PDF (Lo-Res) - Smithsonian Institution Libraries

More documents

Recommendations

Info

308 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Rao (1992), the critical region of Sinornis is not preserved, so we have no evidence. Zhou and Zhang (1992) did not note either feature in any of the material of Cathayornis, and the specimens of Iberomesornis (Sanz et al., 1988; Sanz and Bonaparte, 1992) and Concornis (Sanz et al., 1988; Sanz et al., 1995) do not show them either (confirmed by JHO). The precise stratigraphic source of the newly reported Confuciusomis is in doubt, but Hou (1995; see also Hou et al., 1995) made no mention of either feature. EARLY STAGES OF FLIGHT Sy (1936) described humeral axial rotation as a mechanism for the execution of wing upstroke and downstroke in pigeons and generalized its importance for other relatively small birds possessing powered flight. His observations that pigeons with bilateral tenotomy of the supracoracoideus are capable of flight, but cannot take off from the ground, are often cited in discussions of the evolution of powered flight (Olson and Feduccia, 1979; Ostrom, 1976b; Ruben, 1991). Perhaps less appreciated was Sy's (1936) identical procedure on at least one adult crow, for which he reported not only normal takeoff but normal flight. Sokoloff et al. (1994), in a cinematographic/ electromyographic analysis of adult starlings, bilaterally denervated {n—4) or tenotomized («=2) the supracoracoideus and reported that all birds but one could take off, but not without difficulty. Of particular importance are their observations that takeoff and flight in these deprived birds is not normal. In our estimation, the extent of impairment incurred by loss of the supracoracoideus for different species is a function of wing loading (body weight/wing area), the mechanical organization of the supracoracoideus, or some combination thereof. We believe the impaired takeoff capability of birds deprived of a functional supracoracoideus relates to their inability to rapidly rotate the humems on its axis. Biewener, A.A., K.P. Dial, and G.E. Goslow, Jr. 1992. Pectoralis Muscle Force and Power Output during Flight in the Starling. Journal of Experimental Biology, 164:1-18. Bock, W.J., and P. Buhler 1995. Origin of Birds: Feathers, Flight and Homoiothermy (Ursprung der Vogel: Feder, Flug und Homoiothermie). Archaeopteryx, 12:5-13. Brown, R.HJ. 1951. Flapping Flight. Ibis, 93:333-359. Dial, K.P, and A.A. Biewener 1993. Pectoralis Muscle Force and Power Output during Different Modes of Flight in Pigeons. Journal of Experimental Biology, 176:31-54. Dial, K.P, G.E. Goslow, Jr., and F.A. Jenkins, Jr. 1991. The Functional Anatomy of the Shoulder in the European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris). Journal of Morphology, 207:327-344. Dial, K.P, S.R. Kaplan, G.E. Goslow, Jr., and F.A. Jenkins, Jr. 1988. A Functional Analysis of the Primary Upstroke and Downstroke Literature Cited The earliest unequivocal evidence pertaining to bird flight is that of Archaeopteryx. There is no debate concerning its stratigraphic age. There is no question about its avian affinities. The famed feather impressions on most of the seven specimens establish that if Archaeopteryx flew, a feathered airfoil was available. The apparent presence of an ossified sternum in the most recently found specimen suggests that a skeletal origin for the pectoralis (and supracoracoideus?) existed in at least some of the specimens, as is also suggested by the pronounced deltoid crest on the humems for insertion of the pectoralis. The supracoracoideus of Archaeopteryx was not diverted to a dorsal insertion, however, and thus could neither rapidly rotate the humerus nor augment supination of the distal wing. Conclusions In summary, Archaeopteryx was apparently incapable of the high-velocity rotation of the humems about its longitudinal axis that would have been generated by a derived supracoracoideus with a dorsally inserting tendon. The subsequent evolution in later forms of an acrocoracoid, dorsally inserting tendon, and tuberculum dorsale resulted in (1) rotation of the humerus on its longitudinal axis to position the forearm and hand so their extension orients the fully outstretched wing in the parasagittal plane (i.e., the wing's ventral surface faces laterally, the position appropriate for the beginning of the subsequent downstroke), (2) increased speed of the upstroke, and (3) augmented supination of the hand to reduce drag. By relocating the site of insertion of the supracoracoideus to an elevated position on the dorsal surface of the humems (the novel external tuberosity), wing supination was accelerated, and the range of movement perhaps increased. Such augmentation of supination and an increase in the velocity of upstroke must have provided high selective value, particularly for rapid takeoff and landing. Muscles in the Domestic Pigeon (Columba livia) during Flight. Journal of Experimental Biology, 134:1-16. Dodson, P. 1985. International Archaeopteryx Conference. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 5:177-179. Gauthier, J.A., and K. Padian 1985. Phylogenetic, Functional, and Aerodynamic Analysis of the Origin of Birds and Their Flight. In M.K. Hecht, J.H. Ostrom, G. Viohl, and P. Wellnhofer, editors, The Beginnings of Birds, pages 185-197. Eichstatt: Freunde des Jura-Museums, Eichstatt. 1989. The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight. In K. Padian and D.J. Chure, editors, The Age of Dinosaurs. Short Courses in Paleontology, 2:121-133. Knoxville, Tennessee: The Paleontological Society. Hecht, M.K., J.H. Ostrom, G. Viohl, and P. Wellnhofer, editors 1985. The Beginnings of Birds. 382 pages. Eichstatt: Freunde des
NUMBER 89 309 Jura-Museums, Eichstatt. Hou, L.-H. 1995a. Morphological Comparisons between Confuciusomis and Archaeopteryx. In A. Sun and Y. Wang, editors, Sixth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biota, Short Papers, pages 193-201. Beijing: China Ocean Press. Hou, L.-H., Z. Zhou, L.D. Martin, and A. Feduccia 1995. A Beaked Bird from the Jurassic of China. Nature, 377:616-618. Jenkins, F.A., Jr. 1993. The Evolution of the Avian Shoulder Joint. American Journal of Science, 293A:253-267. Jenkins, F.A., Jr., K.P. Dial, and G.E. Goslow, Jr. 1988. A CineradiogTaphic Analysis of Bird Flight: The Wishbone in Starlings Is a Spring. Science, 241:1495-1498. Olson, S.L., and A. Feduccia 1979. Flight Capability and the Pectoral Girdle of Archaeopteryx. Nature, 278:247-248. Ostrom, J.H. 1969a. A New Theropod Dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana. Post ilia, Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, 128: 1-17. 1969b. Osteology of Deinonychus antirrhopus, an Unusual Theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 30: 165 pages. 1976a. Some Hypothetical Anatomical Stages in the Evolution of Avian Flight. In S.L. Olson, editor, Collected Papers in Avian Paleontology Honoring the 90th Birthday of Alexander Wetmore. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 27:1-21. 1976b. Archaeopteryx and the Origin of Birds. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 8:91-182. 1986. The Cursorial Origin of Avian Flight. In K. Padian, editor, The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight. California Academy of Sciences, Memoirs, 8:73-81. 1994. On the Origin of Birds and of Avian Flight. In D.R. Prothero and R.M. Schoch, editors, Major Features of Vertebrate Evolution. Short Courses in Paleontology, 7:160-170. The Paleontological Society. 1995. Wing Biomechanics and the Origin of Bird Flight. In W.-E. Reif and F. Westphal, editors, Festschrift: Herm Professor Adolf Seilacher zur Vollendung des 70 Lebensjahres am 24 Februar 1995 gewidmet. Neues Jahrbuch fiir Geologie und Paldontologie, 195:253-266. Padian, K., editor 1986. The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight. California Academy of Sciences, Memoirs, 8: viii+98 pages. Pennycuick, C.J. 1993. Mechanics of Flight. In D.S. Farner, R.J. King, and K.C. Parkes, editors, Avian Biology, 9:1-75 London: Academic Press. Poore, S.O., A. Sanchez-Haiman, and G.E. Goslow, Jr. 1997. Wing Upstroke and the Evolution of Flapping Flight: A "Twist" in the Tale. Nature, 387:799-802. Rayner, J.M.V. 1988a. The Evolution of Vertebrate Flight. Biological Journal of the Lin nean Society, 34:269-287. 1988b. Form and Function in Avian Flight. Current Ornithology, 5:1-77. Ruben, J. 1991. Reptilian Physiology and the Flight Capacity of Archaeopteryx. Evolution, 45:1-17. Sanz, J.L., and J.F. Bonaparte 1992. A New Order of Birds (Class Aves) from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain. In K.E. Campbell, Jr., editor, Papers in Avian Paleontology Honoring Pierce Brodkorb. Science Series, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 36:39-49. Sanz, J.L., J.F. Bonaparte, and A. Lacasa 1988. Unusual Early Cretaceous Birds from Spain. Nature, 331:433^135. Sanz, J.L., L.M. Chiappe, and A.D. Busalioni 1995. The Osteology of Concornis lacustris (Aves: Enantiornithes) from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain and a Reexamination of Its Phylogenetic Relationships. American Museum Novitates, 3133:1-23. Schultze, H.P, and L. Trueb, editors 1991. Origins of the Higher Groups of Tetrapods: Controversy and Consensus. xii+724 pages. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Sereno, P.C, and C. Rao 1992. Early Evolution of Avian Flight and Perching: New Evidence from the Lower Cretaceous of China. Science, 255:845-848. Simpson, S.F. 1983. The Flight Mechanism of the Pigeon Columbia livia during Take-Off. Journal of Zoology (London), 200:435^43. Sokoloff, A., J. Gray, and J. Harry 1994. Supracoracoideus Is Not Necessary for Take-Off in the Starling. American Zoologist, 311:64A. Sy, M. 1936. Funktionall-anatomische Untersuchungen an Vogelfliigel. Journal fur Ornithologie, 84:199-296. Vazquez, R.J. 1992. Functional Osteology of the Avian Wrist and the Evolution of Flapping Flight. Journal of Morphology, 211:259-268. 1995. Functional Anatomy of the Pigeon Hand (Columba livia): A Muscle Stimulation Study. Journal of Morphology, 226:33—45. Wellnhofer, P. 1974. Das funfte Examplar von Archaeopteryx. Palaeontographica, section A, Palaozoologie, 147:169-216. 1988. Ein neues Examplar von Archaeopteryx. Archaeopteryx, 6:1-30. 1992. A New Specimen of Archaeopteryx from the Solnhofen Limestone. In K.E. Campbell, Jr., editor, Papers in Avian Paleontology Honoring Pierce Brodkorb. Science Series, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 36:3-23. 1993. Das siebte Examplar von Archaeopteryx aus dem Solnhofener Schichten. Archaeopteryx, 11:1-48. Zhou, Z., F. Jin, and J.-Y Zhang 1992. Preliminary Report on a Mesozoic Bird from Liaoning, China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 37:1365-1368.
Page 1 and 2:
»'' § "S^ iFjwtM . •- .m-i Avia
Page 3:
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOB
Page 6 and 7:
ABSTRACT Olson, Storrs L., editor.
Page 8 and 9:
EARLY WATERFOWL (ANSERIFORMES) AND
Page 10 and 11:
v m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
Page 12 and 13:
localities, all of them situated in
Page 14 and 15:
Bone of Sus scrofa Linnaeus, introd
Page 16 and 17:
duboisi are larger than the largest
Page 18 and 19:
8 iver (1897) but afterward were tr
Page 20 and 21:
10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL
Page 22 and 23:
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
16 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
Page 28 and 29:
Page 30 and 31:
20 sometatarsus are proportionally
Page 32 and 33:
22 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
26 Cor. Hum. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. Tmt. P
Page 38 and 39:
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43:
Page 44 and 45:
34 ability in such a way that it ca
Page 46 and 47:
Page 48 and 49:
Page 50 and 51:
Page 52 and 53:
42 2km SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO
Page 54 and 55:
Site 13 Research Base ENTRANCE Lowe
Page 56 and 57:
Page 58 and 59:
48 the last has unusually slender w
Page 60 and 61:
50 Si 5 15i 10- 5- 20 J 15 I 10 f 5
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
Page 72 and 73:
Page 74 and 75:
Page 77 and 78:
Comparison of Paleoecological Patte
Page 79 and 80:
NUMBER 89 69 TABLE 1.—Vertebrate
Page 81 and 82:
NUMBER 89 71 Mallorca, probably in
Page 83:
NUMBER 89 Alcover, J.A. 1989. Les a
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 95 and 96:
The History of the Chatham Islands'
Page 97 and 98:
NUMBER 89 87 Species Common Name Pe
Page 99 and 100:
NUMBER 89 89 NZA 797,1930,1934 Unco
Page 101 and 102:
NUMBER 89 91 anoramphus spp.), Chat
Page 103 and 104:
NUMBER 89 93 TABLE 2.—Land snails
Page 105 and 106:
NUMBER 89 95 counterparts, with som
Page 107 and 108:
NUMBER 89 population, if such exist
Page 109 and 110:
NUMBER 89 99 FIGURE 11.—Skulls of
Page 111 and 112:
NUMBER 89 101 FIGURE 13.—Lower ma
Page 113 and 114:
NUMBER 89 the Chatham Island Pied O
Page 115 and 116:
NUMBER 89 Locality 9, Western Maung
Page 117 and 118:
NUMBER 89 107 yellowish sand (site
Page 119:
NUMBER 89 109 ogy. Notornis, supple
Page 122 and 123:
112 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 135 and 136:
The Middle Pleistocene Avifauna of
Page 137:
NUMBER 89 Accordi, B. 1962. La grot
Page 140 and 141:
130 FIGURE 1.—Map showing locatio
Page 142 and 143:
132 Cranium Mandibula Scapula Clavi
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 149 and 150:
Seabirds and Late Pleistocene Marin
Page 151 and 152:
NUMBER 89 141 METHODS Only strictly
Page 153 and 154:
NUMBER 89 143 FIGURE 2.—Area of s
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
NUMBER 89 151 FIGURE 10.—Area of
Page 163 and 164:
NUMBER 89 153 FIGURE 12.—Area of
Page 165 and 166:
NUMBER 89 155 the period studied. T
Page 167:
NUMBER 89 157 Walker, C.A., G.M. Wr
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
164 Vl 620 M 570 £ 520 S 470f •
Page 176 and 177:
166 birds, such as the two species
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
170 cional Autonoma de Mexico, for
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
174 ated with this specimen, see Mi
Page 187 and 188:
The Fossil Record of Condors (Cicon
Page 189 and 190:
NUMBER 89 179 FIGURE 2.—Geographi
Page 191 and 192:
NUMBER 89 181 FIGURE 5.—Vulturida
Page 193 and 194:
NUMBER 89 183 FIGURE 7.—Referred
Page 195 and 196:
Two New Fossil Eagles from the Late
Page 197 and 198:
NUMBER 89 187 TABLE 1.—Measuremen
Page 199 and 200:
NUMBER 89 189 carpal trochlea relat
Page 201 and 202:
NUMBER 89 191 FIGURE 4.—Holotypic
Page 203 and 204:
NUMBER 89 193 We compared the parat
Page 205 and 206:
NUMBER 89 195 FIGURE 6.—Distribut
Page 207 and 208:
NUMBER 89 197 the Florida State Mus
Page 209 and 210:
A New Genus of Dwarf Megapode (Gall
Page 211 and 212:
NUMBER 89 201 lis hypotarsi along t
Page 213 and 214:
NUMBER 89 203 The fossil is larger
Page 215 and 216:
NUMBER 89 205 Clark, George A., Jr.
Page 217 and 218:
A New Genus and Species of the Fami
Page 219 and 220:
NUMBER 89 209 son with other known
Page 221 and 222:
NUMBER 89 211 FIGURE 1.—Argornis
Page 223 and 224:
NUMBER 89 213 AM AL AM AL AM AL AM
Page 225 and 226:
NUMBER 89 215 caput humeri perpendi
Page 227 and 228:
Selmes absurdipes, New Genus, New S
Page 229 and 230:
NUMBER 89 219 FIGURE 2.—Selmes ab
Page 231 and 232:
NUMBER 89 221 Costae: Deformed frag
Page 233 and 234:
A Fossil Screamer (Anseriformes: An
Page 235 and 236:
NUMBER 89 FIGURE 3.—Chaunoides an
Page 237 and 238:
NUMBER 89 227 B C D FIGURE 6.—The
Page 239 and 240:
NUMBER 89 229 FIGURE 9.—Right tib
Page 241 and 242:
The Anseriform Relationships of Ana
Page 243 and 244:
NUMBER 89 233 Subfamily ANATALAVINA
Page 245 and 246:
NUMBER 89 235 mal was found under t
Page 247 and 248:
NUMBER 89 237 tion, with retroartic
Page 249 and 250:
NUMBER 89 FIGURE 7.—Sternum and p
Page 251 and 252:
NUMBER 89 241 der. The bone is very
Page 253:
NUMBER 89 243 Eocene records of the
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 263 and 264:
Presbyornis isoni and Other Late Pa
Page 265 and 266:
NUMBER 89 255 FIGURE 1.—Referred
Page 267 and 268: NUMBER 89 257 vical vertebrae of th
Page 269: NUMBER 89 259 (Olson and Parris, 19
Page 272 and 273: 262 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
Page 284 and 285: 274 America. Science, 214(4526): 12
Page 286 and 287: 276 concerning the amphicoelous str
Page 288 and 289: 278 ment of the radius that are con
Page 290 and 291: 280 The left coracoid is represente
Page 294 and 295: 284 Kurochkin, E.N. 1982. [New Orde
Page 298 and 299: 288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
Page 300 and 301: 290 1991). In this paper we use a "
Page 305 and 306: Implantation and Replacement of Bir
Page 307 and 308: NUMBER 89 297 saurs (Figure 1E-G).
Page 309 and 310: NUMBER 89 299 would seem unlikely a
Page 311 and 312: Humeral Rotation and Wrist Supinati
Page 313 and 314: NUMBER 89 303 apparent. It is now c
Page 315 and 316: NUMBER 89 305 FIGURE 3.—Dorsal vi
Page 317: NUMBER 89 307 FIGURE 4.—Wing of t
Page 335: Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
Page 348 and 349: 338 evolved independently twice." M
Page 356: 1 i'~L ,i "^ 1 •vw* HBB!/'' . m
show all

PDF (Lo-Res) - Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?