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284 Kurochkin, E.N. 1982. [New Order of Birds from the Lower Cretaceous of Mongolia.] Doklady Academii Nauk SSSR, 262:452-455, 2 figures. [In Russian.] 1985a. Lower Cretaceous Birds from Mongolia and Their Evolutionary Significance. In V.D. Ilyichev and V.M. Gavrilov, editors, Acta XVIII Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici, 1:191-199, 4 figures. Moscow: Nauka. 1985b. A True Carinate Bird from Lower Cretaceous Deposits in Mongolia and Other Evidence of Early Cretaceous Birds in Asia. Cretaceous Research, 6:271-278,4 figures. 1988. [Cretaceous Birds of Mongolia and Their Significance for Study of Phylogeny of Class Aves.] Trudy, Sovmestnaya Sovetsko-Mongol'skaya Paleontologicheskaya Ekspeditsiya, 34:33—42, 1 table, 2 figures, 1 plate. [In Russian.] 1995a. Morphological Differentiation of the Palaeognathous and the Neognathous Birds. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 181:79-88, 2 tables, 1 figure. 1995b. Synopsis of Mesozoic Birds and Early Evolution of Class Aves. Archaeopteryx, 13:47-66, 1 figure. Li, Wenben, and Zhaosheng Liu 1994. The Cretaceous Palynofloras and Their Bearing on Stratigraphic Correlation in China. Cretaceous Research, 15:333-365, 18 figures. Lin, Qi-bin 1994. Cretaceous Insects of China. Cretaceous Research, 15:305-316, 6 figures. Mao, S., J. Yu, and J.K. Lentin 1990. Palynological Interpretation of Early Cretaceous Non-marine Strata of Northeast China. Reviews of Paleobotany and Palynology, 65:115-118. Martin, L.D. 1987. The Beginning of the Modem Avian Radiation. Documents des Laboratoires de Geologie Lyon, 99:9—19, 3 figures. 1991. Mesozoic Birds and the Origin of Birds. In H.P. Schultze and L. Trueb, editors, Origins of the Higher Groups ofTetrapods: Controversy and Consensus, pages 485-540, 51 figures. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Martinson, G.G. 1973. [On Stratigraphy of Jurassic and Cretaceous Deposits of Mongolia.] Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Geologicheskaya Seriya, 12:89-95, 1 table. [In Russian.] Matsukawa, Masaki, and Ikuwo Obata 1994. Dinosaurs and Sedimentary Environments in the Japanese Cretaceous: A Contribution to Dinosaur Facies in Asia Based on Molluscan Palaeontology and Stratigraphy. Cretaceous Research, 15:101-125, 12 figures. Olson, S.L. 1985. The Fossil Record of Birds. In D.S. Farner, J.R. King, and K.C. Parkes, editors, Avian Biology, 8:79-252, 11 figures. New York: Academic Press. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Ponomarenko, A.G. 1990. [Insects and the Lower Cretaceous Stratigraphy of Mongolia.] In V.A. Krassilov, editor, Continental Cretaceous of the USSR, pages 103-108. Vladivostok: Far Eastern Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. [In Russian.] Sereno, P.C, and Chenggang Rao 1992. Early Evolution of Avian Flight and Perching: New Evidence from the Lower Cretaceous of China. Science, 255:845-848, 5 figures. Shuvalov, V.F. 1975. [Mesozoic Stratigraphy in the Central Mongolia.] Trudy, Sovmestnaya Sovetsko-Mongol 'skaya Geologicheskaya Ekspeditsiya, 13:50-112, 3 tables, 21 figures. [In Russian.] 1982. [Paleogeography and the History of Development of the Mongolian Lake Basins in the Jurassic and Cretaceous.] In G.G. Martinson, editor, Mesozoiskie Ozernie Basseiny Mongolii, pages 18-80, 1 table. Leningrad: Nauka. [In Russian.] 1993. [The Late Jurassic and Neocomian (?) Deposits in Trans-Altai Gobi (Mongolia).] Stratigraphiya, Geologicheskaya Korreliatziya, 1(3):76-81, 1 figure. [In Russian.] Sinitsa, S.M. 1993. [Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous of Central Mongolia.] Trudy, Sovmestnaya Rossiisko-Mongol 'skaya Paleontologicheskaya Ekspeditsiya, 42:1-238, 4 tables, 71 figures, 16 plates. [In Russian.] Smith, Patrick E., Norman M. Evensen, Derek York, Mee-mann Chang, Fan Jin, Jin-ling Li, Stephen Cumbaa, and Dale Russell 1995. Dates and Rates in Ancient Lakes: 40Ar-39Ar Evidence for an Early Cretaceous Age for the Jehol Group, Northeast China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 32:1426-1431, 1 table, 4 figures. Wang, D. 1983. On the Age of the Rehe Group in Western Liaoning Province, China. Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, 1: 37-64, 2 tables. Wang, D.F, and N.C Diao 1984. Geochronology of Jura-Cretaceous Volcanics in West Liaoning, China. In Scientific Papers on Geology for International Exchange, Prepared for the 27th International Geological Congress, 1:1-12, 2 tables. Beijing: Geological Publishing House. [In Chinese, with English summary.] Zherikhin, V.V. 1978. [Development and Changing of the Cretaceous and Cenozoic Faunistic Complexes.] In Trudy, Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR, 165:1-198, 3 tables, 20 figures. Moscow: Nauka. [In Russian.] Zusi, Richard L., and Robert W. Storer 1969. Osteology and Myology of the Head and Neck of the Pied-Billed Grebes (Podilymbus). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 139:1-49, 4 tables, 19 figures.
Enantiornithes: Earlier Birds than Archaeopteryx? ABSTRACT The oldest known remains of the Enantiornithes come from the Early Cretaceous of Spain and northeast China. They represent birds capable of flight, although it was not efficient enough to enable them to fly over the Turgai Strait, which at that time separated the eastern and western parts of the present-day Palaearctic. A comparison of the coastlines of the continents in consecutive epochs of the Jurassic and Cretaceous suggests that in order to spread by land over all of Eurasia, both Americas, and Australia, the Enantiornithes would have had to differentiate at the latest by the Middle Jurassic (Bajocian), or about 25 million years before the period from which Archaeopteryx is known (Tithonian). Introduction Remains of Cretaceous birds of the subclass Enantiornithes, as described by Walker (1981), are known from many localities in North and South America, Europe, Asia, and Australia (Bocheriski, 1997) (Figure 1). The earliest remains may be the European representative, Nogueromis gonzalezi Lacasa from Spain, which has been referred to a period between the upper Berriasian and lower Valanginian (Lacasa, 1989). The remains of Sinornis santensis Sereno and Rao, Cathayomis yandica Zhou, Jin, and Zhang, and Boluochia zhengi Zhou from northeastern China come from the Valanginian (Sereno and Rao, 1992; Zhou, 1995a, 1995b). Three other Spanish species, Iberomesomis romerali Sanz and Bonaparte (1992), Concomis lacustris Sanz and Buscalioni (1992), and Eoalulavis hoyasi Sanz et al. (1996), are younger by several million years. The remaining Enantiornithes, from Asia (Mongolia and Uzbekistan), North and South America, and Australia have been obtained from deposits representing a period between the Albian and the Maastrichtian (Molnar, 1986; Chi- Zygmunt Bocheriski, Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31-016 Krakow, Poland. Zygmunt Bocheriski 285 appe, 1991, 1993; Dong, 1993; Lamb et al., 1993; Kurochkin, 1995b, 1996; Martin, 1995). When describing particular forms included in this subclass, authors have paid attention to the characters indicative of active flying. Martin (1995) emphasized that, unlike the state observed in Archaeopteryx, the stmcture of the shoulder girdle and the possession of a keeled sternum indicate that these birds were able to rise from flat surfaces. On the other hand, the sternum and, especially, the carina stemi were proportionally very small, pointing to restricted flight efficiency that did not permit the birds to cover long distances. Poor powers of flight characterized all Sauriurae, in contrast to contemporary Ornithurae (Zhou, 1995c). The geographic situation of the earliest Early Cretaceous localities (Figure 2) as seen against a background of the paleocoastlines at that time (Smith et al., 1995) shows that Enantiornithes occurred on both sides of the Turgai Strait, which then was at least several hundred kilometers wide and constituted a substantial obstacle for terrestrial vertebrates, as pointed out earlier by Kurten (1967-1970). Naturally, some cases of passive crossing of this barrier cannot be excluded, although they seem unlikely. The Turgai Strait existed uninterruptedly for many millions of years, from the Callovian to the Aptian (Smith et al., 1995). Protoavis texensis Chatterjee is considered to be a bird by some authors (e.g., Chaterjee, 1991, 1994; Kurochkin, 1995b). Its detection in the Upper Triassic layers (Chatterjee, 1991, 1994) and the presence of tme avian forms by the latest Jurassic (Hou, 1995) indicate that, despite the lack of direct evidence, the differentiation of birds occurred in the Jurassic. The differentiation of the European and East-Asiatic Early Cretaceous Enantiornithes on both sides of the Turgai Strait into rather high systematic units (i.e., orders and families according to Martin, 1995), or into various genera (Kurochkin, 1996), occurred independently under relatively stabilized biotopic conditions, and so they must have been the result of a long-lasting evolutionary process. Thus, it seems plausible that the Enantiornithes separated and spread in the Bajocian, 166-171 Ma BP (Haq and Van Eysinga, 1987), when it would still have been possible for them to spread over all the continents by land (Smith et al., 1995). European sea straits at that time were narrow and so could have been crossed much more easily than the
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOB
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ABSTRACT Olson, Storrs L., editor.
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EARLY WATERFOWL (ANSERIFORMES) AND
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localities, all of them situated in
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Bone of Sus scrofa Linnaeus, introd
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duboisi are larger than the largest
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8 iver (1897) but afterward were tr
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34 ability in such a way that it ca
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42 2km SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO
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Site 13 Research Base ENTRANCE Lowe
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Comparison of Paleoecological Patte
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NUMBER 89 69 TABLE 1.—Vertebrate
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NUMBER 89 71 Mallorca, probably in
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NUMBER 89 Alcover, J.A. 1989. Les a
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The History of the Chatham Islands'
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NUMBER 89 87 Species Common Name Pe
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NUMBER 89 89 NZA 797,1930,1934 Unco
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NUMBER 89 91 anoramphus spp.), Chat
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NUMBER 89 93 TABLE 2.—Land snails
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NUMBER 89 95 counterparts, with som
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NUMBER 89 population, if such exist
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NUMBER 89 99 FIGURE 11.—Skulls of
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NUMBER 89 101 FIGURE 13.—Lower ma
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NUMBER 89 the Chatham Island Pied O
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NUMBER 89 Locality 9, Western Maung
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NUMBER 89 107 yellowish sand (site
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The Middle Pleistocene Avifauna of
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NUMBER 89 Accordi, B. 1962. La grot
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132 Cranium Mandibula Scapula Clavi
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Seabirds and Late Pleistocene Marin
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NUMBER 89 141 METHODS Only strictly
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NUMBER 89 143 FIGURE 2.—Area of s
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NUMBER 89 151 FIGURE 10.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 153 FIGURE 12.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 155 the period studied. T
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NUMBER 89 157 Walker, C.A., G.M. Wr
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164 Vl 620 M 570 £ 520 S 470f •
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166 birds, such as the two species
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170 cional Autonoma de Mexico, for
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174 ated with this specimen, see Mi
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The Fossil Record of Condors (Cicon
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NUMBER 89 179 FIGURE 2.—Geographi
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NUMBER 89 181 FIGURE 5.—Vulturida
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NUMBER 89 183 FIGURE 7.—Referred
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Two New Fossil Eagles from the Late
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NUMBER 89 187 TABLE 1.—Measuremen
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NUMBER 89 189 carpal trochlea relat
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NUMBER 89 191 FIGURE 4.—Holotypic
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NUMBER 89 193 We compared the parat
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NUMBER 89 195 FIGURE 6.—Distribut
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NUMBER 89 197 the Florida State Mus
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A New Genus of Dwarf Megapode (Gall
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NUMBER 89 201 lis hypotarsi along t
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NUMBER 89 203 The fossil is larger
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NUMBER 89 205 Clark, George A., Jr.
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A New Genus and Species of the Fami
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NUMBER 89 209 son with other known
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NUMBER 89 211 FIGURE 1.—Argornis
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NUMBER 89 213 AM AL AM AL AM AL AM
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NUMBER 89 215 caput humeri perpendi
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Selmes absurdipes, New Genus, New S
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NUMBER 89 219 FIGURE 2.—Selmes ab
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NUMBER 89 221 Costae: Deformed frag
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A Fossil Screamer (Anseriformes: An
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 3.—Chaunoides an
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NUMBER 89 227 B C D FIGURE 6.—The
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NUMBER 89 229 FIGURE 9.—Right tib
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The Anseriform Relationships of Ana
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338 evolved independently twice." M
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