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272 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY FIGURE 8.—Comparison of palate structures in ventral view: A, Kiwi, Apteryx sp.; B, Rhea, Rhea americana; C, Ostrich, Struthio camelus. Probable paths for transferring longitudinal compression forces stippled. Bpt=basipterygoid process; Mx=maxillary; Pal=palatine; Pmx=premaxillary; Pt=pterygoid; Q=quadrate; Vbm=vomer. Scale=20 mm. of their interconnecting point by means of the formation and gradual elongation of the medial mandibular process. After the alignment, this hypothetical digastric muscular complex must have separated from the mandible. Apparently, the recent occipito-mandibular ligament represents the reduced caudal belly of the digastric complex. Conclusion I would like to comment on the reinterpretation by McDowell (1978) of the homologies in the avian upper jaw and palate. It is, of course, tempting to use the kinetic mobility in the skull Literature Cited Bock, W.J. 1963. The Cranial Evidence for Ratite Affinities. In Charles G. Sibley, editor, Proceedings of the XIII International Ornithological Congress, Ithaca 17-24 1962, 1:39-54. Buhler, P. 1985. On the Morphology of the Skull of Archaeopteryx. In M.K. Hecht, editor, The Beginnings of Birds: Proceedings of the International as a cause of fragmentation of a huge, ancient pterygoid bone into two; however, many traits in the general arrangement of the bones (primarily palatine position relative to the choana, premaxillary, etc.) seem to be consistent with the traditional interpretation that these two bones represent the reptilian palatine and pterygoid. The skull in ancient birds almost certainly had less internal mobility than it does in recent paleognaths, and such characters as the shape of the lateral rim of the palate or the pattern of epidermal papillae can hardly be valid. Finally, it is too difficult to accept McDowell's proposed loss of the maxillary bone in birds and his consequent thesis that the maxillopalatine of birds is equivalent to the reptilian palatine. Archaeopteryx Conference, Eichstdtt, 1984, pages 135-140. Eichstatt: Freunde des Jura-Museums, Eichstatt. Cracraft, J. 1974. Phylogeny and Evolution of the Ratite Birds. Ibis, 116:494-521. de Beer, G.R. 1956. The Evolution of Ratites. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 4(2):59-70.
NUMBER 89 273 Pmm FIGURE 9.—Some functional effects of the medial mandibular process: A=skull of the Carrion Crow, Corvus corone comix Linnaeus, in sagittal section, seen from left; B=skull of the Herring Gull, Larus argentatus Pontoppidan, with mandible broadened by contraction of the ventromedial portion of the pterygoid muscle, ventral view. F/>vm=force of the ventromedial portion of the pterygoid muscle; ^pvi+pdi=force of its lateral portions; Pmm=processus mandibulae medialis; Pvm=ventromedial portion of the pterygoid muscle. (B, after Yudin, 1961). Dzerzhinsky, F.Ya. 1983. On the Feeding Apparatus of Eudromia elegans; On the Question of Morphological Specificity of the Feeding Apparatus in Paleognaths. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR [Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of USSR], 116:63-118, 4 figures. [In Russian.] Dzerzhinsky, F.Ya., and K.A. Yudin 1979. On the Homology of Jaw Muscles in Tuatara and Birds. Ornitologiya (Moscow), 14:14-34, 7 figures. [In Russian; English edi- Dm Dm Pmm Pmm FIGURE 10.—Hypothetical stages in the formation of the proc. mandibulae medialis in birds, drawn on the model of the skull of Archeopteryx (Buhler, 1985). Dm=depressor mandibulae muscle; Pmm=processus mandibulae medialis; Pvm=ventromedial portion of the pterygoid muscle; Rtp=M. retractor palatini. tion appeared in 1982 in Ornithological Studies in the USSR (Moscow), 2:408^136.] Elzanowski, A. 1974. Preliminary Note on the Palaeognathous Bird from the Upper Cretacious of Mongolia. Palaeontologia Polonica, 30(5):103-109, 2 plates. [<strong>Res</strong>ults of the Polish-Mongolian Palaeontological Expeditions.] 1987. Cranial and Eyelid Muscles and Ligaments of the Tinamous (Aves: Tinamiformes). Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur die Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere, 116(1):63-118. Hofer, H. 1945. 1950. 1955. Houde, P. 1981. Untersuchungen iiber den Bau des Vogelschadels. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur die Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere, 69(1):1-158. Zur Morphologie der Kiefermuskulatur der Vogel. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur die Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere, 70:427-556. Neuere Untersuchungen zur Kopfmorphologie der Vogel. In A. Portmann and E. Sutter, editors, Acta XI Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici, Basel, 1954, pages 104-137. Basel: Birkhauser. Paleognathous Carinate Birds from the Early Tertiary of North
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»'' § "S^ iFjwtM . •- .m-i Avia
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOB
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ABSTRACT Olson, Storrs L., editor.
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EARLY WATERFOWL (ANSERIFORMES) AND
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v m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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localities, all of them situated in
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Bone of Sus scrofa Linnaeus, introd
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duboisi are larger than the largest
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8 iver (1897) but afterward were tr
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10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL
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16 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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20 sometatarsus are proportionally
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22 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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26 Cor. Hum. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. Tmt. P
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34 ability in such a way that it ca
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42 2km SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO
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Site 13 Research Base ENTRANCE Lowe
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48 the last has unusually slender w
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50 Si 5 15i 10- 5- 20 J 15 I 10 f 5
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Comparison of Paleoecological Patte
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NUMBER 89 69 TABLE 1.—Vertebrate
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NUMBER 89 71 Mallorca, probably in
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NUMBER 89 Alcover, J.A. 1989. Les a
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The History of the Chatham Islands'
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NUMBER 89 87 Species Common Name Pe
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NUMBER 89 89 NZA 797,1930,1934 Unco
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NUMBER 89 91 anoramphus spp.), Chat
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NUMBER 89 93 TABLE 2.—Land snails
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NUMBER 89 95 counterparts, with som
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NUMBER 89 population, if such exist
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NUMBER 89 99 FIGURE 11.—Skulls of
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NUMBER 89 101 FIGURE 13.—Lower ma
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NUMBER 89 the Chatham Island Pied O
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NUMBER 89 Locality 9, Western Maung
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NUMBER 89 107 yellowish sand (site
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NUMBER 89 109 ogy. Notornis, supple
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112 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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The Middle Pleistocene Avifauna of
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NUMBER 89 Accordi, B. 1962. La grot
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130 FIGURE 1.—Map showing locatio
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132 Cranium Mandibula Scapula Clavi
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Seabirds and Late Pleistocene Marin
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NUMBER 89 141 METHODS Only strictly
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NUMBER 89 143 FIGURE 2.—Area of s
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NUMBER 89 151 FIGURE 10.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 153 FIGURE 12.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 155 the period studied. T
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NUMBER 89 157 Walker, C.A., G.M. Wr
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164 Vl 620 M 570 £ 520 S 470f •
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166 birds, such as the two species
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170 cional Autonoma de Mexico, for
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174 ated with this specimen, see Mi
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The Fossil Record of Condors (Cicon
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NUMBER 89 179 FIGURE 2.—Geographi
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NUMBER 89 181 FIGURE 5.—Vulturida
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NUMBER 89 183 FIGURE 7.—Referred
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Two New Fossil Eagles from the Late
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NUMBER 89 187 TABLE 1.—Measuremen
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NUMBER 89 189 carpal trochlea relat
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NUMBER 89 191 FIGURE 4.—Holotypic
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NUMBER 89 193 We compared the parat
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NUMBER 89 195 FIGURE 6.—Distribut
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NUMBER 89 197 the Florida State Mus
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A New Genus of Dwarf Megapode (Gall
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NUMBER 89 201 lis hypotarsi along t
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NUMBER 89 203 The fossil is larger
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NUMBER 89 205 Clark, George A., Jr.
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A New Genus and Species of the Fami
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NUMBER 89 209 son with other known
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NUMBER 89 211 FIGURE 1.—Argornis
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NUMBER 89 213 AM AL AM AL AM AL AM
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NUMBER 89 215 caput humeri perpendi
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Selmes absurdipes, New Genus, New S
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NUMBER 89 219 FIGURE 2.—Selmes ab
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Page 233 and 234: A Fossil Screamer (Anseriformes: An
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Page 241 and 242: The Anseriform Relationships of Ana
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Page 245 and 246: NUMBER 89 235 mal was found under t
Page 247 and 248: NUMBER 89 237 tion, with retroartic
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Page 251 and 252: NUMBER 89 241 der. The bone is very
Page 253: NUMBER 89 243 Eocene records of the
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Page 267 and 268: NUMBER 89 257 vical vertebrae of th
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Page 284 and 285: 274 America. Science, 214(4526): 12
Page 286 and 287: 276 concerning the amphicoelous str
Page 288 and 289: 278 ment of the radius that are con
Page 290 and 291: 280 The left coracoid is represente
Page 294 and 295: 284 Kurochkin, E.N. 1982. [New Orde
Page 298 and 299: 288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
Page 300 and 301: 290 1991). In this paper we use a "
Page 305 and 306: Implantation and Replacement of Bir
Page 307 and 308: NUMBER 89 297 saurs (Figure 1E-G).
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Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
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338 evolved independently twice." M
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1 i'~L ,i "^ 1 •vw* HBB!/'' . m
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