Argornis
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NUMBER 89 213 AM AL AM AL AM AL AM
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NUMBER 89 215 caput humeri perpendi
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Selmes absurdipes, New Genus, New S
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NUMBER 89 219 FIGURE 2.—Selmes ab
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NUMBER 89 221 Costae: Deformed frag
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A Fossil Screamer (Anseriformes: An
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 3.—Chaunoides an
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NUMBER 89 227 B C D FIGURE 6.—The
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NUMBER 89 229 FIGURE 9.—Right tib
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The Anseriform Relationships of Ana
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NUMBER 89 233 Subfamily ANATALAVINA
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NUMBER 89 235 mal was found under t
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NUMBER 89 237 tion, with retroartic
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 7.—Sternum and p
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NUMBER 89 241 der. The bone is very
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NUMBER 89 243 Eocene records of the
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Presbyornis isoni and Other Late Pa
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NUMBER 89 255 FIGURE 1.—Referred
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NUMBER 89 257 vical vertebrae of th
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NUMBER 89 259 (Olson and Parris, 19
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274 America. Science, 214(4526): 12
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276 concerning the amphicoelous str
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278 ment of the radius that are con
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280 The left coracoid is represente
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284 Kurochkin, E.N. 1982. [New Orde
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288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
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290 1991). In this paper we use a "
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Implantation and Replacement of Bir
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NUMBER 89 297 saurs (Figure 1E-G).
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NUMBER 89 299 would seem unlikely a
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Humeral Rotation and Wrist Supinati
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NUMBER 89 303 apparent. It is now c
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NUMBER 89 305 FIGURE 3.—Dorsal vi
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NUMBER 89 307 FIGURE 4.—Wing of t
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NUMBER 89 309 Jura-Museums, Eichsta
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Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
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338 evolved independently twice." M
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1 i'~L ,i "^ 1 •vw* HBB!/'' . m
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