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254 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY plagiaulax hunteri subzone) at the late part of chron 26 Reversed (Sloan, 1987), with an age of about 61 million years. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—I thank B.R. Erickson, Science Museum of Minnesota (SMM), St. Paul, for the loan of the Paleocene avian specimens reported in this paper and for discussions concerning Wannagan Creek Quarry; P.G.P. Ericson and S.L. Olson for sharing their knowledge of Presbyornithidae and Paleocene birds; and Julie Martinez, Science Museum of Minnesota, for drawing the figures. Comparative material used in this study was that of the avian skeletal collection of the Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, and the National Museum of Natural History (USNM, which houses the collections of the former United States National Museum), <strong>Smithsonian</strong> <strong>Institution</strong>. This study was partially supported by funds (for illustrations) from the Department of Paleontology of the Science Museum of Minnesota. Systematic Paleontology Class AVES Order ANSERIFORMES Family PRESBYORNITHIDAE Presbyornis isoni Olson, 1994 FIGURE 1 REFERRED MATERIAL.—A badly crushed but mostly complete right humems, lacking the external tuberosity, the proximal half of the pectoral crest, and the central portion of the bicipital area; SMM P96.9.2; collected by Michael P. Ryan, 28 June 1989. For measurements, see Table 1. LOCALITY.—North Dakota, Billings County, -10 mi (16 km) NW of Medora; Wannagan Creek Quarry, field map quadrant P-6. HORIZON AND AGE.—Late Paleocene, early Tiffanian 4, Bullion Creek Formation, Wannagan Creek Quarry, Bed 2 (lignitic shale); absolute age, -60 Ma. COMPARISONS.—Specimen SMM P96.9.2 agrees in all characters with the holotype of Presbyornis isoni (USNM 294116), the distal two-thirds of a humems from the Aquia Formation of Maryland, and confirms that P. isoni is an equally good Presbyornis at both ends of its humerus by comparison with the TABLE 1.—Measurements (in mm) of the two known humeri of Presbyornis isoni Measurement Length from head to internal condyle Distal width Depth through external (radial) condyle Greatest diameter of brachial depression SMM P96.9.2 194.9 -27 13.5 10.0 USNM 294116 (from Olson, 1994) 23.3 12.9 8.8 type species Presbyornis pervetus Wetmore of the early Eocene. The proximal end of the humems of P. isoni agrees with that of the smaller-bodied P. pervetus in the following characters: the head is undercut by a deep, arc-shaped extension of the capital groove; the pectoral crest is gently curved and long, about twice the length of the widely curved bicipital crest; the attachment of M. scapulohumeralis posterior is a wide, but elongated, kidney-shaped pit in the distal rim of the bicipital crest; the median crest is continuous with the extremely prominent central ridge of the shaft; and the attachment of M. latissimus dorsi posterior is a prominent oval structure very close to the central ridge. The proximal end of the humems of P. isoni differs from that of P. pervetus in lacking a prominent muscle-scar line distal to the attachment of M. latissimus dorsi posterior. In the South American presbyornithid Telmabates antiquus Howard, the humeral head and internal tuberosity are both undercut by an extension of the capital groove (P.G.P. Ericson, pers. comm., 1996), whereas in the North Dakota specimen of Presbyornis isoni, only the head is undercut, as is the case in Presbyornis pervetus; this is further indication that P. isoni was correctly assigned to genus. As in P. pervetus, the humems of P. isoni lacks the stoutness typical of most of the modem anseriforms, although without being very slender. The length/distal-width ratio of the humerus of P. isoni is about 7.2, in contrast to 7.6 for the slightly more gracile P. pervetus, 6.5 for the stout-winged Snow Goose {Anser caerulescens), and 9.4 for the slender-winged Northern Gannet {Morus bassanus). The ratios for Presbyornis spp. are in general agreement with those of charadriiforms: American Oystercatcher {Haematopus palliatus), 6.7; Double-striped Thick-knee {Burhinus bistriatus), 6.8; American Avocet {Recurvirostra americana), 7.0; Marbled Godwit {Limosa fedoa), 7.1; Black Skimmer {Rynchops niger), 7.2; South Polar Skua {Catharacta maccormicki), 7.3; Franklin's Gull {Larus pipixcan), 7.5; and Common Murre {Uria aalge), 7.7. Similar values obtain for primitive ducks, such as the Fulvous Whistling-duck {Dendocygna bicolor), 7.2. DISCUSSION.—The Presbyornithidae are primitive anseriforms that share numerous character states with charadriiform birds. For example, the proximal end of the humems of Presbyornis is shallow, as in most charadriiforms and unlike modem anseriforms. Postcranially, presbyomithids resemble the "transitional charadriiform" Graculavidae, a group known from the Late Cretaceous and the Paleocene of North America, from the Paleocene of Sweden ("Scaniornithidae"; Olson and Parris, 1987) and France (Mourer-Chauvire, 1994), and apparently from the earliest Eocene of Australia (Boles et al., 1994). Recently, one genus formerly classified as graculavid, Anatalavis, has been shown to be anseriform (Olson, this volume). Similarly, Wetmore (1926), in describing Presbyornis pervetus, placed the new family Presbyornithidae in the same suborder as the Recurvirostridae. Feduccia and McGrew (1974) repeatedly called P. pervetus "the Green River flamingo," although they noted its duck-like appearance. The Recurvirostridae (avocets),
NUMBER 89 255 FIGURE 1.—Referred right humerus of Presbyornis isoni, SMM P96.9.2 (xl): a, anconal view; b, palmar view. which are flamingo-like charadriiforms (Olson, 1985), have the (Eocene of Europe; Olson, 1985; Unwin, 1993). Presbyornis is oldest known fossil record of the extant charadriiform families the only presbyomithid genus yet recognized in North Ameri-
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOB
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ABSTRACT Olson, Storrs L., editor.
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EARLY WATERFOWL (ANSERIFORMES) AND
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v m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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localities, all of them situated in
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Bone of Sus scrofa Linnaeus, introd
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duboisi are larger than the largest
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8 iver (1897) but afterward were tr
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10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL
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16 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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20 sometatarsus are proportionally
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22 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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26 Cor. Hum. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. Tmt. P
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34 ability in such a way that it ca
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42 2km SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO
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Site 13 Research Base ENTRANCE Lowe
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48 the last has unusually slender w
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Comparison of Paleoecological Patte
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NUMBER 89 69 TABLE 1.—Vertebrate
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NUMBER 89 71 Mallorca, probably in
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NUMBER 89 Alcover, J.A. 1989. Les a
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The History of the Chatham Islands'
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NUMBER 89 87 Species Common Name Pe
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NUMBER 89 89 NZA 797,1930,1934 Unco
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NUMBER 89 91 anoramphus spp.), Chat
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NUMBER 89 93 TABLE 2.—Land snails
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NUMBER 89 95 counterparts, with som
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NUMBER 89 population, if such exist
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NUMBER 89 99 FIGURE 11.—Skulls of
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NUMBER 89 101 FIGURE 13.—Lower ma
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NUMBER 89 the Chatham Island Pied O
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NUMBER 89 Locality 9, Western Maung
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NUMBER 89 107 yellowish sand (site
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NUMBER 89 109 ogy. Notornis, supple
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112 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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The Middle Pleistocene Avifauna of
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NUMBER 89 Accordi, B. 1962. La grot
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130 FIGURE 1.—Map showing locatio
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132 Cranium Mandibula Scapula Clavi
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Seabirds and Late Pleistocene Marin
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NUMBER 89 141 METHODS Only strictly
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NUMBER 89 143 FIGURE 2.—Area of s
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NUMBER 89 151 FIGURE 10.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 153 FIGURE 12.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 155 the period studied. T
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NUMBER 89 157 Walker, C.A., G.M. Wr
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164 Vl 620 M 570 £ 520 S 470f •
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166 birds, such as the two species
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170 cional Autonoma de Mexico, for
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174 ated with this specimen, see Mi
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The Fossil Record of Condors (Cicon
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NUMBER 89 179 FIGURE 2.—Geographi
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NUMBER 89 181 FIGURE 5.—Vulturida
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NUMBER 89 183 FIGURE 7.—Referred
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Two New Fossil Eagles from the Late
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NUMBER 89 187 TABLE 1.—Measuremen
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NUMBER 89 189 carpal trochlea relat
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NUMBER 89 191 FIGURE 4.—Holotypic
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NUMBER 89 193 We compared the parat
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NUMBER 89 195 FIGURE 6.—Distribut
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NUMBER 89 197 the Florida State Mus
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A New Genus of Dwarf Megapode (Gall
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NUMBER 89 201 lis hypotarsi along t
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Page 300 and 301: 290 1991). In this paper we use a "
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NUMBER 89 305 FIGURE 3.—Dorsal vi
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NUMBER 89 309 Jura-Museums, Eichsta
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Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
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