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230 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY FIGURE 10.—Left tarsometatarsus of Chaunoides antiquus, n. gen. n. sp. (paratype, MNRJ 4630-V), coated with ammonium chloride (right) compared with Chauna chavaria (USNM 347738) (left): A, anterior view; B, posterior view; c, lateral view; D, proximal view. (Scale bar= 1 cm.) Alvarenga, Herculano 1982. Uma gigantesca ave fossil do Cenoz6ico brasileiro: Physornis brasiliensis sp. n. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 54(4):697-712. 1985. Notas sobre os Cathartidae (Aves) e descricao de um novo genero do Cenoz6ico brasileiro. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 57(3):349-357. 1988. Ave fossil (Gruiformes: Rallidae) dos folhelhos da Bacia de Taubate, Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 60(3):321-328. 1990. Flamingos f6sseis da Bacia de Taubate, Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil: Descricao de nova especie. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 62(4):335-345. 1995. Um primitivo membro da Ordem Galliformes (Aves) do Terciario Medio da Bacia de Taubate, Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 67(l):33-44. Ameghino, Florentino 1895. Sur les oiseaux fossiles de Patagonie. Boletin del Instituto Geogrdfico Argentino, 15:501 -602. Baumel, Julian J., A.S. King, A.M. Lucas, J.E. Breazile, and H.E. Evans, editors 1979. Nomina Anatomica Avium: An Annotated Anatomical Dictionary of Birds, xxv+637 pages. London: Academic Press. Howard, Hildegarde 1929. The Avifauna of the Emeryville Shellmound. University of Califor Literature Cited nia Publications in Zoology, 32(2):301-394. Miller, Alden H., and L.V. Compton 1939. Two Fossil Birds from the Lower Miocene of South Dakota. Condor, 41:153-156. Olson, Storrs L. 1985. The Fossil Record of Birds. In Donald S. Famer, James R. King, and Kenneth C. Parkes, editors, Avian Biology, 8:79-238, 11 figures. New York: Academic Press. 1987. Variation in the Procoracoid Foramen in the Accipitridae. Rivista Italianadi Omitologia, 57(3—4): 161—164. Soria, Miguel, and H. Alvarenga 1989. Nuevos restos de mamiferos de la Cuenca de Taubate, Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 61(2):157-175. Tonni, Eduardo P. 1980. The Present State of Knowledge of the Cenozoic Birds of Argentina. In K.E. Campbell, editor, Papers in Avian Paleontology Honoring Hildegarde Howard. Contributions in Science. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 330:105-114. Vucetich, M., F. Souza-Cunha, and H. Alvarenga 1993. Un roedor Caviomorpha de la Formaci6n Tremembe (Cuenca de Taubat6), Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 65(3):247-251.
The Anseriform Relationships of Anatalavis Olson and Parris (Anseranatidae), with a New Species from the Lower Eocene London Clay ABSTRACT An associated partial skeleton, including the skull but lacking legs, from the lower Eocene London Clay of Essex, England, possesses derived characters of the coracoid and furcula that show it to belong to the Anseranatidae, which previously had no fossil record. Except for its much larger size, the humerus of this specimen is identical to that of Anatalavis rex (Shufeldt) from the late Cretaceous or early Paleocene of New Jersey. The Eocene specimen is described as a new species, Anatalavis oxfordi, and the genus Anatalavis is transferred from the form-family Graculavidae to a new subfamily, Anatalavinae, of the Anseranatidae. Anatalavis is characterized by a very broad duck-like bill, a proportionately very short and robust humerus, and an anterior portion of the pelvis resembling that of ibises and other wading birds more than that of any known anseriform. Other features of its osteology are unique within the order. Introduction Waterfowl of the order Anseriformes are among the best known and most distinctive groups of modern birds. Although waterfowl are abundantly represented by Neogene fossils, much of their early evolutionary history has remained obscure. The most informative fossils until now have been the Paleocene and early Eocene remains of Presbyornis and its close relatives, which were nearly cosmopolitan in the early Paleogene. Presbyornis was shown to have a duck-like skull on the body of a long-legged wading bird and was interpreted as showing a derivation of the Anseriformes from a charadriiform-like ancestor (Olson and Feduccia, 1980b) rather than from the Galliformes, as had been postulated previously. The Storrs L. Olson Storrs L. Olson, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560- 0116, United States. 231 more recent studies of Ericson (1996, 1997) confirmed the lack of relationship between the Anseriformes and Galliformes, but the ancestry of the Anseriformes was unresolved beyond a complex of various groups of wading birds, including Charadriiformes. Presbyornis, however, was determined to have branched off within the order and constitutes the sister group of the Anatidae proper, with the Anhimidae and Anseranatidae being the primitive outliers of the Presbyornithidae/ Anatidae clade. The giant Paleocene and Eocene groundbirds of the genus Diatryma, once thought to have been predatory descendants of crane-like birds, also may be part of the anseriform radiation (Andors, 1988, 1992). The dietary habits of Diatryma, however, have been equivocated (Andors, 1992; Witmer and Rose, 1991). Although no fossils of screamers (Anhimidae) had hitherto been reported, a somewhat more primitive genus is now known from the middle Tertiary of Brazil (Alvarenga, this volume), and I have examined excellent fossils, as yet undescribed, from the lower Eocene Willwood Formation of Wyoming and from the contemporaneous London Clay of England. Thus, of the three major lineages of living Anseriformes, the only one with no early Tertiary (or later) fossil representative is the Anseranatidae, with its sole member being the Magpie Goose, Anseranas semipalmata, of Australia. Two bones from the Hornerstown Formation of New Jersey, a deposit of debated Late Cretaceous or early Paleocene age (Olson, 1994; Hope, this volume), were thought to show some similarities to the Anatidae, but in the absence of associated material they were assigned to the form-family Graculavidae, which contains various taxa resembling primitive Charadriiformes (Olson and Parris, 1987). A new fossil from the London Clay consisting of much of a skeleton, although lacking legs, permits positive identification of the New Jersey fossils as not only belonging to the Anseriformes but belonging to the family Anseranatidae. Thus, the New Jersey and London Clay fossils
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»'' § "S^ iFjwtM . •- .m-i Avia
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOB
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ABSTRACT Olson, Storrs L., editor.
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EARLY WATERFOWL (ANSERIFORMES) AND
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v m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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localities, all of them situated in
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Bone of Sus scrofa Linnaeus, introd
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duboisi are larger than the largest
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8 iver (1897) but afterward were tr
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10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL
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16 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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20 sometatarsus are proportionally
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22 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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26 Cor. Hum. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. Tmt. P
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34 ability in such a way that it ca
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42 2km SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO
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Site 13 Research Base ENTRANCE Lowe
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48 the last has unusually slender w
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50 Si 5 15i 10- 5- 20 J 15 I 10 f 5
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Comparison of Paleoecological Patte
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NUMBER 89 69 TABLE 1.—Vertebrate
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NUMBER 89 71 Mallorca, probably in
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NUMBER 89 Alcover, J.A. 1989. Les a
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The History of the Chatham Islands'
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NUMBER 89 87 Species Common Name Pe
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NUMBER 89 89 NZA 797,1930,1934 Unco
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NUMBER 89 91 anoramphus spp.), Chat
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NUMBER 89 93 TABLE 2.—Land snails
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NUMBER 89 95 counterparts, with som
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NUMBER 89 population, if such exist
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NUMBER 89 99 FIGURE 11.—Skulls of
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NUMBER 89 101 FIGURE 13.—Lower ma
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NUMBER 89 the Chatham Island Pied O
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NUMBER 89 Locality 9, Western Maung
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NUMBER 89 107 yellowish sand (site
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NUMBER 89 109 ogy. Notornis, supple
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112 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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The Middle Pleistocene Avifauna of
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NUMBER 89 Accordi, B. 1962. La grot
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130 FIGURE 1.—Map showing locatio
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132 Cranium Mandibula Scapula Clavi
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Seabirds and Late Pleistocene Marin
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NUMBER 89 141 METHODS Only strictly
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NUMBER 89 143 FIGURE 2.—Area of s
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NUMBER 89 151 FIGURE 10.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 153 FIGURE 12.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 155 the period studied. T
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NUMBER 89 157 Walker, C.A., G.M. Wr
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164 Vl 620 M 570 £ 520 S 470f •
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166 birds, such as the two species
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170 cional Autonoma de Mexico, for
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174 ated with this specimen, see Mi
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The Fossil Record of Condors (Cicon
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280 The left coracoid is represente
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284 Kurochkin, E.N. 1982. [New Orde
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288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
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290 1991). In this paper we use a "
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Implantation and Replacement of Bir
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NUMBER 89 297 saurs (Figure 1E-G).
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NUMBER 89 299 would seem unlikely a
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Humeral Rotation and Wrist Supinati
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NUMBER 89 303 apparent. It is now c
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NUMBER 89 305 FIGURE 3.—Dorsal vi
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NUMBER 89 309 Jura-Museums, Eichsta
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Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
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338 evolved independently twice." M
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1 i'~L ,i "^ 1 •vw* HBB!/'' . m
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