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278 ment of the radius that are continued from the main slab (Figures 2, 3). This slab also bears several impressions of the wing feathers. The counterslab and associated slab form a broken contact with each other (Figure 3). VERTEBRAE.—The preserved 15 or 16 cervical and thoracic vertebrae (3-17(18)) are ventrally exposed on the main slab (Figures 1, 3, 5). The first (atlas) and second (axis) vertebrae are absent, although a probable fragment of the latter is preserved in front of the first preserved vertebra, which I consider to be the third cervical. The first two preserved vertebrae each have a short, wide, flat ventral body surface; thus, I consider them to be the third and fourth cervicals. Most of the portions of the probable fifth and sixth cervicals are disarticulated from the other vertebrae. The seventh and eighth vertebrae each show a long, flattened body ventrally. They have well-developed cranial zygapophyses with costal processes and caudal zygapophyses (Figures 1, 3, 5). The carotid processes form a shallow open carotid canal. The strong, paired, caudal, transverse processes are developed on the ventral side lateral to the caudal articular surface. Such processes are present in Lithornis and in Rhea; they are different from the postlateral processes in grebes (Zusi and Storer, 1969). The ninth cervical was extracted in order to investigate the articular surfaces of the vertebral bodies because in earlier papers the vertebrae of Ambiortus were regarded as probably amphicoelous. Although this was widely used to establish the relationships of this bird, it appears to have been a misinterpretation. As a result of this new preparation of the vertebrae, it has become evident that the caudal articular surface of the eighth cervical and the cranial surface of the tenth cervical were certainly heterocoelous. The tenth and eleventh vertebrae have a longer centrum with a narrower ventral side than do those of the third and fourth vertebrae and those of the thirteenth through sixteenth vertebrae, but they have shorter centra than in the seventh and eighth vertebrae. The twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth cervical vertebrae show shortened bodies and enlarged costal processes represented only by the sturdy basal portions. The basal portions of two well-expressed ribs are preserved near the right side of the fifteenth vertebra. These ribs are small and represent the floating ribs. The sixteenth vertebra is very compressed. The seventeenth vertebra has a wide and nearly flat ventral body surface and a very narrow caudal articular surface. On the left side of this vertebra the dorsal portion of a large rib is present; it has two articular facets, although the dorsal one is not preserved in this sample. A probable portion of the eighteenth vertebra is preserved caudal to the seventeenth vertebra in the angle between the coracoid and sternum. The thirteenth through seventeenth vertebrae have shortened bodies. The ventral crests (hypapophyses) are not present in either the cranial cervical or the thoracic vertebrae. I think that this specimen preserves at least 15 cervical vertebrae, which mainly have wide and short centra. Thus, Ambiortus was a short-necked bird. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY FIGURE 2.—Associated slab with Ambiortus dementjevi, PIN 3790-272; Khurilt Ulan Bulak locality, central Mongolia, Neocomian. (Scale bar= 1 cm.) SHOULDER GIRDLE.—The cranial portion and left costal margin of the sternum preserves the base of a thick pillar of the sternal keel and a damaged sternal costal margin (Figures 1, 3). The cranial surface of the pillar is directed down and somewhat caudally. The furcula is represented by the dorsal portions of both clavicles, which terminate at slightly thinned ends that are neither enlarged nor flattened. The small articular facet for the coracoid is directed caudomedially. The cross section of the clavicle in its middle portion is nearly circular. The medial side of the clavicle is slightly flattened. Originally, the holotype preserved the mold of the interclavicular symphysis, which was placed superficially on the level of the fifteenth vertebra. This was destroyed during preparation. The mold of the ventral furcula showed that the ventral portion of both clavicles have the same diameter as dorsal ones. In the interclavicular area, a thin, slightly projecting eminence around the symphysis was present, without any vestige of the hypocleideum. In the left scapula, the caudal end of the scapular body is absent. The humeral articular facet is flat and wide and faces latero-cranially but is not nearly perpendicular to the scapular blade as noted by Elzanowski (1995). In its cranial area, the facet converges into a slightly convex, ellipsoidal coracoidal tubercle. A strongly projecting and sturdy acromion is very distinctive for this scapula (Figure 4). The acromion is dorsoventrally compressed, and its cranial ending is blunt and attenuated cranially. The dorsal surface of the acromion possesses a conspicuous dorsal tubercle (not crest) that is very similar to that in Lithornis celetius Houde, 1988. The acromion is not turned mediad, contrary to Elzanowski (1995). The scapular body is blade-like, strongly flattened lateromedially, and slightly
NUMBER 89 279 FIGURE 3.—Composition of the main slab (PIN 3790-271+) and of the mold of the associated slab (PIN 3790-272), with the holotypical partial skeleton of Ambiortus dementjevi. APR=acrocoracoid process, CL=clavicle, CPR=costal process, CRP=cranial pit, CTP=caudal transverse process, CTR=carpal trochlea, DCR=deltopectoral crest, DPG=deltopectoral groove, EPR=extensor process, FIM=feather imprints, HAF=humeral articular facet, IPH=inter-mediate phalanx of major wing digit, ITF=infratrochlear fossa, LFO=liga-mentaI fossa, LHM=left humerus, LPC=lateral process of coracoid, LSC=left scapula, MAM=major metacarpal, MIM=minor metacarpal, PPH=proximal phalanx of major wing digit, PPR=procoracoid process, R=radius, RB=rib, RCM=right carpometacarpus, SBI=soft-body imprint, ST=sternum, V3-V15=3rd-15th vertebra, UL=ulna, UPH=ungual phalanx of major wing digit, UR=ulnare. (Scale bar=l cm.) curved dorsally. The scapula has a moderately long body bearing an elongated tuberosity on the dorsolateral edge in its crani al half and has a well-expressed depression along the lateral surface of its caudal half.
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»'' § "S^ iFjwtM . •- .m-i Avia
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOB
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ABSTRACT Olson, Storrs L., editor.
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EARLY WATERFOWL (ANSERIFORMES) AND
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v m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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localities, all of them situated in
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Bone of Sus scrofa Linnaeus, introd
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duboisi are larger than the largest
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8 iver (1897) but afterward were tr
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10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL
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16 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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20 sometatarsus are proportionally
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22 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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26 Cor. Hum. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. Tmt. P
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34 ability in such a way that it ca
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42 2km SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO
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Site 13 Research Base ENTRANCE Lowe
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48 the last has unusually slender w
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50 Si 5 15i 10- 5- 20 J 15 I 10 f 5
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Comparison of Paleoecological Patte
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NUMBER 89 69 TABLE 1.—Vertebrate
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NUMBER 89 71 Mallorca, probably in
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NUMBER 89 Alcover, J.A. 1989. Les a
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The History of the Chatham Islands'
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NUMBER 89 87 Species Common Name Pe
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NUMBER 89 89 NZA 797,1930,1934 Unco
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NUMBER 89 91 anoramphus spp.), Chat
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NUMBER 89 93 TABLE 2.—Land snails
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NUMBER 89 95 counterparts, with som
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NUMBER 89 population, if such exist
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NUMBER 89 99 FIGURE 11.—Skulls of
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NUMBER 89 101 FIGURE 13.—Lower ma
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NUMBER 89 the Chatham Island Pied O
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NUMBER 89 Locality 9, Western Maung
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NUMBER 89 107 yellowish sand (site
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NUMBER 89 109 ogy. Notornis, supple
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112 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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The Middle Pleistocene Avifauna of
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NUMBER 89 Accordi, B. 1962. La grot
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130 FIGURE 1.—Map showing locatio
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132 Cranium Mandibula Scapula Clavi
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Seabirds and Late Pleistocene Marin
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NUMBER 89 141 METHODS Only strictly
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NUMBER 89 143 FIGURE 2.—Area of s
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NUMBER 89 151 FIGURE 10.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 153 FIGURE 12.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 155 the period studied. T
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NUMBER 89 157 Walker, C.A., G.M. Wr
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164 Vl 620 M 570 £ 520 S 470f •
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166 birds, such as the two species
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170 cional Autonoma de Mexico, for
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174 ated with this specimen, see Mi
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The Fossil Record of Condors (Cicon
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NUMBER 89 179 FIGURE 2.—Geographi
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NUMBER 89 181 FIGURE 5.—Vulturida
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NUMBER 89 183 FIGURE 7.—Referred
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Two New Fossil Eagles from the Late
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NUMBER 89 187 TABLE 1.—Measuremen
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NUMBER 89 189 carpal trochlea relat
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NUMBER 89 191 FIGURE 4.—Holotypic
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NUMBER 89 193 We compared the parat
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NUMBER 89 195 FIGURE 6.—Distribut
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NUMBER 89 197 the Florida State Mus
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A New Genus of Dwarf Megapode (Gall
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NUMBER 89 201 lis hypotarsi along t
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NUMBER 89 203 The fossil is larger
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NUMBER 89 205 Clark, George A., Jr.
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A New Genus and Species of the Fami
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NUMBER 89 209 son with other known
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NUMBER 89 211 FIGURE 1.—Argornis
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NUMBER 89 213 AM AL AM AL AM AL AM
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NUMBER 89 215 caput humeri perpendi
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Selmes absurdipes, New Genus, New S
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NUMBER 89 219 FIGURE 2.—Selmes ab
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NUMBER 89 221 Costae: Deformed frag
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A Fossil Screamer (Anseriformes: An
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 3.—Chaunoides an
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Page 267 and 268: NUMBER 89 257 vical vertebrae of th
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Page 284 and 285: 274 America. Science, 214(4526): 12
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Page 294 and 295: 284 Kurochkin, E.N. 1982. [New Orde
Page 298 and 299: 288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
Page 300 and 301: 290 1991). In this paper we use a "
Page 305 and 306: Implantation and Replacement of Bir
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338 evolved independently twice." M
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