PDF (Lo-Res) - Smithsonian Institution Libraries

More documents

Recommendations

Info

332 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY School of Bird Origins.' The only thing I see that it lacks for a confirmation would be the discovery of a Cretaceous dinosaur with enlarged feathers...and I would really think that we would have very strong support for Paul's viewpoint." Recapitulation and Conclusions Perhaps the best quote from the roundtable came from S.L. Olson: "There is no hypothesis involving the origin and evolution of birds that's too ridiculous that somebody won't propose it." This sentiment was shared by many of the participants, although—and this is the interesting part—there would not be much agreement as to which hypotheses were the ridiculous ones. The goal of the roundtable was not to establish winners and losers, or to be able to come away with a broad consensus on avian ancestry. The goal was to raise issues, discuss them openly, and establish some common ground, and in this the roundtable was very successful. The role of Archaeopteryx received a rare critical appraisal. There was general agreement that Archaeopteryx will continue to merit a cmcial role in not only this debate but in all the debates associated with the early radiation of birds. In an important departure from the past, however, Archaeopteryx may slowly be heading toward a more appropriate position as only one of a number of important fossil taxa. The rapidly growing number of Early Cretaceous (and perhaps even Late Jurassic) discoveries, some species of which are represented by dozens of complete skeletons with feathers, are tremendously helpful in reducing the weight of inferences that Archaeopteryx must bear. Furthermore, these Cretaceous fossils provide important corroborating information with regard to the origin of birds such that Archaeopteryx apparently could be dropped from many analyses with little resultant change in the phylogenetic pattern of avian ancestry. Several synapomorphies of Archaeopteryx and "tme" birds were discussed. Nevertheless, the status of Archaeopteryx as a tme bird was challenged by other participants, and, given the controversial status of a number of taxa discussed at the conference (e.g., "protobirds," Mononykus, oviraptorosaurs, new Malagasy fossils), perhaps it is indeed pmdent to exercise caution about all taxa positioned phylogenetically near that transitional nexus. For many participants, it is likely that the roundtable ultimately did little to diminish either the avian status or the importance of Archae Barsbold, Rinchen 1983. [Carnivorous Dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of Mongolia.] Trudy, Sovmestnaya Sovetsko-Mongol 'skaya Paleontologicheskaya Ekspeditsiya [Transactions of the Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition], 19:5-119. [In Russian, with English summary.] Broom, Robert 1913. On the South-African Pseudosuchian Euparkeria and Allied Genera. Literature Cited opteryx. For others, the phylogenetic position of at least Archaeopteryx remains somewhat more uncertain. As for myself, I continue to regard Archaeopteryx as the basal member of Aves, while at the same time recognizing that I have been wrong before. As mentioned above, the recent discoveries of indisputable Cretaceous birds were widely seen as contributing very important new data for the origin of birds. They confirm findings previously based solely on Archaeopteryx and provide new insights as well. The time problem facing the theropod hypothesis was discussed, and it was pointed out that the fossil record is rife with similar (and even worse) time discordances and that a stratophenetic approach is inappropriate. Perhaps the broadest level of agreement was that the functional issue of the origin of flight needs to be clearly separated from the phylogenetic issue of the origin of birds, although the discussion perhaps was hampered by the absence of several of the chief proponents of the linkage of these issues. Nevertheless, several participants voiced strong opinions that the issue of phylogenetic origin logically and methodologically precedes the exploration of models on the origin of flight. There was little focused discussion on what we should do with nonstandard hypotheses such as those of Paul and Olshevsky, although it was clear that Paul's ideas received an open hearing with perceptions ranging from receptive to skeptical. In general, there was virtually no discussion of any hypotheses other than the theropod hypothesis, which received strong support from several participants. This situation probably genuinely reflects the broad acceptance that this notion has, but it probably also reflects the fact that several key proponents of alternative views were not in attendance, whereas most of the theropod principals were present. There was only passing discussion of the alternate versions of the theropod hypothesis with the only notable outcome being the survival (even thriving) of Paul's protobird hypothesis. Finally, it is worth reporting that the roundtable was remarkably noncontentious. Participants listened patiently to the views of others, offered their responses with often amiable good humor, and generally seemed receptive to different ideas. That is not to say that strong views were not expressed, but only suggests that the tenor of the debate has moderated and moved onto a more professional and thoughtful level. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1913:619-633. Chatterjee, Sankar 1987. Skull of Protoavis and Early Evolution of Birds. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, supplement, 7(3): 14A. 1991. Cranial Anatomy and Relationships of a New Triassic Bird from Texas. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, series B, 332:277-342.
NUMBER 89 333 1995. The Triassic Bird Protoavis. Archaeopteryx, 13:15-31. Chiappe, Luis M. 1995. The First 85 Million Years of Avian Evolution. Nature, 368: 349-355. Currie, Philip J. 1985. Cranial Anatomy of Stenonychosaurus inequalis (Saurischia, Theropoda) and Its Bearing on the Origin of Birds. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 22:1643-1658. Dyck, Jan 1985. The Evolution of Feathers. Zoologica Scripta, 14(2): 137-154. Elzanowski, Andrzej 1995. Cranial Evidence for the Avian Relationships of Oviraptorosauria. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, supplement, 15(3):27A. Elzanowski, Andrzej, and Peter Wellnhofer 1996. Cranial Morphology of Archaeopteryx: Evidence from the Seventh Skeleton. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16(l):81-94. Feduccia, Alan 1993. Evidence from Claw Geometry Indicating Arboreal Habits of Archaeopteryx. Science, 259:790-793. 1994. The Great Dinosaur Debate. Living Bird, 13(4):28-33. 1996. The Origin and Evolution of Birds. 420 pages. New Haven: Yale University Press. Feduccia, Alan, and Rupert Wild 1993. Birdlike Characters in the Triassic Archosaur Megalancosaurus. Natunvissenschaften, 80:564—566. Gauthier, Jacques A. 1986. Saurischian Monophyly and the Origin of Birds. In Kevin Padian, editor, The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight, pages 1-55, 9 figures. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences. Gauthier, Jacques A., and Kevin Padian 1985. Phylogenetic, Functional, and Aerodynamic Analyses of the Origin of Birds and Their Flight. In Max K. Hecht, John H. Ostrom, Gunter Viohl, and Peter Wellnhofer, editors, The Beginnings of Birds, Proceedings of the International Archaeopteryx Conference, Eichstatt, 1984, pages 185-197, 3 figures. Eichstatt: Freunde des Jura-Museums, Eichstatt. Hecht, Max K., John H. Ostrom, Gunter Viohl, and Peter Wellnhofer 1985. The Beginnings of Birds, Proceedings of the International Archaeopteryx Conference, 1984. 382 pages. Eichstatt: Freunde des Jura- Museums, Eichstatt. Hecht, Max K., and Samuel F. Tarsitano 1982. The Paleobiology and Phylogenetic Position of Archaeopteryx. Geobios, special report, 6:141-149. Heilmann, Gerhard 1926. The Origin of Birds. 210 pages, 142 figures. London: Witherby. Herzog, Karl 1993. Stammesgeschichtliche Entwicklung des Flugvermogens der Vogel. Archaeopteryx, 11:49-61. Holtz, Thomas R., Jr. 1994. The Phylogenetic Position of the Tyrannosauridae: Implications for Theropod Systematics. Journal of Paleontology, 68:1100-1117. Kurochkin, Evgeny N. 1995. Synopsis of Mesozoic Birds and Early Evolution of Class Aves. Archaeopteryx, 13:47-66. Kurzanov, Sergei M. 1985. The Skull Structure of the Dinosaur Avimimus. Paleontological Journal, 1985(4):92-99. Lowe, Percy R. 1944. An Analysis of the Characters of Archaeopteryx and Archaeomis; Were They Reptiles or Birds? Ibis, 86:517-543. Martin, Larry D. 1983. The Origin of Birds and of Avian Flight. In Richard F. Johnston, editor, Current Ornithology, 1:106-129, 5 figures. New York: Plenum 1991. Mesozoic Birds and the Origin of Birds. In Hans-Peter Schultze and Linda Trueb, editors, Origins of the Higher Groups ofTetrapods: Controversy and Consensus, pages 485-540, 51 figures. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Olshevsky, George 1994. The Birds First? A Theory To Fit the Facts. Omni, 16(9):34-36, 38, 40, 42^13, 80, 82-84. Ostrom, John H. 1976. Archaeopteryx and the Origin of Birds. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 8:91-182. Padian, Kevin 1982. Macroevolution and the Origin of Major Adaptations: Vertebrate Flight as a Paradigm for the Analysis of Patterns. In Bernard Mamet and M.J. Copeland, editors, Third North American Paleontological Convention, Proceedings, 2: 387-392. Toronto, Canada. Parkes, Kenneth C. 1966. Speculations on the Origin of Feathers. Living Bird, 5:77-86. Paul, Gregory S. 1984. The Archosaurs: A Phylogenetic Study. In Wolf-Ernst Reif and Frank Westphal, editors, Third Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, Tubingen, 1984: Short Papers, pages 175-180, 1 figure. Tubingen: Attempto Verlag. 1988. Predatory Dinosaurs of the World. 464 pages. New York: Simon and Schuster. Raath, Michael A. 1985. The Theropod Syntarsus and Its Bearing on the Origin of Birds. In Max K. Hecht, John H. Ostrom, Gunter Viohl, and Peter Wellnhofer, editors, The Beginnings of Birds, Proceedings of the International Archaeopteryx Conference, Eichstatt, 1984, pages 219-227, 2 figures. Eichstatt: Freunde des Jura-Museums, Eichstatt. Rayner, Jeremy M.V. 1988. The Evolution of Vertebrate Flight. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 34:269-287. Ruben, John A. 1995. The Evolution of Endothermy in Mammals and Birds: From Physiology to Fossils. Annual Review of Physiology, 57:69-95. Sanz, Jose L., Luis M. Chiappe, and Angela D. Buscalioni 1995. The Osteology of Concornis lacustris (Aves: Enantiornithes) from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain and a Reexamination of Its Phylogenetic Relationships. American Museum Novitates, 3133:1-23. Tarsitano, Samuel F. 1985. The Morphological and Aerodynamic Constraints on the Origin of Avian Flight. In Max K. Hecht, John H. Ostrom, Gunter Viohl, and Peter Wellnhofer, editors, The Beginnings of Birds, Proceedings of the International Archaeopteryx Conference, Eichstatt, 1984, pages 319-332, 6 figures. Eichstatt: Freunde des Jura-Museums, Eichstatt. 1991. Archaeopteryx: Quo Vadis? In Hans-Peter Schultze and Linda Trueb, editors, Origins of the Higher Groups ofTetrapods: Controversy and Consensus, pages 541-576, 16 figures. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Tarsitano, Samuel F., and Max K. Hecht 1980. A Reconsideration of the Reptilian Relationships of Archaeopteryx. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 69(2): 149—182. Thulbom, Richard A. 1975. Dinosaur Polyphyly and the Classification of Archosaurs and Birds. Australian Journal of Zoology, 23:249-270. 1984. The Avian Relationships of Archaeopteryx, and the Origin of Birds. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 82(1-2): 119-158. Thulbom, Richard A., and Timothy L. Hamley 1982. The Reptilian Relationships of Archaeopteryx. Australian Journal of Zoology, 30:611-634. Walker, Alick D. 1972. New Light on the Origin of Birds and Crocodiles. Nature, 237: 257-263.
Page 1 and 2:
»'' § "S^ iFjwtM . •- .m-i Avia
Page 3:
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOB
Page 6 and 7:
ABSTRACT Olson, Storrs L., editor.
Page 8 and 9:
EARLY WATERFOWL (ANSERIFORMES) AND
Page 10 and 11:
v m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
Page 12 and 13:
localities, all of them situated in
Page 14 and 15:
Bone of Sus scrofa Linnaeus, introd
Page 16 and 17:
duboisi are larger than the largest
Page 18 and 19:
8 iver (1897) but afterward were tr
Page 20 and 21:
10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL
Page 22 and 23:
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
16 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
Page 28 and 29:
Page 30 and 31:
20 sometatarsus are proportionally
Page 32 and 33:
22 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
26 Cor. Hum. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. Tmt. P
Page 38 and 39:
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43:
Page 44 and 45:
34 ability in such a way that it ca
Page 46 and 47:
Page 48 and 49:
Page 50 and 51:
Page 52 and 53:
42 2km SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO
Page 54 and 55:
Site 13 Research Base ENTRANCE Lowe
Page 56 and 57:
Page 58 and 59:
48 the last has unusually slender w
Page 60 and 61:
50 Si 5 15i 10- 5- 20 J 15 I 10 f 5
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
Page 72 and 73:
Page 74 and 75:
Page 77 and 78:
Comparison of Paleoecological Patte
Page 79 and 80:
NUMBER 89 69 TABLE 1.—Vertebrate
Page 81 and 82:
NUMBER 89 71 Mallorca, probably in
Page 83:
NUMBER 89 Alcover, J.A. 1989. Les a
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 95 and 96:
The History of the Chatham Islands'
Page 97 and 98:
NUMBER 89 87 Species Common Name Pe
Page 99 and 100:
NUMBER 89 89 NZA 797,1930,1934 Unco
Page 101 and 102:
NUMBER 89 91 anoramphus spp.), Chat
Page 103 and 104:
NUMBER 89 93 TABLE 2.—Land snails
Page 105 and 106:
NUMBER 89 95 counterparts, with som
Page 107 and 108:
NUMBER 89 population, if such exist
Page 109 and 110:
NUMBER 89 99 FIGURE 11.—Skulls of
Page 111 and 112:
NUMBER 89 101 FIGURE 13.—Lower ma
Page 113 and 114:
NUMBER 89 the Chatham Island Pied O
Page 115 and 116:
NUMBER 89 Locality 9, Western Maung
Page 117 and 118:
NUMBER 89 107 yellowish sand (site
Page 119:
NUMBER 89 109 ogy. Notornis, supple
Page 122 and 123:
112 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 135 and 136:
The Middle Pleistocene Avifauna of
Page 137:
NUMBER 89 Accordi, B. 1962. La grot
Page 140 and 141:
130 FIGURE 1.—Map showing locatio
Page 142 and 143:
132 Cranium Mandibula Scapula Clavi
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 149 and 150:
Seabirds and Late Pleistocene Marin
Page 151 and 152:
NUMBER 89 141 METHODS Only strictly
Page 153 and 154:
NUMBER 89 143 FIGURE 2.—Area of s
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
NUMBER 89 151 FIGURE 10.—Area of
Page 163 and 164:
NUMBER 89 153 FIGURE 12.—Area of
Page 165 and 166:
NUMBER 89 155 the period studied. T
Page 167:
NUMBER 89 157 Walker, C.A., G.M. Wr
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
164 Vl 620 M 570 £ 520 S 470f •
Page 176 and 177:
166 birds, such as the two species
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
170 cional Autonoma de Mexico, for
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
174 ated with this specimen, see Mi
Page 187 and 188:
The Fossil Record of Condors (Cicon
Page 189 and 190:
NUMBER 89 179 FIGURE 2.—Geographi
Page 191 and 192:
NUMBER 89 181 FIGURE 5.—Vulturida
Page 193 and 194:
NUMBER 89 183 FIGURE 7.—Referred
Page 195 and 196:
Two New Fossil Eagles from the Late
Page 197 and 198:
NUMBER 89 187 TABLE 1.—Measuremen
Page 199 and 200:
NUMBER 89 189 carpal trochlea relat
Page 201 and 202:
NUMBER 89 191 FIGURE 4.—Holotypic
Page 203 and 204:
NUMBER 89 193 We compared the parat
Page 205 and 206:
NUMBER 89 195 FIGURE 6.—Distribut
Page 207 and 208:
NUMBER 89 197 the Florida State Mus
Page 209 and 210:
A New Genus of Dwarf Megapode (Gall
Page 211 and 212:
NUMBER 89 201 lis hypotarsi along t
Page 213 and 214:
NUMBER 89 203 The fossil is larger
Page 215 and 216:
NUMBER 89 205 Clark, George A., Jr.
Page 217 and 218:
A New Genus and Species of the Fami
Page 219 and 220:
NUMBER 89 209 son with other known
Page 221 and 222:
NUMBER 89 211 FIGURE 1.—Argornis
Page 223 and 224:
NUMBER 89 213 AM AL AM AL AM AL AM
Page 225 and 226:
NUMBER 89 215 caput humeri perpendi
Page 227 and 228:
Selmes absurdipes, New Genus, New S
Page 229 and 230:
NUMBER 89 219 FIGURE 2.—Selmes ab
Page 231 and 232:
NUMBER 89 221 Costae: Deformed frag
Page 233 and 234:
A Fossil Screamer (Anseriformes: An
Page 235 and 236:
NUMBER 89 FIGURE 3.—Chaunoides an
Page 237 and 238:
NUMBER 89 227 B C D FIGURE 6.—The
Page 239 and 240:
NUMBER 89 229 FIGURE 9.—Right tib
Page 241 and 242:
The Anseriform Relationships of Ana
Page 243 and 244:
NUMBER 89 233 Subfamily ANATALAVINA
Page 245 and 246:
NUMBER 89 235 mal was found under t
Page 247 and 248:
NUMBER 89 237 tion, with retroartic
Page 249 and 250:
NUMBER 89 FIGURE 7.—Sternum and p
Page 251 and 252:
NUMBER 89 241 der. The bone is very
Page 253:
NUMBER 89 243 Eocene records of the
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 263 and 264:
Presbyornis isoni and Other Late Pa
Page 265 and 266:
NUMBER 89 255 FIGURE 1.—Referred
Page 267 and 268:
NUMBER 89 257 vical vertebrae of th
Page 269:
NUMBER 89 259 (Olson and Parris, 19
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
274 America. Science, 214(4526): 12
Page 286 and 287:
276 concerning the amphicoelous str
Page 288 and 289:
278 ment of the radius that are con
Page 290 and 291:
280 The left coracoid is represente
Page 292 and 293: 282 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
Page 294 and 295: 284 Kurochkin, E.N. 1982. [New Orde
Page 298 and 299: 288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
Page 300 and 301: 290 1991). In this paper we use a "
Page 305 and 306: Implantation and Replacement of Bir
Page 307 and 308: NUMBER 89 297 saurs (Figure 1E-G).
Page 309 and 310: NUMBER 89 299 would seem unlikely a
Page 311 and 312: Humeral Rotation and Wrist Supinati
Page 313 and 314: NUMBER 89 303 apparent. It is now c
Page 315 and 316: NUMBER 89 305 FIGURE 3.—Dorsal vi
Page 317 and 318: NUMBER 89 307 FIGURE 4.—Wing of t
Page 319: NUMBER 89 309 Jura-Museums, Eichsta
Page 335: Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
Page 348 and 349: 338 evolved independently twice." M
Page 356: 1 i'~L ,i "^ 1 •vw* HBB!/'' . m
show all

PDF (Lo-Res) - Smithsonian Institution Libraries

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?