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304 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY : m& FIGURE 2.—Articular joints of the wrist: A, Archaeopteryx lithographica von Meyer (Eichstatt specimen), scale units=0.5 mm; B, Deinonychus antirrhopus, scale bar=30 mm; c, Velociraptor mongoliensis Osborn, image -half size. Arrows indicate the semilunate carpal in each. (After Ostrom, 1995.) tion in both species begins with the humems below the hori- eluding retraction of the humems, elevation, and rapid flexion zontal and is characterized by a rapid sequence of events, in- at the wrist and elbow.
NUMBER 89 305 FIGURE 3.—Dorsal view of the right shoulder to illustrate the emergence of the supracoracoideus tendon (arrow) through the triosseal canal to the tuberculum dorsale (external tuberosity) and its favorable angle for humeral rotation in four birds with different flight characteristics. A, European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris), a representative passeriform. During upstroke, the angle of retraction becomes more acute, increasing the ability of the tendon of insertion to rotate the humerus on its longitudinal axis. A sesamoid bone, the Os humeroscapularis, serves to deflect the tendon to maintain optimality for humeral rotation. B, pigeon (Columba livia), a representative columbiform specialized for vertical ascent and descent. The ability of this species to take off from a flat surface is dependent on the supracoracoideus. c, Great Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus Linnaeus), a charadriiform that soars and uses relatively low amplitude wingbeats during flapping flight. Note the relatively large tuberculum dorsale. A decreased angle of retraction coupled with a large tuberculum dorsale results in relatively high torque. D, Atlantic Puffin (Fratercula arctica (Linnaeus)), a charadiiform specialized for wing-propelled diving. The supracoracoideus in this and other wing-propelled divers is relatively large to rotate the wing under water. Each scale bar= 1 cm. All experiments in this study were performed in accordance with National Institutes of Health guidelines for animal re search and were approved by the <strong>Institution</strong>al Animal Care and Use Committee of Brown University. We measured the me-
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»'' § "S^ iFjwtM . •- .m-i Avia
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOB
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ABSTRACT Olson, Storrs L., editor.
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EARLY WATERFOWL (ANSERIFORMES) AND
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v m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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localities, all of them situated in
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Bone of Sus scrofa Linnaeus, introd
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duboisi are larger than the largest
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8 iver (1897) but afterward were tr
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10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL
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16 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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20 sometatarsus are proportionally
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22 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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26 Cor. Hum. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. Tmt. P
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34 ability in such a way that it ca
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42 2km SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO
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Site 13 Research Base ENTRANCE Lowe
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48 the last has unusually slender w
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50 Si 5 15i 10- 5- 20 J 15 I 10 f 5
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Comparison of Paleoecological Patte
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NUMBER 89 69 TABLE 1.—Vertebrate
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NUMBER 89 71 Mallorca, probably in
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NUMBER 89 Alcover, J.A. 1989. Les a
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The History of the Chatham Islands'
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NUMBER 89 87 Species Common Name Pe
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NUMBER 89 89 NZA 797,1930,1934 Unco
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NUMBER 89 91 anoramphus spp.), Chat
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NUMBER 89 93 TABLE 2.—Land snails
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NUMBER 89 95 counterparts, with som
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NUMBER 89 population, if such exist
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NUMBER 89 99 FIGURE 11.—Skulls of
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NUMBER 89 101 FIGURE 13.—Lower ma
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NUMBER 89 the Chatham Island Pied O
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NUMBER 89 Locality 9, Western Maung
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NUMBER 89 107 yellowish sand (site
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NUMBER 89 109 ogy. Notornis, supple
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112 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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The Middle Pleistocene Avifauna of
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NUMBER 89 Accordi, B. 1962. La grot
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130 FIGURE 1.—Map showing locatio
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132 Cranium Mandibula Scapula Clavi
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Seabirds and Late Pleistocene Marin
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NUMBER 89 141 METHODS Only strictly
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NUMBER 89 143 FIGURE 2.—Area of s
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NUMBER 89 151 FIGURE 10.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 153 FIGURE 12.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 155 the period studied. T
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NUMBER 89 157 Walker, C.A., G.M. Wr
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164 Vl 620 M 570 £ 520 S 470f •
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166 birds, such as the two species
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170 cional Autonoma de Mexico, for
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174 ated with this specimen, see Mi
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The Fossil Record of Condors (Cicon
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NUMBER 89 179 FIGURE 2.—Geographi
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NUMBER 89 181 FIGURE 5.—Vulturida
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NUMBER 89 183 FIGURE 7.—Referred
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Two New Fossil Eagles from the Late
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NUMBER 89 187 TABLE 1.—Measuremen
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NUMBER 89 189 carpal trochlea relat
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NUMBER 89 191 FIGURE 4.—Holotypic
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NUMBER 89 193 We compared the parat
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NUMBER 89 195 FIGURE 6.—Distribut
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NUMBER 89 197 the Florida State Mus
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A New Genus of Dwarf Megapode (Gall
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NUMBER 89 201 lis hypotarsi along t
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NUMBER 89 203 The fossil is larger
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NUMBER 89 205 Clark, George A., Jr.
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A New Genus and Species of the Fami
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NUMBER 89 209 son with other known
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NUMBER 89 211 FIGURE 1.—Argornis
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NUMBER 89 213 AM AL AM AL AM AL AM
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NUMBER 89 215 caput humeri perpendi
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Selmes absurdipes, New Genus, New S
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NUMBER 89 219 FIGURE 2.—Selmes ab
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NUMBER 89 221 Costae: Deformed frag
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A Fossil Screamer (Anseriformes: An
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 3.—Chaunoides an
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NUMBER 89 227 B C D FIGURE 6.—The
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NUMBER 89 229 FIGURE 9.—Right tib
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The Anseriform Relationships of Ana
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NUMBER 89 233 Subfamily ANATALAVINA
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NUMBER 89 235 mal was found under t
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NUMBER 89 237 tion, with retroartic
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 7.—Sternum and p
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NUMBER 89 241 der. The bone is very
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NUMBER 89 243 Eocene records of the
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Page 263 and 264: Presbyornis isoni and Other Late Pa
Page 265 and 266: NUMBER 89 255 FIGURE 1.—Referred
Page 267 and 268: NUMBER 89 257 vical vertebrae of th
Page 269: NUMBER 89 259 (Olson and Parris, 19
Page 272 and 273: 262 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
Page 284 and 285: 274 America. Science, 214(4526): 12
Page 286 and 287: 276 concerning the amphicoelous str
Page 288 and 289: 278 ment of the radius that are con
Page 290 and 291: 280 The left coracoid is represente
Page 294 and 295: 284 Kurochkin, E.N. 1982. [New Orde
Page 298 and 299: 288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
Page 300 and 301: 290 1991). In this paper we use a "
Page 305 and 306: Implantation and Replacement of Bir
Page 307 and 308: NUMBER 89 297 saurs (Figure 1E-G).
Page 309 and 310: NUMBER 89 299 would seem unlikely a
Page 311 and 312: Humeral Rotation and Wrist Supinati
Page 313: NUMBER 89 303 apparent. It is now c
Page 317 and 318: NUMBER 89 307 FIGURE 4.—Wing of t
Page 319: NUMBER 89 309 Jura-Museums, Eichsta
Page 335: Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
Page 348 and 349: 338 evolved independently twice." M
Page 356: 1 i'~L ,i "^ 1 •vw* HBB!/'' . m
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