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250 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Presbyornis FIGURE 7.—Left carpometacarpus of Presbyornis pervetus, UCMP 126228, in dorsal view. (a=cranial margin of trochlea carpalis.) Discussion Despite their close match in general skeletal morphologies, Juncitarsus does differ from the Presbyornithidae in several aspects that can be useful in the identification of fragmentary material. Given that Juncitarsus is correctly referred to the Phoenicopteridae, it may not be particularly closely related to the Prebyomithidae (Ericson, 1997). Rather, the similarities between the two taxa should be interpreted as symplesiomorphies. Surely, this also is the explanation of the observed morphological similarities between the Presbyornithidae and certain other early Tertiary birds, such as the Graculavidae (Olson and Parris, 1987). Many aspects of the skeletal morphology might thus be less useful in the reconstmction of the phylogenetic relationships between these taxa. The similarities do show, however, that these long-legged forms perhaps share a not much older common ancestor, and that they are parts of a radiation of late Mesozoic "shorebirds," as postulated by Martin (1983). Ericson, Per G.P. 1997. Systematic Position of the Paleogene Family Presbyornithidae (Aves: Anseriformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (London), 121:429-^483. In prep. The Early Tertiary Presbyornithidae (Anseriformes)—Paleoecology, Anatomy, and Systematic Revision. Howard, Hildegarde 1929. The Avifauna of Emeryville Shellmound. University of California Publications in Zoology, 32:301-394. Martin, Larry D. 1983. The Origin and Early Radiation of Birds. In A.H. Brush and G.A. Clark, Jr., editors, Perspectives in Ornithology, pages 291-338. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Presbyornis o- Juncitarsus FIGURE 8.—Right femur in external view. Juncitarsus gracillimus: USNM 468466 (in mirror image). Presbyornis pervetus: UCMP 126244. (a=trochlea fibularis.) Literature Cited Martin (1983:320) suggested that the supposed radiation of shorebird-like forms could possibly include "the progenitors of the entire Tertiary radiation" of birds. This seems less likely, however, given that many landbirds, such as galliforms, strigiforms, caprimulgiforms, and cuculiforms, had evolved by the early Tertiary, some already by the Paleocene (Olson, 1985). These birds exhibit skeletal morphologies quite different from the group of "shorebirds" to which Juncitarsus and the Presbyornithidae belong. If we allow for the time necessary to evolve these various adaptations, it seems justified to assume that a few different phylogenetic lineages leading to subclades of modern neognaths were established by the late Mesozoic. It would not be very surprising if these lineages eventually prove to correspond to Olson's (1985:84) tentative division of the modem birds into the palaeognathous birds, "basal land bird assemblage," "higher land bird assemblage," and "water bird assemblage." Olson, Storrs L. 1985. The Fossil Record of Birds. In D.S. Farner, J.R. King, and KC. Parkes, editors, Avian Biology, 8:79-238. New York: Academic Press. Olson, Storrs L., and Alan Feduccia 1980. Relationships and Evolution of Flamingos (Aves: Phoenicopteridae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 316: 73 pages. Olson, Storrs L., and David C. Parris 1987. The Cretaceous Birds of New Jersey. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 63: 22 pages. Peters, D. Stefan 1987. Juncitarsus merkeli n. sp. stiitz die Ableitung der Flamingos von Regenpfeifervogeln (Aves: Charadriiformes: Phoenicopteridae). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 97:141-155.
NUMBER 89 251 m Presbyornis FIGURE 9.—Left tarsometatarsus. Different aspects of Juncitarsus gracillimus (left, based on USNM 244318 (holotype), except top left figure, which is the mirror image of USNM 244322) shown with the corresponding aspects of Presbyornis pervetus (right, based on USNM 492551, in mirror image, for complete bone; UCMP 126173, in mirror image, for proximal view; UCMP 126177, in mirror image, for anterior view of proximal end; UCMP 126178 for anterior view of distal end; UCMP 126182 for distal view). (a=hypotarsus, 6=intercotylar knob, c=cotyla, Across section of shaft, e=foramen vasculare.)
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»'' § "S^ iFjwtM . •- .m-i Avia
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOB
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ABSTRACT Olson, Storrs L., editor.
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EARLY WATERFOWL (ANSERIFORMES) AND
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v m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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localities, all of them situated in
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Bone of Sus scrofa Linnaeus, introd
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duboisi are larger than the largest
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8 iver (1897) but afterward were tr
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10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL
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16 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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20 sometatarsus are proportionally
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22 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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26 Cor. Hum. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. Tmt. P
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34 ability in such a way that it ca
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42 2km SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO
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Site 13 Research Base ENTRANCE Lowe
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48 the last has unusually slender w
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50 Si 5 15i 10- 5- 20 J 15 I 10 f 5
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Comparison of Paleoecological Patte
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NUMBER 89 69 TABLE 1.—Vertebrate
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NUMBER 89 71 Mallorca, probably in
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NUMBER 89 Alcover, J.A. 1989. Les a
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The History of the Chatham Islands'
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NUMBER 89 87 Species Common Name Pe
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NUMBER 89 89 NZA 797,1930,1934 Unco
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NUMBER 89 91 anoramphus spp.), Chat
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NUMBER 89 93 TABLE 2.—Land snails
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NUMBER 89 95 counterparts, with som
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NUMBER 89 population, if such exist
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NUMBER 89 99 FIGURE 11.—Skulls of
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NUMBER 89 101 FIGURE 13.—Lower ma
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NUMBER 89 the Chatham Island Pied O
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NUMBER 89 Locality 9, Western Maung
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NUMBER 89 107 yellowish sand (site
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NUMBER 89 109 ogy. Notornis, supple
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112 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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The Middle Pleistocene Avifauna of
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NUMBER 89 Accordi, B. 1962. La grot
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130 FIGURE 1.—Map showing locatio
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132 Cranium Mandibula Scapula Clavi
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Seabirds and Late Pleistocene Marin
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NUMBER 89 141 METHODS Only strictly
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NUMBER 89 143 FIGURE 2.—Area of s
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NUMBER 89 151 FIGURE 10.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 153 FIGURE 12.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 155 the period studied. T
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NUMBER 89 157 Walker, C.A., G.M. Wr
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164 Vl 620 M 570 £ 520 S 470f •
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166 birds, such as the two species
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170 cional Autonoma de Mexico, for
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174 ated with this specimen, see Mi
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The Fossil Record of Condors (Cicon
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NUMBER 89 179 FIGURE 2.—Geographi
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NUMBER 89 181 FIGURE 5.—Vulturida
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NUMBER 89 183 FIGURE 7.—Referred
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Two New Fossil Eagles from the Late
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NUMBER 89 187 TABLE 1.—Measuremen
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NUMBER 89 189 carpal trochlea relat
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NUMBER 89 191 FIGURE 4.—Holotypic
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NUMBER 89 193 We compared the parat
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NUMBER 89 195 FIGURE 6.—Distribut
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NUMBER 89 197 the Florida State Mus
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Page 211 and 212: NUMBER 89 201 lis hypotarsi along t
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Page 217 and 218: A New Genus and Species of the Fami
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Page 267 and 268: NUMBER 89 257 vical vertebrae of th
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Page 298 and 299: 288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
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Humeral Rotation and Wrist Supinati
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NUMBER 89 303 apparent. It is now c
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NUMBER 89 305 FIGURE 3.—Dorsal vi
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NUMBER 89 307 FIGURE 4.—Wing of t
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NUMBER 89 309 Jura-Museums, Eichsta
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Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
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338 evolved independently twice." M
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